总图布局制约因素分析及解决方案——以广州白云区人民医院迁建工程为例

文章从基地形态、基地水系等6个方面总结了广州白云区人民医院迁建工程在设计中总图布局的制约因素,提出了相应的解决方案,并详细介绍了最终的总平面布局的构思及特点。     

我国儿童药研制的制约因素分析及政策建议——基于医药企业的视角

目的：为完善我国儿童药供应保障政策提供依据。方法：基于医药企业视角通过文献综述、问卷调研梳理药品全生命周期中儿童药研制的制约因素,分析其集中和迫切程度。结果：儿童药的主要制约因素包括：儿童临床试验开展难度大;注册审批规则中缺乏对儿童药特殊性的考虑和专门的材料要求;生产激励政策落地缺乏实施细则和措施;市场利益机制尚不完善等。其中,研发和使用支付是问题相对集中的环节。讨论及建议：建议我国开拓并合理使用儿童临床试验资源,多举措增加儿童药研发投入;制定儿童药申报的专项指南,鼓励成人药品注册时提交儿童研究计划;基于典型案例探索儿童药生产供应优化路径;在药品使用与支付规则中给予儿童药更多空间。     

Effects of biomechanical and task constraints on the organization of movement in precision aiming

Nine participants performed a reciprocal precision aiming task under different experimental conditions. Due to the anisotropy of the work space, varying the direction of motion (from 0 degrees to 315 degrees in steps of 45 degrees ) allowed exploration of the effects of biomechanical constraints that were found to affect the duration of movement but not the shape of the kinematic pattern. Varying the size of the targets to be attained (W: 2.5, 1.25, and 0.625 cm, for a constant intertarget distance of 10 cm) and the nature (linear or non-linear) of the mapping between effector space (motion of a handheld stylus on a graphics tablet) and task space (motion of a pointer between targets on a computer screen) also led to changes in movement duration. However, the latter type of constraint gave rise to systematic changes in the pattern of movement, with progressively more difficult tasks being characterized by progressively less harmonic motion patterns. We conclude that in contrast to (biomechanical) constraints at the level of the effector, (informational) constraints at the level of the task affect the processes underlying movement organization. For the range of values studied, the effects of these two types of constraint can be considered to be independent.     

Role of the vestibular system in the arterial pressure response to parabolic-flight-induced gravitational changes in human subjects

This study examined how different weighting coefficients imposed on individual finger force regulate bimanual finger force coordination patterns under the influence of bilateral coupling and visual information of the force output. The weighted sum of the two forces was computed as the total force output to match two target force levels (10% and 35% MVC) in separate conditions, and visual feedback of the total force output was provided in the experiment. The results revealed higher performance error at 35% in comparison with 10% MVC with the greatest error at the unequal coefficient setting. The correlation between the individual forces and the force output ratios correlated nonlinearly with the weighting coefficient ratios; however, the extent of change was much smaller than the coefficient ratios. The results suggest that bilateral coupling and task constraints interact to determine the coordination strategy. The irregularity of the individual finger forces increased with the weighting coefficient while the irregularity of the total force remained the same. The results support the hypothesis that the organization of redundant motor coordination patterns emerges from the interactive effect of the constraints on movement.     

MRI prior computation and parallel tempering algorithm: a probabilistic resolution of the MEG/EEG inverse problem

Since the MEG inverse problem is ill-posed and admits many possible solutions, it is not possible to give it a single " true" answer. Therefore, we propose here to use a specific probabilistic algorithm to map the full probability distribution of the MEG sources with Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods. Using a Bayesian approach, the probability of the MEG solutions is expressed as the product of the likelihood by the prior probability. To compute the prior and constrain the MEG inverse problem resolution, MRI data are also acquired and automatically processed to determine the brain position and volume. We then use Parallel Tempering algorithm to estimate the full posterior probability and determine the likely solutions of the inverse problem. We illustrate the method with results obtained from the analysis of somatosensory data. This illustrates both the MRI processing for the prior computation, and how the knowledge of the full posterior probability distribution can be used to estimate the position of the sources, as well as their likely extension.     

中医药国际健康旅游发展的法律问题探讨

“健康”已经成为全球性主流需求,国家实施“一带一路”倡议规划为中医药国际化发展带来了机遇。在这种趋势的推动下,中医药国际健康旅游进入快速发展时期。但是也必须清醒的认识到,发展过程中依旧存在着诸多制约因素。本文主要从法律方面入手,分析中医药国际健康旅游发展中面临的法律问题,从立法、监管、政策、标准建设与认证等角度,提出若干法律建议。     

Relative stability improves with experience in a dynamic standing task

This study tested the hypothesis that subjects improve their relative stability as they learn a dynamic pulling task. Healthy adult subjects practiced making brief horizontal pulls (<300 ms) on a handle to a range of target forces ranging from 20 to 80% of their estimated maximum for 5 days. They were instructed to always keep their feet flat and begin and end their motion in an upright posture. In order to do this, subjects had to develop the appropriate body momentum prior to the pull and then recover their balance following the pull. We analyzed relative stability during balance recovery, using two measures: spatial safety margin (minimum distance of the center of pressure, COP, to the edges of the feet) and temporal safety margin (minimum extrapolated time for the COP to reach the edges of the feet). We hypothesized that: (1) spatial and temporal safety margins would be uncorrelated; (2) safety-margin means would increase with practice; and (3) safety-margin standard deviations would decrease with practice. Two experiments were conducted: one where subjects practiced three force targets and positioned their initial COP in a small window, and one where subjects practiced two force targets with no initial COP constraint. Results showed that spatial and temporal safety margins were correlated but shared less than 6% variance, indicating that they reflected different aspects of control. Safety-margin averages increased with practice and standard deviations decreased with practice, indicating that the stability of balance control in the execution of this task became more robust. We suggest that the nervous system could use safety margins in both feedback and feedforward control of balance.     

自制约束手套在婴幼儿面部手术术后的应用

婴幼儿面部手术术后，由于术区疼痛、麻醉后反应等原因，常常用手搔抓伤口，常常需要3人以上看护。夜间我们采用自制约束手套在婴幼儿中的应用，效果显著。现介绍如下。     

Emergence and stability of interlimb coordination patterns in children with developmental coordination disorder

The purpose of this study was to investigate the emergence and stability of coordination patterns in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) when performing a rhythmic interlimb coordination task on rigid (floor) and elastic (mini-trampoline) surfaces. Twelve typically developing (TD) children and 12 children with DCD were required to clap while jumping under different conditions: in a chosen pattern – Free; when the feet touched the surface – Clapping-surface; when the body reached the maximum jumping height – Clapping-jump; and when the feet touched the surface and the body reached the maximum jumping height – Clapping-both. The results showed that the coordination pattern of children with DCD was more variable in the Free, Clapping-surface, and Clapping-jumping conditions and more variable on the mini-trampoline than on the floor under the Free condition when compared with the TD children. Clapping-jumping was more difficult to perform than Clapping-surface for both groups. These findings suggest that the children with DCD were less capable of rhythmically coordinating the jumping-clapping task because they used a type of exploratory strategy regarding the physical properties of the surfaces, whereas the TD children used a type of adaptive strategy displaying behavior that was more consistent across the tasks/environmental demands.