Allocation of attentional resources during habituation to food cues

Two experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that habituation to repeated food cues can be inhibited by allocating processing resources to nonfood cues. In two experiments, the salivary response to 10 presentations of lemon yogurt was assessed while subjects engaged in a controlled cognitive search task (demanding attentional resources), an automatic search task (needing fewer attentional resources), or no task. In Experiment 1, the controlled and automatic search tasks differed in the number of memory set items. In Experiment 2, the size of the memory sets was held constant, and individuals were provided practice to stabilize the different search strategies in the task. The automatic search and no task groups habituated to the repeated presentation of food cues in both experiments, but the controlled search group did not. These results support the hypothesis that allocation of attentional resources to external cues can influence the processing of food cues.     

BTX-A注射唾液腺改善脑卒中流涎症的临床研究

目的 观察BTX-A注射唾液腺改善脑卒中流涎症的临床疗效和安全性。方法 收集福建中医药大学附属康复医院住院的30例脑卒中后流涎的患者,按照随机数字表法随机分为治疗组15例和对照组15例。两组均给予常规吞咽康复训练12周,治疗组在常规吞咽康复训练基础上予超声引导下100U BTX-A双侧腮腺和颌下腺分别注射35U及15U。采用流涎频率评分、教师流涎分级法(TDS)、Frenchay构音障碍评定法中关于流涎的分级标准于BTX-A治疗前、治疗12周后评估各组患者的流涎程度。结果 BTX-A注射唾液腺12周后,治疗组的流涎频率评分总有效率明显高于对照组的(P＜0.05);治疗组TDS评分总有效率明显高于对照组的(P＜0.05);治疗组Frenchay流涎评分总有效率明显高于对照组(P＜0.05)。结论 常规吞咽训练配合BTX-A注射唾液腺明显改善脑卒中吞咽障碍患者的流涎症状,是一种安全有效的治疗方法及副作用少,对改善患者形象及生活自信建立帮助巨大,值得临床上推广及应用。     

Relative Potency of the Atropine-Like Effects of A New parasympatholytic Drug,Scopolamine-N-(Cyclopropy 1 Methyl) Bromide and Those of Hyoscine-N-Butyl Bromide

Summary

A Double-Blind Crossover Trial With A 4-Point Bioassay Was Carried Out In 8 Convalescent In-Patients To Study The Relative Potency Of Scopolamine-N-(Cyclopropyl Methyl) Bromide (Da 3177), A New parasympatholytic Drug, Administered At Doses Of 2.5?mg And 5?mg I.V., And Hyoscine-N-Butyl Bromide, Administered At Doses Of 10?mg And 20?mg I.V., In Producing Atropine-Like Effects. The Results Showed That The Effects On Heart Rate And Near Point Of Accommodation Were Slightly Less With Da 3177, While Its Effects On Salivary Secretion Were A Little Greater Than Those Of Hyoscine-N-Butyl Bromide. It Is Suggested That Study Of The Pharmacodynamic Effects Of parasympatholytic Drugs Is A Relatively Simple Way Of Predicting Which Doses Should Be Effective Spasmolytically.     

苯海拉明与多虑平治疗氯氮平所致流涎的对照观察

目的 比较苯海拉明和多虑平治疗氯氮平引起的流涎的疗效。方法 随机将病人分为两组,分别使用苯海拉明(50～150mg／d),多虑平(50～150mg／d)。结果 两药治疗氯氮平所致的流涎有效率均为92%,且未见不良反应。结论 苯海拉明治疗氯氮平所致的流涎疗效与多虑平相似。     

Influence of habitual mouth breathing on taste sensation

Purpose

Although habitual mouth breathing is recognized to cause various disorders of orofacial growth and function, including taste sensation, the relationship between habitual mouth breathing and taste disorders has not been investigated sufficiently. This study aimed to examine the influence of habitual mouth breathing on taste sensitivity and relevant factors such as salivation, oral moisture, and olfactory function.

In vivo muscarinic cholinergic mediated effects of Lu 25-109, a M1 agonist and M2/M3 antagonist in vitro

 Lu 25-109 [5-(2-ethyl-2H-tetrazol-5-yl)-1,2, 3,6-tetrahydro-l-methylpyridine], has M₁ agonistic and M₂/M₃ antagonistic effects at muscarinic receptors in vitro; a pharmacological profile that may be beneficial in treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. In the present study, we compare functional in vivo effects of Lu 25-109 and reference compounds in animal models of muscarinic cholinergic function. Lu 25-109 substituted completely for the discriminative stimulus effects of (–)-7-methyl-3-(2-propynyloxy)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisothiazolo-[4, 5-c]pyridine (Lu 26-046), a partial M₁/M₂ agonist, but only weakly for the effects of the non-selective M₁/M₂/M₃ agonist 3-methoxy-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-isoxazolo [4, 5-c] pyridine (O-Me-THPO). Lu 25-109 did not reverse O-Me-THPO-induced discriminative stimulus. Tacrine did not substitute for any of the training drugs. Lu 25-109 did not substitute in (–)-nicotine trained rats. Lu 25-109 did not antagonize oxotremorine-induced hypothermia, tremor and salivation in mice and antagonized physostigmine-induced lethality with low potency. Unlike non-selective muscarinic agonists and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, Lu 25-109 did not induce hypothermia, tremor or salivation in mice. Spontaneous locomotor activity and motor co-ordination were inhibited only at high doses. Lu 25-109 had no effect on mean blood pressure in anaesthetized rats. Lu 25-109 and O-Me-THPO produced a significant increase in heart rate. The maximum increase was 37%. In anaesthetized cats, increasing IV doses of Lu 25-109 were without effect on the mean blood pressure, except for a short lasting (<2 min) depressor effect following the IV injection. Furthermore, Lu 25-109 did not attenuate the reflex mechanisms restoring blood pressure following orthostasis in cats. In conclusion, the drug discrimination studies suggest a unique activity profile of Lu 25-109, and the in vivo profile suggests none or a very low frequency of unwanted cholinergic mediated effects. Received: 19 May 1997 / Final version: 3 December 1997     

Human obesity,dieting, and anticipatory salivation to food

Two studies were conducted to investigate the anticipatory salivary response of obese and normal weight dieters and nondieters to palatable food presented visually and olfactorally. In the first study, dieters salivated more than did nondieters, although there were no differences in baseline salivation level, acute deprivation, or rated palatability of the food stimulus. Obesity per se did not contribute to the prediction of salivary response, once dieting was taken into account. These results were interpreted as consistent with a model of cephalic phase hyperresponsivity in individuals challenging their “set point” for weight. The second study examined the discriminative sensory control predicted by this model. Results with a palatable food stimulus replicated the pattern of the first study; with an unpalatable food stimulus, salivary response differences between dieters and nondieters were eliminated. Previous obese/normal differences in salivation to palatable food are interpreted as due to the prevalence of dieting among the obese.     

Differential response to cholinergic stimulation in psychogenetically selected rat lines

Male and female rats of two lines psychogenetically selected for bipolar extremes in shuttle box avoidance were evaluated for tremor, salivation, chromodacryorrhea, and hypothermia following treatment with the muscarinic cholinergic agonist oxotremorine. Roman Low-Avoidance (RLA/Verh) rats exhibited more pronounced oxotremorine-induced tremor, chromodacryorrhea, and hypothermia than Roman High-Avoidance (RHA/Verh) rats. There was a sex difference only for the chromodacryorrhea response, with femles exhibiting a greater response following oxotremorine than males. In a subsequent experiment using female rats of both rat lines, it was demonstrated that pretreatment with the cholinergic antagonist scopolamine blocked oxotremorine-induced tremor, salivation and chromodacryorrhea responses in both rat lines and reduced the hypothermic effect observed in RLA/Verh rats (but not the much weaker hypothermia found in RHA/Verh rats) after oxotremorine injection. Pretreatment with the peripherally active cholinergic antagonist methscopolamine significantly reduced oxotremorine-induced salivation and chromodacryorrhea and somewhat decreased tremor and hypothermic responses in both rat lines. These results stand in contrast to the results of earlier research in which RHA/Verh rats exhibited greater behavioral depression in a tunnel maze than RLA/Verh rats following cholinergic manipulations. In view of evidence that these rat lines do not differ in number of muscarinic brain receptors, the present results may be due to genetic differences in other aspects of cholinergic neurotransmitter function, differences in the function of other neurochemical systems, or differences in the absorption, distribution, or metabolism of oxotremorine.     

EFFECTS OF CONCURRENT MOTOR ACTIVITY ON THE UNCONDITIONED SALIVARY REFLEX

This study tested the hypothesis that the relative amount of swallowing and mouth movement affects the amplitude, latency, and temporal course of the salivary unconditioned reflex (UR). Twenty-four subjects were given three identical stimuli, which consisted of 3 cc of 0.5% citric acid, delivered to the left lateral margin of the posterior half of the tongue. The stimuli were administered under three different conditions for each subject: (1) swallowing and mouth movements permitted for the first 30 sec and prohibited for the second 30 sec following stimulation, (2) swallowing and mouth movements prohibited for the first 30 sec and permitted for the second 30 sec following stimulation, and (3) swallowing and mouth movements permitted for 60 sec following stimulation. Saliva was collected by a parotid capsule and measured by a sensitive, liquid displacement sialometer. Motor activity was monitored by electromyogram. There was a significantly greater (P < 0.01) amount of saliva secreted during periods of motor activity, regardless of time since stimulation. Voluntary inhibition of swallowing immediately after acid stimulation resulted in significantly longer and more variable UR latencies. Implications of these findings for studies on salivary conditioning are discussed.     

Dietary restraint and heightened reactivity to food

Previously, studies have explored the relationship between dietary behavior and salivary reactivity to food. Despite this, it remains unclear which behaviors are associated with enhanced reactivity. One problem is that measures of behavior have not been compared directly. In particular, it is unclear whether elevated reactivity is associated with measures of dietary restraint or with measures of failed dietary control and a tendency to overeat. To address this problem, we compared the association between salivary reactivity and scores on the subscales of the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (restraint, disinhibition, and hunger). Estimates of reactivity were derived from the difference between a baseline saliva measure and a similar measure taken in close proximity to hot pizza. Our second aim was to explore how salivary reactivity changes after a meal. Female participants (N=40) were tested before and after a lunch (cheese sandwiches). All tended to show reactivity to pizza before but not after lunch. No significant differences were associated with the disinhibition or hunger subscales. However, prelunch reactivity was significantly greater in those participants with high scores on the restraint scale. This does not appear to be related to reported levels of hunger before lunch. Rather, it may reveal an intrinsic difference between the reaction of restrained and unrestrained eaters to food.