The history of ideas of Nordic midwives’ excursions from the early 19th century to the millennium

The midwifery art has emphasised the uniqueness of human beings throughout its Nordic history. The educated Nordic midwife has in the last decade celebrated several hundred years of memories. This article studies how the key ideas of the midwifery art and patterns of ideas become evident in the zeitgeist from the beginning of the 19th century to the millennium in the Nordic countries. The legacy and pattern of ideas of the art of midwifery are interpreted in relation to the texts of the selected historical sources and based on Ricoeur's phenomenological-hermeneutic approach to the text and further to the dedication of understanding and interpretation. The historical sources refer to unprinted primary sources from historical archives and printed secondary and tertiary sources. The patterns of ideas include a tripartite whole: the true cultivation of the head, the philosophy and aesthetics of the hand, the strength of the heart and the drive of calling. These ideas open for unique visions and attest to the evident in modern midwives. Today's midwives have academic training with examinations, and the education is based on scientific evidence. The midwife profession is authorised by the state and supervised by the authorities.     

Notions of child health: mothers' accounts of health in their young babies

This paper is concerned with mothers’ understandings of child health in their young babies. To explore how child health is depicted, explained and contextualised by mothers, altogether 29 mothers in Stockholm and London were interviewed through the baby's first months about day-to-day experiences of the baby's health and well-being. The analysis of the mothers’ accounts reveals how the mothers, in the process of assessing health, try to ‘read’ the bodily signs and reactions in their babies. Some major themes emerge on how the mothers identify and characterise threats to the health of the baby; here described as threats of abnormalities, threats to the survival of the baby, threats to the thriving of the baby and threats from illnesses. Notions of child health are discussed in relation to the ‘bodily’ and the ‘social’, and how the embodied images of child health are intertwined with the mothers’ presentations of themselves as responsible for the health of their children and as ‘worthy’ parents.     

论中国创新型卫生事业的构想

完善我国卫生事业的改革是构建社会主义和谐社会的重要内容之一。文章提出应以创新型思维对卫生事业进行综合性改革，为此提出8条建议：要妥善解决卫生事业的方向和目标问题；要妥善解决卫生事业的性质问题；要妥善解决卫生事业的产权问题；要妥善解决卫生事业低投入、高效益的战略重点问题；要妥善解决卫生事业的服务体制问题；要妥善解决卫生事业专业队伍的建设问题；要明确建立社会主义新农村的卫生事业三大创新法宝；要对全国卫生资源进行整体合理的逐步调整。     

经典名方药物考证关键问题分析与要点建议

笔者对已报道的经典名方药物考证相关研究进行系统梳理与分析，总结当前研究存在的问题与不足，提出经典名方药物考证要点建议，为经典名方药物考证相关研究提供借鉴。该文分别从注意古今药物考证内涵的异同、注重多维信息的综合利用、注重药物不同关键环节历史流变的梳理与考证、注重近代学名考订沿革梳理、注重尊古不泥古的考证原则、注重文献学基础知识等角度进行探讨，提出经典名方药物考证应对本草考证的现状、问题、成果进行深入的总结分析，吸收前人的优点，补充以往考证的不足，并在此基础上根据经典名方药物考证自身特点，形成特有的研究体系，注重历史变迁的脉络梳理，注重横断面分析，在全面分析基原、道地产区、药用部位与炮制等不同关键环节历史变迁基础上，充分吸收近现代研究成果，并结合当前生产力和认知水平，给出不同时期经典名方药物的合理关键信息，为经典名方的开发奠定坚实基础。     

Human love – the inner essence of nursing ethics according to Estrid Rodhe. A study using the approach of history of ideas

The aim of this study is to describe the idea pattern of nursing ethics in the textbook written by the Swedish nurse Estrid Rodhe (1911). The purpose is to increase understanding of the ideas in early written history of nursing ethics by using the method of history of ideas. A theoretical premise, but also a fascinating factor in this study, is that the ethics of one profession is always contextual in relation to current period. The historical context of Rodhe’s time was a time of difficult societal circumstances in Europe. Nurses’ work was demanding, but a distinctive feature was enthusiasm to develop nursing. Discussion of the moral issues of nursing was intense, and the characteristics of a good nurse consisted of being as altruistic and unselfish woman. Based on our analysis, the inner essence of Rodhe’s idea pattern consists of human love. It is reflected in her ideas of calling‐based altruism, virtuous woman as a personal reason for being a nurse and nurses’ ethical duty to implementation and subservience. Rodhe’s thinking reflects the conventions of her time. The role of personal moral characteristics of nurses was highlighted and not viewed as separable from the professional. Her textbook represented nursing knowledge of ethics written by a nurse and making her a pioneer of the early written history of nursing in general. Understanding the past helps us comprehend current issues in nursing and makes visible cultural values that form the basis for today and tomorrow. It also provides a possibility to observe the same fundamental features in spite of temporal distance. Here, the history of ideas is a beneficial and fruitful method to increase our understanding of nursing ethics.     

从“肝肾同调”探析黑逍遥散干预AD免疫炎症的研究思路

阿尔茨海默病（AD）是一种年龄高度相关的神经系统疾病，是造成老年期痴呆的最主要原因，亦是导致老年人丧失日常生活能力的最常见疾病，将给患者、家庭及社会带来沉重的精神负担和经济压力。中医可将其归属于“痴呆”“呆门”“呆病”等疾患范畴，传统认为以肾虚为本，多从肾论治。课题组结合肝的生理病理特性，提出了“肝肾同调”是防治AD的重要思路。AD以β淀粉样蛋白（Aβ）沉积和神经原纤维缠结（NFT）为主要病理表现，其发病机制复杂。越来越多的研究表明，免疫炎症在AD的发病过程中起着重要作用，通过核转录因子-κB（NF-κB）/NOD样受体热蛋白结构域3（NLRP3）/胱天蛋白酶-1（Caspase-1）/白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）信号通路调控神经免疫炎症将是治疗AD的重要靶点。该文基于“肝肾同调”的重要思路，遴选其代表名方黑逍遥散，从调控NF-κB/NLRP3/Caspase-1/IL-1β信号通路进而抑制神经免疫炎症角度探析防治AD的作用与机制，以期进一步推进黑逍遥散防治AD的深入研究，亦为中医药防治AD的思路策略抛砖引玉。     

发展监管科学，促进细胞治疗产品和技术应用科学规范发展

细胞治疗（包括干细胞）是目前生物医药领域发展最快、最前沿的领域之一。细胞治疗产品是从实验室培养的干细胞、组织和器官中提取的,被注射到病人体内的生物技术产品。在分析国外情况的基础上,认为加强细胞产品制备和临床应用规范管理是势在必行的大事。提出细胞治疗产品和技术的监管科学的5大要素,据此分析了我国发展的3大短板。最后,为加强法规、政策与科学监管体系建设,促进细胞治疗产业和技术发展,提出发展细胞产品和技术应用的监管科学3点建议：一是发展细胞治疗监管科学的顶层设计的设想;二是在发展政策指导下,细胞产品研发体系和质量标准的原则是产业发展的基础和迫在眉睫的任务的问题;三是降低研发风险,明确细胞产品和治疗技术的主体责任。     

朱生樑辨治难治性胃食管反流病经验撷英

介绍朱生樑教授辨治难治性胃食管反流病的经验。认为难治性胃食管反流病的辨证难点在于涉及多个脏腑,病程中又易形成内生之邪,相似证候、性质不同的病机常复合存在。提出立足主要矛盾、明辨脏腑自身及相似脏腑病机变化的特点、厘清虚实权重的辨证思路,在脏腑辨证结合气血津液辨证的基础上立法处方。并附验案2则。     

医患关系定位与医院服务理念的表达

医院的服务对象应视为“顾客”，意为“惠顾的宾客”；医院的服务理念，可通过多种载体（建筑设施、就医流程、医疗环境、标识标语、服务模式、员工形象等）予以恰当地表达，从而使服务对象能切实感受到。