Medical masks’ and respirators’ pattern of use,adverse effects and errors among Portuguese health care professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study

BackgroundDuring COVID-19 pandemic, a shortage of surgical masks (Mask) and respirators (Resp) was experienced worldwide. We aimed to assess its pattern of use, adverse effects and user errors by Portuguese health care professionals (HCP).MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted through snowball convenience sample, collected by email/ social media to health care organizations. Participants answered an online anonymous survey in March 2021.ResultsMean age of 3052 respondents was 42.1 years old, 83.6% were female and 77.8% provided direct health care to COVID-19 patients. Mean time of use per shift was 6-8 hours in 40.8% of the participants. 28.0% reported never changing it during their shift. Resp use (vs Mask) was more associated with discomfort (58.2% vs 26.8%), affecting task performance (41.5 vs 18.9%) and communication (55.0 vs 40.9%), dyspnea (36.0 vs 14.4%), skin rash (37.5 vs 19.4%) and headache (37.5 vs 19.4%). Frequent user errors included touching the front while in use (70.1% Mask vs 66.3% Resp) and omitting hand hygiene before (61.8% Mask vs 55.0% Resp) or after use (61.3% Mask vs 57.0% Resp). Average number of errors was higher for Mask (4.3), than for Resp (3.2) (all: P < .001).ConclusionsMost HCP admitted an extended use of Mask/ Resp. Resp were more prone to adverse effects and Mask more prone to errors. Strategies to reinforce good practices should be considered.     

医用防护口罩密合性设计的影响因素研究

针对国内医用防护口罩密合性指标不合格率偏高的现状,通过技术攻关研究,分析探讨影响口罩密合性的关键因素,对医用防护口罩的设计改进提出建议,为医护人员在呼吸道疾病大流行时正确选用和佩戴医用防护口罩提供帮助。     

Máscara laríngea I-Gel® versus bolsa-válvula-mascarilla en la reanimación cardiopulmonar instrumental bajo monitorización capnográfica: ensayo clínico piloto aleatorizado por grupos

ObjectiveTo compare the basic airway and the advanced airway with the supraglottic device I-Gel®, by means of capnography during intermediate CPR.DesignRandomized experimental pilot study by groups.SettingOut-hospital care basic life support units on the Island of Mallorca.ParticipantsAdults attended after cardiorespiratory arrest of non-traumatic origin.InterventionsAdvanced airway management during instrumental CPR with I-Gel® or basic CPR with bag-valve-mask, under capnographic monitoring.Main measurementsCapnometric levels obtained according to the device used, number of insertions of the I-Gel®, cases without achieving correct insertion/ventilation by branches, achievement of ROSC in CPR and number of hospital live admissions.ResultsTwenty-three cases were recruited for analysis. The insertion success rate of the I-Gel® was 92.9% at the first attempt, the mean capnometric values were 16.3 mmHg in the control group and 27.4% in the intervention group. 34.8% (n = 8) of the patients achieved spontaneous circulation recovery at some point and 26.1% (n = 6) were admitted to hospital alive. The survival analysis, taking into account the arrival of the unit and the first minute of ventilations recorded together with the variable hospital admission, suggests a certain trend of greater survival in the intervention branch (P = .066).ConclusionsThe use of I-Gel® raises an improvement in the ventilation of the patients in PCR, evidenced by the mean capnometric values in the intervention group, finding no correlation with CPR outcome variables.     

医用外科口罩和防护口罩生物气溶胶过滤效率的评价

目的:对医用外科口罩和防护口罩的颗粒过滤效率(particle filtration efficiency,PFE)、细菌过滤效率(bacte-rial filtration efficiency,BFE)及病毒过滤效率(viral filtration efficiency,VFE)进行评价。方法:参照YY 0469-2011《医用外科口罩》对不同品牌医用外科口罩在不同生物气溶胶平均颗粒直径(mean particle size,MPS)、不同流量条件下进行PFE、BFE和VFE测试,并分析医用外科口罩PFE和BFE的相关性、BFE和VFE的差异以及实际佩戴+热水浸泡处理后PFE和BFE的变化。参照GB 19083-2010《医用防护口罩技术要求》和YY/T 1497-2016《医用防护口罩材料病毒过滤效率评价测试方法 Phi-X174噬菌体测试方法》对3种防护口罩进行PFE和VFE检测。采用SAS 8.2软件进行统计学分析。结果:医用外科口罩对MPS约为3 μm的气溶胶的BFE高于MPS约为2 μm的BFE;流量越高,PFE越低;对PFE较低的医用外科口罩,BFE与PFE呈现一定相关性(MPS约为2 μm 时R2=0.671 8,MPS约为3 μm 时R2=0.776 5);医用外科口罩的VFE略低于BFE;3种防护口罩的VFE>99.98%;医用外科口罩佩戴8 h后经65 ℃热水浸泡处理30 min,细菌和真菌总数降低至0~60 cfu/g;新医用外科口罩经3次热水浸泡处理后,其PFE基本未发生变化,但佩戴过的口罩经过热水浸泡处理后,PFE和BFE均出现不同程度的降低。结论:该研究可为医用外科口罩和防护口罩的科学使用和相应标准的修订提供数据支撑。     

Role of respirators in controlling the spread of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) amongst dental healthcare providers: a review

During the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare professionals are at the forefront of managing the highly infectious coronavirus. As the most common route of transmission is via aerosols and droplet inhalation, it is critical for healthcare workers to have the correct personal protective equipment (PPE) including gowns, masks and goggles. Surgical masks are not effective in preventing the influenza and SARS, so they are unlikely to be able to resist contaminated aerosols from entering the respiratory system. Therefore, it is vital to use respirators which have been proven to offer better protection against droplets, aerosols and fluid penetration and which form a tight seal around the mouth and nose. Various types of respirators are used in healthcare settings, such as half-mask filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) and powered air-purifying respirators (PAPRs). The most commonly used FFR is the N95 disposable respirator, which is tight fitting and has a 95% or above particle filtering efficiency for a median particle size of 0.3 µm. This review discusses respirators, their purpose, types, clinical efficiency and proper donning and doffing techniques.     

结核病区医务人员医用防护口罩佩戴现状及影响因素分析

目的了解结核病区医务人员医用防护口罩佩戴状况及影响因素,为有针对性地做好职业防护提供参考。方法对广州军区5所三甲综合性医院的结核病区195名医务人员采用自行设计的问卷进行佩戴医用防护口罩行为现状调查,分析医务人员佩戴医用防护口罩行为的影响因素。结果结核病区医护人员佩戴医用防护口罩的行为得分为(17.93±3.37)分,结核病区医护人员佩戴医用防护口罩细节行为条目得分较低;职业、教育培训、监管机制、经济因素是结核病区医务人员佩戴医用防护口罩行为的主要影响因素(P0.05,P0.01)。结论结核病区医务人员佩戴医用防护口罩的主动意识较强,但较易忽视佩戴的细节行为。职业防护须重视细节行为,加大教育培训、双重监管和经济投入力度,以预防结核病医院感染,促进医务人员职业防护。     

鼻咽通气道-面罩自主呼吸下丙泊酚-芬太尼-七氟醚静吸复合全麻用于小儿短小手术的效果:与喉罩自主呼吸的比较

目的 比较鼻咽通气道-面罩和喉罩自主呼吸下丙泊酚-芬太尼-七氟醚静吸复合全麻用于小儿短小手术的效果.方法 择期腹股沟斜疝高位结扎术患儿72例,采用随机数字表法,将患儿分为2组(n=36):鼻咽通气道-面罩组(M组)和喉罩组(L组).静脉注射丙泊酚1.0 mg/kg和芬太尼2.0μg/kg,保留自主呼吸,意识消失后扣上面罩,吸入2 L/min氧气和3％七氟醚,BIS值50 ～ 60时,L组置入2号喉罩,M组经左鼻腔置入鼻咽通气道并扣紧面罩,连接麻醉机行紧闭循环自主呼吸,切皮前5 min静脉注射芬太尼1 μg/kg,术中吸入七氟醚,维持BIS值40 ～ 60.于麻醉诱导前、麻醉诱导后3min、成功置入喉罩或鼻咽通气道即刻、切皮即刻、切皮后3 min、拔出喉罩或鼻咽通气道即刻测定MAP、HR、PETCO2和SpO2,记录置入喉罩或鼻咽通气道的时间和成功情况、苏醒时间、离开手术室时间及不良反应发生情况.结果 与L组比较,插管、拔管时M组MAP、HR降低,置入鼻咽通道时间较短且一次性置入成功率(100％)明显升高,患儿躁动评分及拔管后上呼吸道梗阻发生率明显降低(P＜0.05).结论 鼻咽通气道-面罩自主呼吸下丙泊酚-芬太尼-七氟醚静吸复合全麻用于小儿短小手术,易于建立人工通气道并可维持自主呼吸,对循环功能影响轻微,还可明显减少麻醉恢复期并发症的发生,其效果优于喉罩自主呼吸方式.     

Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Activity of Surgical Masks Infused with Quaternary Ammonium Salts

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has highlighted the need for protective and effective personal protective equipment (PPE). Research has shown that SARS-CoV-2 can survive on personal protective equipment, such as commonly used surgical masks. Methods are needed to inactivate virus on contaminated material. We show here that embedding viral-disinfecting compounds during the manufacturing of surgical masks inactivates a high dose (up to 1 × 10⁵ pfu) of live, authentic SARS-CoV-2 within minutes.