Advances in biotechnological production of santalenes and santalols

Sandalwood essential oil has been widely used not only as natural medicines but also in perfumery and food industries, with sesquiterpenoids as its major components including(Z)-a-santalol and(Z)-bsantalol and so on. The mature heartwoods of Santalum album, Santalum austrocaledonicum and Santalum spicatum are the major plant resources for extracting sandalwood essential oil, which have been overexploited. Synthetic biology approaches have been successfully applied to produce natural products on large scale. In this review, we summarize biosynthetic enzymes of santalenes and santalols, including various santalene synthases(STSs) and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases(CYPs), and then highlight the advances of biotechnological production of santalenes and santalols in heterologous hosts, especially metabolic engineering strategies for constructing santalene-and santalol-producing Saccharomyces cerevisiae.     

加味丹参饮对犬冠状动脉血流量和动静脉血氧饱和度及血氧含量的影响

目的观察加味丹参饮对麻醉犬冠状动脉血流量和动静脉血氧饱和度及血氧含量的影响。方法采用麻醉犬冠状动脉血流量及动静脉血的血氧饱和度及血氧含量等指标的变化,研究加味丹参饮对心肌缺血的作用。结果加味丹参饮中、高剂量能明显增加冠状动脉血流量(P<0.05);动静脉血氧饱和度及血氧含量差值明显上升(P<0.01,P<0.05)。结论加味丹参饮能够增加冠状动脉血流量,提高动静脉血氧饱和度及血氧含量,调整和改善心肌供血,为缺血性心脏病的治疗提供了实验依据。     

进口檀香木的GC比较分析

用气相色谱-相对保留值指纹谱(GC-FPS)新技术建立了16种进口檀香木挥发油的GC-指纹谱,并对由此而衍生的色谱峰、重叠率和八强蜂进行了比较研究。     

Effect of different Acacia acuminata variants as hosts on performance of sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) in the northern and eastern Wheatbelt,Western Australia

The effect of seven ‘jam variants’ (Acacia acuminata typical variant, A. acuminata narrow-phyllode variant, A. acuminata small-seed variant, A. acuminata/burkittii variant I, A. acuminata/burkittii variant 2, A. burkittii and A. oldfieldii) on the survival and growth of sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) was examined in two relatively low-rainfall locations, Dowerin and Morawa, in the northern and eastern Wheatbelt of Western Australia. During the course of the trial (2000–2008) the mean annual rainfall was only 326 mm at Dowerin and 259 mm at Morawa. In July 2000, seedlings from 84 families from 18 separate populations and representing each of the seven different jam variants were planted on cleared farmland at both locations. A total of 4032 host seedlings were planted at each site. At host age 2 y (April 2002), S. spicatum seeds were sown near 1807 host plants at the first site and near 1397 hosts at the second.

The different jam variants were associated with clear differences in sandalwood performance at both sites. At age 1 y, mean survival of sandalwood was significantly greater near A. acuminata small—seed variant (64%) and A. acuminata narrow-phyllode variant (50–54%) than near A acuminata typical variant (21–34%). This pattern of sandalwood survival between the different jam variants was similar at age 6 y.

At age 6 y, the mean stem diameter (at 150 mm above ground) of sandalwood was the greatest near A. acuminata small-seed variant within each site: 62 mm at Dowerin and 47 mm at Morawa. The mean stem diameter of sandalwood near A. acuminata typical variant was 51 mm at Dowerin and only 25 mm at Morawa.

Stem borers were more common in A. acuminata typical variant than in the other jam variants at Dowerin. No borers were observed in the jam variants at Morawa. At both sites, gall rust was observed in each of the jam variants except A. oldfieldii.     

Variation in oil content and tree size between six geographically separate Santalum spicatum families,established near Narrogin,Western Australia

Six geographically separate sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) tree families were established together in a trial near Narrogin, Western Australia to compare oil content and tree size variation at ages 10 and 18 years. The trial site contained a total of 300 sandalwood trees with 41–55 trees from each family. All 300 sandalwood trees were measured for tree size: height, stem diameter and bole length. Wood core samples (heartwood + sapwood) were also taken at 300 mm above the ground from 71 to 72 separate trees, at ages 10 and 18 years. Each wood core sample was ground separately and then a sub-sample was analysed for oil concentration, and α- and β-santalol concentration within the oil.

The mean extractable oil concentrations within the sandalwood stems at 300 mm above the ground were significantly greater from the Borden and Dumbleyung families (1.1–1.6%) than the Ravensthorpe family (0.5–0.8%), at both ages 10 and 18 years. However, the oil quality (mean concentration of α- and β-santalol) was not significantly different between the six families at ages 10 or 18 years. Instead, oil quality was highly variable within each family.

Between sandalwood ages 10 and 18 years, the overall mean extractable oil concentration from the six different families increased significantly from 0.8 to 1.3%. During the same time period, mean α-santalol concentration increased significantly from 8.6 to 13.8%, and mean β-santalol concentration also increased significantly from 3.3 to 4.5%.

Mean tree height, stem diameter and bole length varied significantly between the six families at age 18 years. The Borden family appeared to be more tree-like in form, with a significantly longer bole length, than some of the other families which were more shrub-like in appearance.     

Domestication of northern sandalwood (Santalum lanceolatum,Santalaceae) for Indigenous forestry on the Cape York Peninsula

ABSTRACT

Over recent decades there has been considerable private investment in developing a sandalwood (Santalum spp.) industry due to the high international demand for products derived from its heartwood. While Santalum album (Indian sandalwood) has been the primary species used in these investments, other species may also have potential for commercialisation. In Cape York Peninsula (CYP), where Santalum lanceolatum occurs naturally, there are limited options for industry development, but research has shown that sandalwood products may provide an opportunity. The potential to incorporate sandalwood into existing Indigenous land management plans and further extend this into commercial plantings provides the opportunity to utilise an endemic tree species for economic development. This paper summarises participatory research with two Indigenous communities in the CYP to evaluate and improve conservation and development outcomes through sandalwood domestication.

The project has been implemented through a series of community consultations with the aim of reaching a consensus on how a sandalwood industry could develop and facilitating community involvement in the technical aspects of domestication and forest development. Differences in the progress achieved in the communities are significant and depend on the cultural and municipal structures and relationships within the communities.

The participatory approach in the northern part of the CYP has resulted in the establishment of important S. lanceolatum genetic resources that will be used to underpin the development of an industry: (1) sandalwood demonstration plantings (Bamaga and Lockhart River); (2) clonal seed orchard (Bamaga); (3) conservation enrichment plantings (Bamaga) and (4) two progeny trials (Bamaga). The survival of S. lanceolatum from the northern CYP has been good in both the progeny trials and the grafted seed orchards; however, sandalwood from other sources (other sandalwood species including S. album, Santalum austrocaledonicum and Santalum leptocladum and non-local provenances of S. lanceolatum) have performed poorly in the northern CYP. This paper outlines the history of sandalwood exploitation in CYP, which has led to the need for interventions to improve its conservation, as well as efforts to domesticate sandalwood so that the Traditional Owners of the northern CYP can benefit from this species.     

Suppression of Lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated Cytokine/Chemokine Production in Skin Cells by Sandalwood Oils and Purified α‐santalol and β‐santalol

Medicinally, sandalwood oil (SO) has been attributed with antiinflammatory properties; however, mechanism(s) for this activity have not been elucidated. To examine how SOs affect inflammation, cytokine antibody arrays and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays were used to assess changes in production of cytokines and chemokines by co‐cultured human dermal fibroblasts and neo‐epidermal keratinocytes exposed to lipopolysaccharides and SOs from Western Australian and East Indian sandalwood trees or to the primary SO components, α‐santalol and β‐santalol. Lipopolysaccharides stimulated the release of 26 cytokines and chemokines, 20 of which were substantially suppressed by simultaneous exposure to either of the two sandalwood essential oils and to ibuprofen. The increased activity of East Indian SO correlated with increased santalol concentrations. Purified α‐santalol and β‐santalol equivalently suppressed production of five indicator cytokines/chemokines at concentrations proportional to the santalol concentrations of the oils. Purified α‐santalol and β‐santalol also suppressed lipopolysaccharide‐induced production of the arachidonic acid metabolites, prostaglandin E2, and thromboxane B2, by the skin cell co‐cultures. The ability of SOs to mimic ibuprofen non‐steroidal antiinflammatory drugs that act by inhibiting cyclooxygenases suggests a possible mechanism for the observed antiinflammatory properties of topically applied SOs and provides a rationale for use in products requiring antiinflammatory effects. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Depigmented contact dermatitis due to incense

A 63-year-old male school teacher with itchy depigmented macules on his left dorsum manus, left shoulder and abdomen presented at our clinic on 8 July 1986. He had practiced the incense ceremony for about 15 years, and had burnt several incenses and sandalwood. 48 h closed patch testing revealed perfume in the incenses was the cause. We assumed that perfume in the incense was volatized in air when incense was burnt; skin surface contact occurred with airborne particle, which dissolved in sebum; thus allergic contact dermatitis accompanied by depigmentation might arise.     

DETERMINATION OF SUITABLE CONCENTRATIONS FOR PATCH TESTING OF VARIOUS FRAGRANCE MATERIALS

Twelve fragrance materials were patch tested on patients with various facial dermatoses at three different concentrations to determine suitable concentrations of these materials for patch testing. The results indicate that 2% rose oil, 10% oil of bergamot, 5% jasmine absolute, 10% ylang ylang oil, 5% benzyl alcohol, 2% benzyl salicylate, 2% sandalwood oil, 2% α and β santalol, 2% isobornyl cyclohexanol, 5% hydroxycitronellal, 5% eugenol and 1% trans-isoeugenol in white petrolatum are the optimal concentrations for testing, showing good accord with those recommended by ICDRG except for jasmine absolute, ylang ylang oil, and trans-isoeugenol, which should be retested at concentrations lower than the range used in the present study.