Bacterial and fungal co-infection is a major barrier in COVID-19 patients: A specific management and therapeutic strategy is required

Microbial co-infections are another primary concern in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), yet it is an untouched area among researchers. Preliminary data and systematic reviews only show the type of pathogens responsible for that, but its pathophysiology is still unknown. Studies show that these microbial co-infections are hospital-acquired/nosocomial infections, and patients admitted to intensive care units with invasive mechanical ventilation are highly susceptible to it. Patients with COVID-19 had elevated inflammatory cytokines and a weakened cell-mediated immune response, with lower CD4⁺ T and CD8⁺ T cell counts, indicating vulnerability to various co-infections. Despite this, there are only a few studies that recommend the management of co-infections.     

柳州地区HIV感染者合并HBV、HCV及TP感染现状分析

目的分析人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）感染者中合并乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）、丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）以及梅毒螺旋体（TP）感染的流行现状及其特点。方法对确诊的184例HIV感染者进行流行病学调查，并采集血标本进行HBV、HCV和梅毒血清学检测。结果HIV感染者感染途径分别为：静脉注射毒品44．0％，性传播20．1％，母婴传播4.3％，输血或血制品3．8％，其他（原因不详）27．7％。184例HIV感染者中，抗-HCV阳性者36人（19．6％），HBsAg阳性者29人（15．8％），梅毒感染者21人（11．4％）。HIV、HBV和HCV三重感染者9人，约占4．9％。结论柳州市HIV感染以静脉注射毒品为主，性传播有所上升，HIV感染正由特殊人群向普通人群蔓延。HIV合并HBV、HCV、TP感染较为常见。建议在性病门诊中常规开展HIV的筛查，对HIV感染者常规进行HBV、HCV的相关检查并积极采取相关的预防治疗措施。     

T淋巴细胞对HBV反应能力的比较研究HIV感染急性期及慢性期

目的　探索HIV感染急性期及慢性期T淋巴细胞对HBV反应能力的差异。方法　入组合并HBV感染的HIV感染急性期患者10例,合并HBV感染的HIV感染慢性期患者15例,分析HBV DNA与HIV RNA及CD4+ T细胞之间的相关性;收集患者的外周血单个核细胞,用HBsAg重叠肽刺激培养后检测CD4+ T细胞及CD8+ T细胞分泌IFN-γ的能力。结果　HBV DNA水平与HIV RNA水平呈正相关（r=0.502,P=0.011）,HBV DNA水平与CD4+ T细胞计数呈负相关（r=-0.409,P=0.042）。HIV感染急性期患者经HBsAg重叠肽刺激后CD4+ T细胞及CD8+ T细胞分泌IFN-γ的能力（分别为9.1%±3.9%及4.4%±1.8%）明显高于HIV感染慢性期患者（分别为5.7%±2.5%及2.7%±1.4%）。结论　HIV合并HBV感染的患者在HIV感染急性期对HBV的清除能力明显高于HIV感染慢性期,本研究为探究HIV感染不同时期对HBV清除能力差异提供了证据。     

2006—2017年贵州省肺结核流行特征分析

目的 分析2006—2017年贵州省肺结核流行特征,为全省肺结核防控提供依据。方法 采用描述性流行病方法分析2006—2017年贵州省肺结核报告发病率,用动态数列法分析9个市/州不同阶段的变化。结果 2006—2017年全省肺结核总发病617 115例,平均发病率为142.15/10万,总体呈下降趋势（χ2趋势= 932.07,P＜0.01）;遵义、铜仁、安顺市,黔南州平均发病率高于全省平均水平,2010年后黔南、黔东南州,六盘水市平均增长速度均＞0;≥61岁人群、农民发病率最高,分别为:270/10万、102.55/10万;男性发病率均高于女性(男:198.00/10万,女:108.34/10万);流动人口肺结核患者构成比在20.3%～24.6%之间,总体呈增长趋势（χ2趋势= 131.47,P＜0.01）;PTB/HIV共感染率在0.11%～0.36%之间。结论 贵州省肺结核发病率仍处较高水平,男性、≥61岁、农民、流动人口为重点人群,建议加强宣传教育,建立有效流动人口管理模式,尤其发病率较高、呈上升趋势区域,完善肺结核中HIV高危人群筛查制度。     

HDV/HBV体外感染原代培养人胎肝细胞的实验研究

目的：建立ＨＤＶ／ＨＢＶ感染人胎肝细胞体外培养系统。方法：利用ＨＤＶ／ＨＢＶ阳性血清同时感染体外２的人胎肝细胞;应用ＥＬＩＳＡ、免疫组化法、原位杂交法和斑点法检测上清液和细胞中ＨＢｓＡｇ、ＨＤＡｇ、ＨＢＶＤＮＡ和ＨＤＶｃＤＮＡ。结果：上清液和细胞中ＨＢｓＡｇ、ＨＤＡｇ、ＨＢＶＤＮＡ和ＨＤＶｃＤＮＡ在感染后第２天至第１６天均可测出,其中上清液中ＨＢｓＡｇ、ＨＤＡｇ以感染后第４天至第１２天达高峰,结论     

男性吸毒人群HBV、HCV重叠感染状况及其影响因素的研究

目的了解男性吸毒人群中HBV、HCV重叠感染影响因素,为预防HBV、HCV提供科学依据。方法采用现况调查的方法,通过整群抽样,以问卷调查方式,随机抽取男性吸毒人员452名,收集有关资料并采集血标本452份。以ELISA方法检测血清中的HBV表面抗原与HCV抗体,用SPSS1.0进行数据统计分析。结果男性吸毒者HBV、HCV重叠感染率为29.46%,单因素分析:吸毒方式、注射频率、戒毒次数的HBV与HCV重叠感染有具有显著性差异(P<0.05),而不同职业、地区、吸毒年限、性行为等的HBV与HCV重叠感染率无显著性差异(P>0.05)。多因素分析:职业、吸毒年限、每天吸毒次数、戒毒次数、性行为是否用安全套、性伙伴是否患有肝炎、曾是否接受血液制品、接受血液制品次数等8个因素的HBV与HCV重叠感染率差异有显著性。结论男性吸毒人群是HBV与HCV感染的高危人群,并与吸毒方式、吸毒年限、性行为等因素有关。     

Assessment of Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine efficacy in a co-infection challenge model with QX-like infectious bronchitis virus

Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is the primary cause of chronic respiratory disease in poultry. We investigated the protective efficacy of the live-attenuated ts-11 and 6/85 MG vaccines against a local MG strain and, in order to enhance signs and mimic a typical field situation, we co-infected birds with a virulent strain of QX-like infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Both vaccines showed similar ability to protect infected chickens from clinical signs, although ts-11 performed slightly better. Despite the lower protection against clinical disease, 6/85-vaccinated birds had significantly (P?≤?0.05) lower tracheal lesion scores and mucosal thickness at day 28 post-vaccination (7 days post-challenge [dpc] with MG, 2 dpc IBV) and day 31 post-vaccination (10 dpc MG challenge, 5 dpc IBV) compared to ts-11 vaccinated birds, but these difference was not significant at day 33 (12 dpc MG, 7 dpc IBV). Pathogen infection and replication was assessed by qPCR, and the 6/85 vaccine produced a more significant (P?≤?0.05) reduction in MG replication in the lungs, kidneys and livers but enhanced late replication in bursae and caecal tonsils. In contrast, the ts-11 vaccine had a more pronounced reductive effect on replication in tracheas, air sacs, bursae and heart at days 28 and 31, yet increased replication in lungs. Interestingly, both vaccines provided non-specific protection against IBV challenge. The co-challenge model provided useful data on vaccine efficacy, especially on days 31 and 33, and tracheas, lungs, air sacs, kidneys, liver and caecal tonsils were the best organs to assess.     

Association between depressive symptoms,CD4 count and HIV viral suppression among HIV-HCV co-infected people

Depressive symptoms are associated with poor HIV viral control and immune recovery among people living with HIV. However, no prior studies assessed this association exclusively among people co-infected with HIV-hepatitis C virus (HCV). While people with HIV only and those with HIV-HCV co-infection share many characteristics, co-infected people may become more susceptible to the effects of depressive symptoms on health outcomes. We assessed this association exclusively among people co-infected with HIV-HCV in Canada using data from the Food Security &; HIV-HCV Sub-Study (FS Sub-Study) of the Canadian Co-Infection Cohort (CCC). Stabilized inverse probability weighted marginal structural model was used to account for potential time-varying confounders. A total of 725 participants were enrolled between 2012 and 2015. At baseline, 52% of participants reported depressive symptoms, 75% had undetectable HIV viral load, and median CD4 count was 466 (IQR 300–665). People experiencing depressive symptoms had 1.32 times (95% CI: 1.07, 1.63) the risk of having detectable HIV viral load, but had comparable CD4 count to people who did not experience depressive symptoms (fold change of CD4?=?0.96, 95% CI: 0.91, 1.03). Presence of depressive symptoms is a risk factor for incomplete short-term HIV viral suppression among people co-infected with HIV-HCV. Therefore, depressive symptoms screening and related counseling may improve HIV related health outcomes and reduce HIV transmission.     

结核病和结核病/艾滋病病毒双重感染的负担与挑战:尼日利亚的案例研究

目的: 了解尼日利亚结核病与结核病/艾滋病病毒(TB/HIV)双重感染的负担和结核病综合防治措施的落实情况,以确定尼日利亚结核病防控所面临的挑战,为尼日利亚消除结核病提供参考依据。方法: 利用2010—2020年世界卫生组织的全球结核病报告数据描述尼日利亚的结核病与TB/HIV双重感染负担趋势。结果: 尼日利亚是结核病与TB/HIV双重感染高负担国家,HIV感染者结核病发病率从2010年的54/10万下降至2020年的17/10万;2020年结核病确诊患者数为13.5万例,估计发病例数为45.2万,结核病治疗覆盖率仅为30%;TB/HIV双重感染患者抗逆转录病毒治疗覆盖率从2010年的6.9%增加至2020年的26.0%;结核病成功治疗率从2010年的81%提高至2019年的88%,TB/HIV双重感染患者成功治疗率从2012年的78.9%提高至2019年的81.1%;尼日利亚结核病资金总量增加,TB/HIV项目资金变化小,从2010年的450万美元增长至2020年的540万美元。结论: 尼日利亚与2020年“终止结核病战略”的目标有很大的差距。尼日利亚要减轻并消除结核病和TB/HIV双重感染负担,必须优先考虑落实结核病综合防治措施,增加必要的结核病防治资源和经费,提高结核病诊断能力。