A preliminary study of the relationship between antibiotic administration and changes in bacteriological profile of wound infection in a burn unit

Objective:To investigate the relationship between antibiotic administration and the changes in bacteriological profile in a burn unit. Methods: The data of consumption of different kinds of antibiotics, including total antibiotic consumption [expressed as the number of defined daily doses (DDD)] as well as pathogen identification, were collected in a 8-year period. The constituent ratios of different kinds of antibiotics in total antibiotic consumption to isolation rates of various species of bacteria were calculated, and their correlation was analyzed. Results: Within this period, it was found that the aminoglycosides and first generation cephalosporins were used less frequently, while the polypeptides, carbopenem and macrolides were used proportionally more. At the same time, the isolation rates of Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter sp, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus were gradually increased. The constituent ratios of predominant pathogens were correlated to the different kinds of antibiotics consumption in the burn unit. Conclusion: The results suggested that the consumption of different antibiotics was closely related to the trends of emergence of bacterial isolates from infected burn wounds. The result might imply that to regulate the administration of certain antibiotics might help decrease the emergence of certain pathogenic bacteria in burn infections.     

滕州市致病性弧菌检测报告

报道了1995年以来,滕州市致病性弧菌种类、分,布等病原学检测情况。共检疑似霍乱病人粪便1562人份,检出致病性弧菌127株,检出率为8．13％,其中非01群霍乱弧菌居首位83株占65．35％,其次为麦氏弧菌13株占10．4％,溶藻弧菌11株,河弧菌9株,副溶血弧菌6株,弗尼期弧菌5株。83株非01群霍乱弧菌可分型占61株,分布8个血清型,定型率为73．49％,127株致病性弧菌产类霍乱肠毒素（G）47株占37．00％,以非01群霍乱弧菌产生类CT所占比例为最高,从而说明它在毒力和致病性方面占有重要地位。     

288例老年呼吸道感染患者病原菌分布特性及药敏分析

目的: 了解老年呼吸道感染患者病原菌的分布特点及药敏特性.方法: 对288例老年呼吸道感染患者痰样本(NCCLS法)进行细菌培养,K-B纸片法进行药敏测定.结果: 患者痰中共检出病原菌400株,细菌280株,其中G-杆菌147株,占36.75%, G 球菌133株,占33.25%.肺炎克雷伯菌及铜绿假单胞菌最敏感药的是头孢他啶,敏感率均为40%以上,肺炎链球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌最敏感药的是万古霉素;检出真菌120株,占30%,以白色念珠菌为主.结论: 进行病原菌跟踪监测及时的药敏试验,对及时控制老年呼吸道感染,是不可缺少的重要环节.     

Epidemiologic Correlation and Drug Resistance Analysis of Pathogenic Bacteria in Different Open Limb Injury External Conditions

ObjectiveTo study the epidemiological correlation and drug resistance of external factors of infection caused by open injury of limbs to pathogens.MethodsThis experiment is a retrospective study. We took the geographical location and climate of Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China as the background, analyzed 2017 strains of pathogens from 1589 patients with limb trauma infection in a University Affiliated Hospital from 2012 to 2017. Patients were divided into three groups according to the type of incision: I, In‐hospital infection of clean limb incision, II, In‐hospital infection with open injury, III, Community infection with open injury of the limb. Groups II and Groups III were divided into six subgroups according to the causes of trauma, including: accidents from non‐motor vehicles, machinery, cutting/piercing, pedestrian injuries, struck by/against, pedal cycles, and other injuries. We found eight common pathogens of orthopedic infection, which were mainly divided into Gram‐positive bacteria (G+, mainly including Staphylococcus) and Gram‐negative bacteria (G‐, mainly Enterobacteriaceae). The relationship between main pathogens and damage mechanism, apparent temperature and relative humidity was discussed in this study. SPSS v22.0 was used for statistical analysis of the data. Friedman''s two‐way ANOVA was used to analyze the difference between the injury mechanism and incidence of pathogenic bacteria. Linear regression was used to determine the trend between the incidence of major pathogens and seasonal temperature and humidity. The level of significance was set as P < 0.05.ResultsThere was no significant difference in the distribution of pathogens between Groups II and Groups III (P>0.05). The drug resistance of Groups III was significantly higher than that of Groups II and Groups I. G+ bacteria were resistant to cephalosporin, ceftriaxone and other cephalosporins and erythromycin and other macrolides. They were sensitive to vancomycin and linezolid. G‐ were resistant to the first‐ and the second‐generation cephalosporins, including cefotetan and cefazolin, and ampicillin and other penicillins, while they were sensitive to third‐generation cephalosporins, such as ceftazidime, as well as to levofloxacin and other quinolones, meropenem, and other beta‐lactamases. The correlation between the injury mechanism and infection of pathogenic bacteria was not significant. The monthly average apparent temperature and relative humidity were correlated with the infection rate of pathogenic bacteria.ConclusionIn open injury of extremities, apparent temperature and relative humidity is an important risk factor for infection by pathogenic bacteria and the drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria in out‐of‐hospital infection was lower than that of hospital infection.     

肺炎支原体感染的致病机制及实验室检测

肺炎支原体对呼吸道上皮细胞的黏附以及在其上面滑动是导致肺炎发生的先决条件,机体通过抗体和补体调理吞噬并最终引起细胞毒作用和炎症反应,其中过氧化氢和社区获得性呼吸窘迫综合征毒素是肺炎支原体的重要毒力因子。肺炎支原体实验室检测包括培养、血清学实验和核酸扩增检测技术（NAATs）,由于NAATs具有高灵敏度和短周转时间,被认...     

ICU医院感染相关脓毒症病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 分析ICU医院感染相关脓毒症病原菌分布及耐药现状,为临床合理用药和控制医院感染提供依据.方法 对医院ICU 2005年7月～2008年7月医院感染相关脓毒症的临床特点、病原菌分布及耐药情况进行回顾性分析.结果 共收集医院感染相关脓毒症60例,感染部位依次为呼吸道、泌尿道、导管相关性血流感染,感染者多发生在年老体弱、病情危重、长期使用抗菌药物、接受侵入性检查及治疗的患者;共分离出病原菌115株,其中G~-菌55株(47.8%),以铜绿假单胞菌为主,G~+菌34株(29.6%),以金黄色葡萄球菌为主,真菌26株(22.6%),以白色假丝酵母菌为主;主要病原菌对临床常用抗菌药物的耐药率较高,且呈多药耐药性.结论 ICU医院感染相关脓毒症多存在易感因素,病原菌为多药耐药菌,控制抗菌药物滥用及综合性治疗对医院感染相关脓毒症的防治十分重要.     

Hemagglutinin Subtype Specificity and Mechanisms of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Genesis

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses (HPAIVs) arise from low pathogenic precursors following spillover from wild waterfowl into poultry populations. The main virulence determinant of HPAIVs is the presence of a multi-basic cleavage site (MBCS) in the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein. The MBCS allows for HA cleavage and, consequently, activation by ubiquitous proteases, which results in systemic dissemination in terrestrial poultry. Since 1959, 51 independent MBCS acquisition events have been documented, virtually all in HA from the H5 and H7 subtypes. In the present article, data from natural LPAIV to HPAIV conversions and experimental in vitro and in vivo studies were reviewed in order to compile recent advances in understanding HA cleavage efficiency, protease usage, and MBCS acquisition mechanisms. Finally, recent hypotheses that might explain the unique predisposition of the H5 and H7 HA sequences to obtain an MBCS in nature are discussed.     

麻黄加术汤对寒湿环境下小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖能力作用的实验研究

目的探讨寒湿环境因素对正常及呼吸道合胞病毒感染小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖能力的影响以及麻黄加术汤的治疗作用。方法借助人工气候箱模拟寒湿外邪环境,通过体外细胞培养、MTT法检测脾淋巴细胞增殖能力的变化,分析寒湿外邪及麻黄加术汤对病毒感染小鼠免疫状态产生的影响。结果与正常组比较,病毒组和寒湿组均使小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖能力显著下降（P〈0．001）。与病毒模型组和寒湿病毒模型组分别比较,麻黄加术汤和利巴韦林均使小鼠脾淋巴细胞的增殖能力显著升高（P〈0．001）;与病毒＋麻黄加术汤组比较,寒湿病毒＋麻黄加术汤组显著降低（P〈0．05）。结论寒湿环境对上呼吸道感染小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖能力的影响较呼吸道合胞病毒滴鼻更加显著。麻黄加术汤可提高小鼠的免疫功能,而其对寒湿病毒所致小鼠脾淋巴细胞的增殖能力降低的改善不及病毒所致,可能是由于寒湿病毒较病毒使小鼠脾淋巴细胞的增殖能力降低更显著所致。     

噪声性耳聋致病机制的研究进展

噪声性耳聋是由于听觉长时间遭受噪声作用或因耳疲劳引起的缓慢渐进性的感音性耳聋,早期表现为听觉疲劳,离开噪声环境后可以逐渐恢复,久之则难以恢复,最终形成感音神经性聋。因此,减少或消灭噪声为当今环境保护工作中的一项重要内容。了解因噪声导致内耳、听神经等发生病变的具体机制并加深对组织结构的了解在正确引导噪声性耳聋的筛查和防治工作中起到了重要的作用。     

Food avoidances at puberty and menstruation in Tamilnad

One thousand and two hundred women of 54 castes and 55 tribal women in Tamilnad (South India) were interviewed during a period of six months on food avoidances during puberty and subsequent menstruation.

Avoidances referred to different types of food, but the most significant were those of animal origin. This practice could be explained by the concept of purity and pollution. Even non‐vegetarians held animal foods to be impure and, as women during menstruation are considered impure also, they should abstain from consuming them to prevent the pollution increasing.

Eggs, though coming under the impure category, were nevertheless eaten at puberty, because of their reputed “strengthening” effect on the girl's body for future pregnancies.

Avoidances during ordinary menstruation were much rarer than at puberty indicating a decreased concern with habituation.