多层螺旋CT肺密度测定与陶工尘肺患者肺功能损伤的相关性分析

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT肺密度测定与陶工尘肺患者肺功能损伤的相关性分析。方法 选择我院2018年1月～2019年6月健康体检50例作为对照组,陶工尘肺患者50例作为观察组。两组患者运用多层螺旋CT。比较两组的吸气相双肺MLD(肺平均剂量)与上肺MLD、中肺MLD、下肺MLD,比较两组的RV(残气量)、TLC(肺总量)和RV/TLC(残气量与肺总量比值)值。比较观察组不同肺密度患者的病理类型。结果 观察组的吸气相双肺MLD与上肺MLD、中肺MLD、下肺MLD、MLDex-MLDin(平均肺密度)明显低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组MLDnin、MLDex水平高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组患者的RV、TLC和RV/TLC值明显高于对照组(P0.05);观察组肺功能FVC(用力肺活量)、FEV1(最大呼气第一秒呼出的气量的容积)及FEV1/FVC水平均低于对照组(P0.05);观察组的不同肺密度患者的病理类型比较,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 多层螺旋CT肺密度测定与陶工尘肺患者的肺功能损伤密切相关。明确肺气肿的CT表现对于区分肺气肿的类型和早期诊断肺气肿具有重要意义,值得临床推广应用。     

Protective Effects of Cannabis sativa on chemotherapy-induced nausea in a rat: Involvement of CB1 receptors

Cyclophosphamide is an anticancer and immunosuppressive agent used in the treatment of various malignancies but causing gastrointestinal distress. Cannabis sativa and its derivatives have been used for the treatment of human gastrointestinal disorders. A purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of C. sativa on nausea induced by cyclophosphamide in rats. The rats were divided into four groups (eight animals per group): Group 1: Normal control (saline i.p.). Group 2: Rats received cyclophosphamide (200 mg/kg i.p.) 3 consecutive days. Group 3 and 4: Rats received cyclophosphamide (200 mg/kg i.p.) across Days 1–7, and C. sativa (20 and 40 mg/kg s.c.) was administered on cyclophosphamide days 4–7. We examined intake of kaolin, normal food and changes in body weight, as an indicator of the emetic stimulus. Oxidative stress markers, antioxidant enzymes status, serotonin (5-HT), dopamine, noradrenaline and CB1R levels were evaluated in the intestinal homogenate. Moreover, histopathological study was performed. Results showed that C. sativa ameliorates cyclophosphamide-induced emesis by increasing in body weight and normal diet intake with a decrease in kaolin diet intake after 7 days. Moreover, C. sativa significantly decreases (serotonin) 5-HT, dopamine and noradrenaline, as well as decreasing oxidative stress and inflammation. Administration of C. sativa significantly increased the expression of CB1R in intestinal homogenate. Treatment with C. sativa also improved the histological feature of an intestinal tissue. These results suggested that C. sativa possess antiemetic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in chemotherapy-induced nausea in rats by activating CB1R.     

Decreased bioavailability of propranolol due to interactions with adsorbent antacids and antidiarrhoeal mixtures

The interaction of propranolol (50–160 mg/100 ml) with recommended doses of magnesium trisilicate, kaolin-pectin and bismuth subsalicylate suspensions was studied. Magnesium trisilicate and bismuth subsalicylate were found to adsorb propranolol with a limiting adsorptive capacity of 112 and 97 mg/g, respectively. Kaolin-pectin suspension adsorbed practically all of the drug. The effect of these interactions on the bioavailability of propranolol in rats was determined. The extent, but not the rate. of propranolol absorption was decreased on concomitant administration of the adsorbents. Peak propranolol plasma concentrations decreased by 292 5% and a parallel decrease of 35–44% in AUC values was observed. These interactions suggest possible clinically important differences in propranolol bioavailability.     

A novel modification of the Thrombelastograph assay, isolating platelet function, correlates with optical platelet aggregation

Flow cytometry, singlet platelet counting, and optical aggregation have been used to monitor clopidogrel and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa) platelet antagonists. Optical aggregation is considered the gold standard, but neither it nor flow cytometry is convenient in larger-scale clinical studies or point-of-care systems. Singlet platelet counting, a point-of-care assay correlated with optical platelet aggregation, only provides a measurement of platelet function at a single point in time. The Thrombelastograph is used to assay whole blood for thrombin-generated maximal clot-shear elasticity, referred to as the maximal amplitude (MA). Although platelet dysfunction, thrombocytopenia, and the in vitro effect of strong inhibitors such as IIb/IIIa antagonists can be observed, with thrombin generation milder platelet inhibitors cannot be assessed. We modified the Thromboelastograph assay, using reptilase and factor XIIIa, to form a clot, without thrombin generation, in heparinized whole blood. The resulting clot MA is dependent on added platelet agonists such as ADP or arachidonic acid, is sensitive to platelet antagonists, and provides a continuous measure of platelet function more analogous and better correlated with optical aggregation. This novel modification of the Thromboelastograph assay should prove to be a useful point-of-care whole-blood assay with which to monitor the effects of GPIIb/IIIa, ADP, and thromboxane A(2)-receptor-inhibiting drugs in patients.     

Evaluation of a new silica clotting time in the diagnosis of lupus anticoagulants

INTRODUCTION: A new commercial silica clotting time (SCT), the HemosIL SCT assay (Instrumentation Laboratory, Milan, Italy) was evaluated in the laboratory diagnosis of lupus anticoagulants (LAC). This integrated test system for screening and confirmation was compared with the frequently used aPTT-based PTT-LA and Staclot-LA (Diagnostica Stago, Asnières, France) in a patient population investigated for LAC and in a subpopulation who met the clinical criteria for antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: 201 samples were analysed with the HemosIL SCT assay. Own reference values were calculated. Results are expressed as measured clotting times in seconds or as normalised ratios. RESULTS: SCT screen and PTT-LA had a sensitivity of, 61.1% and 63.8%, respectively. Normalising the results gained sensitivity up to 72.2% and 90%, respectively. The confirmation SCT and the Staclot-LA had a sensitivity of 30.6% and 63.9% with a specificity of 86.7% and 100%, respectively. Sensitivity of SCT for detecting LAC in clinical criteria positive patients was lower compared to aPTT and dRVVT (45.8% versus 66.7% and 65%). Combination of SCT/dRVVT and aPTT/dRVVT gave a sensitivity of 51.2% and 63.6%, with a specificity of 50.0% and 52.3%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In comparison with PTT-LA as screening test, the SCT screen shows an acceptable sensitivity. However, the HemosIL SCT assay including the confirmation step, has a much lower sensitivity in the diagnosis of LAC in comparison with the Staclot-LA test. Combining the HemosIL SCT assay with dRVVT results in a better sensitivity, although lower than the combined aPTT/dRVVT based method as usually performed in our lab.     

大肠杆菌内毒素对兔凝血系统的影响

本实验观察了国产大肠杆菌内毒素对兔凝血系统的影响,发现其静脉注射后给定时间内抑制凝血系统.实验所用各剂量大肠杆菌内毒素均抑制富含血小板血浆复钙时间;50μg/kg组抑制凝血酶原时间;500μg/kg组和1mg/kg组抑制贫含血小板血浆复钙时间、凝血酶时间和白陶土部分凝血活酶时间.各剂量组大肠杆菌内毒素静脉注射后对兔红细胞比容给定时间内无显著影响.本文对大肠杆菌内毒素抑制凝血机制作了初步分析.     

Plasma Total Prekallikrein/Kallikrein Activity in Rheumatoid Arthritis with and without Amyloidosis

ABSTRACT Following exposure to kaolin, plasma samples were assayed for total prekallikrein/kallikrein activity in 19 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 39 patients with RA complicated by amyloidosis, 13 patients with nonamyloid nephropathy and 54 healthy subjects. Increased total kallikrein activity was found in RA patients with amyloidosis and in patients with nonamyloid nephropathy. The concentrations of the plasma kallikrein inhibitors Cl-inactivator and α2-macroglobulin were normal in RA patients without amyloidosis, whereas they were increased in patients with amyloidosis as well as in patients with nonamyloid nephropathy. The results suggest that the increased activity of plasma kaolinstimulated kallikrein in RA patients with amyloidosis is due to the nephropathy per se and probably reflects increased levels of prekallikrein.     

白陶土诱导新生大鼠梗阻性脑积水模型的建立

目的 采用白陶土混悬液诱导的方法建立新生大鼠梗阻性脑积水模型。方法 对出生1 d的SD大鼠经枕大池注射白陶土混悬液（实验组,n=40）,另设生理盐水对照组（n=10）和正常对照组（n=10）;再将实验组分为4个亚组（n=10）,分别在注射后第1、2、3、4周进行观察。注射后第1、2、3、4周,对大鼠进行头颅磁共振成像（MRI）检查。1月龄时,对大鼠开始Morris水迷宫训练,观察大鼠空间辨别能力和记忆能力。结果 实验组大鼠逐渐出现弓背、宽基步态等共济失调的表现。注射白陶土1周时,实验组大鼠MRI表现出脑室扩大征象;至第4周表现为明显的脑室扩大和皮层变薄。实验组大鼠在Morris水迷宫实验中无法准确找到平台;训练第4、5、6天时,实验组大鼠逃避潜伏期明显长于两个对照组（P<0.01）。结论 经枕大池注射白陶土可以有效地建立梗阻性脑积水动物模型。     

Effects of an ethanol extract and the diterpene,xylopic acid,of Xylopia aethiopica fruits in murine models of musculoskeletal pain

Context: Fruits of Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich. (Annonaceae) are used traditionally to manage arthritis, headache and other pain disorders.

Objective: The analgesic properties of the X. aethiopica ethanol fruit extract (XAE) and xylopic acid (XA) were evaluated in musculoskeletal pain models.

Materials and methods: Acute muscle pain was induced in gastrocnemius muscle of Sprague–Dawley rats with 3% carrageenan (i.m.). Rats received XAE (30–300?mg/kg), XA (10–100?mg/kg) or morphine (1–10?mg/kg) after 12?h. Effects of XAE and XA on muscle pain were assessed by measuring post-treatment grip strength of the rats. Chronic muscle pain was similarly induced, but drug treatment was on the eighth day and effects of XAE and XA assessed with Randall–Selitto test for hyperlagesia. Acute-skeletal pain was induced in knee joints of rats with 3% carrageenan-kaolin mixture and effects determined 12-h later. Similar induction protocol was used for chronic knee pain with treatment and measurement as done for chronic muscle pain.

Results: XAE and XA significantly and dose-dependently ameliorated both acute muscle (ED₅₀ mg/kg: XAE?=?22.9; XA?=?6.2) and skeletal hyperalgesia (XAE?=?39.9; XA?=?17.7) induced by 3% carrageenan. Similarly, chronic skeletal hyperalgesia was reduced by XAE and XA treatment similar to morphine (ED₅₀: XAE?=?13.0; XA?=?4.6). This reduction was also seen in chronic muscle hyperalgesia (ED₅₀: XAE?=?79.1; XA?=?42.7). XAE and XA significantly reduced the spread of hyperalgesia to contralateral limbs in both models of chronic hyperalgesia.

Conclusion: These findings establish analgesic properties of the ethanol fruit extract of X. aethiopica and xylopic acid in musculoskeletal pain.     

Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Protection of Pharmaceutical Kaolin and Talc Modified with Copper and Zinc

Six pharmaceutical pastes were prepared using chemically modified kaolin and talc powders. Tests were conducted to determine their structural and chemical characteristics as well as their antimicrobial protection, thus rendering them suitable for cosmetic and pharmaceutical uses. Kaolin and talc were treated chemically via the cation exchange method to load the clay particles with copper and zinc ions, two cations well known for their antimicrobial properties. Mineralogical analyses were conducted by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) before and after the modification, confirming the mineralogical purity of the samples. Scanning electron microscopy was also used in conjunction with energy dispersed spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) to obtain chemical mapping images, revealing the dispersion of the added metals upon the clay minerals surfaces. Moreover, chemical analysis has been performed (XRF) to validate the enrichment of the clays with each metal utilizing the cation exchange capacity. All modified samples showed the expected elevated concentration in copper or zinc in comparison to their unmodified versions. From the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), the chemical state of the samples’ surfaces was investigated, revealing the presence of salt compounds and indicating the oxidation state of adsorbed metals. Finally, the resistance of pastes in microbial growth when challenged with bacteria, molds, and yeasts was assessed. The evaluation is based on the European Pharmacopeia (EP) criteria.