全文获取类型
收费全文 | 3010篇 |
免费 | 188篇 |
国内免费 | 17篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 14篇 |
儿科学 | 92篇 |
妇产科学 | 5篇 |
基础医学 | 825篇 |
口腔科学 | 56篇 |
临床医学 | 115篇 |
内科学 | 312篇 |
皮肤病学 | 10篇 |
神经病学 | 848篇 |
特种医学 | 28篇 |
外科学 | 86篇 |
综合类 | 88篇 |
现状与发展 | 1篇 |
预防医学 | 232篇 |
眼科学 | 10篇 |
药学 | 397篇 |
中国医学 | 25篇 |
肿瘤学 | 71篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 22篇 |
2022年 | 18篇 |
2021年 | 73篇 |
2020年 | 80篇 |
2019年 | 91篇 |
2018年 | 72篇 |
2017年 | 58篇 |
2016年 | 64篇 |
2015年 | 96篇 |
2014年 | 148篇 |
2013年 | 177篇 |
2012年 | 141篇 |
2011年 | 164篇 |
2010年 | 136篇 |
2009年 | 147篇 |
2008年 | 142篇 |
2007年 | 148篇 |
2006年 | 135篇 |
2005年 | 100篇 |
2004年 | 78篇 |
2003年 | 84篇 |
2002年 | 74篇 |
2001年 | 50篇 |
2000年 | 53篇 |
1999年 | 32篇 |
1998年 | 49篇 |
1997年 | 35篇 |
1996年 | 33篇 |
1995年 | 21篇 |
1994年 | 22篇 |
1993年 | 23篇 |
1992年 | 29篇 |
1991年 | 30篇 |
1990年 | 19篇 |
1988年 | 22篇 |
1987年 | 19篇 |
1986年 | 37篇 |
1985年 | 47篇 |
1984年 | 41篇 |
1983年 | 32篇 |
1982年 | 46篇 |
1981年 | 31篇 |
1980年 | 34篇 |
1979年 | 35篇 |
1978年 | 25篇 |
1977年 | 34篇 |
1976年 | 25篇 |
1975年 | 21篇 |
1974年 | 23篇 |
1973年 | 21篇 |
排序方式: 共有3215条查询结果,搜索用时 328 毫秒
1.
Fang Xing Xin Fang Xiang-Dan Gong Xin Zhao Ying Du Zheng-Liang Ma Xiao-Ping Gu Tian-Jiao Xia 《中国神经再生研究》2020,(6):1094-1101
Sleep-wake rhythm disturbances,which are characterized by abnormal sleep timing or duration,are associated with cognitive dysfunction.Photoacoustic treatments including light and sound stimulation have been found to be effective in modulating sleep patterns and improving cognitive behavior in abnormal sleep-wake pattern experiments.In this study,we examined whether light and sound interventions could reduce sleep-wake pattern disturbances and memory deficits in a sleep rhythm disturbance model.We established a model of sleep rhythm disturbance in C57 BL/6 J mice via a sleep deprivation method involving manual cage tapping,cage jostling,and nest disturbance.We used a Mini Mitter radio transmitter device to monitor motor activity in the mice and fear conditioning tests to assess cognitive function.Our results indicated that an intervention in which the mice were exposed to blue light(40-Hz flickering frequency)for 1 hour during their subjective daytime significantly improved the 24-hour-acrophase shift and reduced the degree of memory deficit induced by sleep deprivation.However,interventions in which the mice were exposed to a 40-Hz blue light at offset time or subjective night time points,as well as 2 Hz-blue light at 3 intervention time points(subjective day time,subjective night time,and offset time points),had no positive effects on circadian rhythm shift or memory deficits.Additionally,a 2000-Hz sound intervention during subjective day time attenuated the24-hour-acrophase shift and memory decline,while 440-Hz and 4000-Hz sounds had no effect on circadian rhythms.Overall,these results demonstrate that photoacoustic treatment effectively corrected abnormal sleep-wake patterns and cognitive dysfunction associated with sleep-deprivation-induced disturbances in sleep-wake rhythm.All animal experiments were approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to the Medical College of Nanjing University,China(approval No.20171102)on November20,2017. 相似文献
2.
Daisuke Ishii Daisuke Matsuzawa Shingo Matsuda Haruna Tomizawa-Shinohara Chihiro Sutoh Eiji Shimizu 《The International journal of neuroscience》2019,129(1):1-9
Adolescence is a vulnerable period for developing anxiety-related mental disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which requires a long-term course of therapy when a traumatic event has been experienced during childhood. However, the biological mechanism underlying these age-dependent characteristics remains unclear. In the present study, we used early adolescent, late adolescent and adult (4-, 8-, and 15-week old) male mice to examine age differences in fear memory, fear extinction, and spontaneous recovery of fear. We also measured the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 2 in the dorsal hippocampus (dHip) and the basolateral amygdala (BLA) following a spontaneous recovery test. Our major findings were as follows: (1) early adolescent and adult mice did not recover the fear response; only late adolescent mice recovered the fear response. (2) The ERK2 in the dHip was more activated after the spontaneous recovery test in late adolescent mice than in adult mice, and the ERK2 in the BLA was more activated after the spontaneous recovery test in adult mice than in late adolescent mice. These results suggest that there exists a unique period in which spontaneous recovery occurs and that these late adolescent behavioral signatures may be related to alteration in the ERK2 phosphorylation in the dHip and BLA. 相似文献
3.
J.-P. Coudereau Marcel Debray Claire Monier Jean-Marie Bourre Henriette Frances 《Psychopharmacology》1997,130(2):117-123
Morphine (8–100 mg/kg IP) induces place preference conditioning in mice. The effect of two different periods of isolation
(15 and 30 days) was examined. Mice isolated for 15 days but not 30 days exhibited place preference conditioning to morphine
(8 mg/kg). After 30 days of isolation morphine could not induce place preference conditioning with the following doses (8, 16, 64, 100 mg/kg).
Social regrouping of male mice previously isolated for 30 days with naive female mice for 15 or 30 days resulted in a reappearance
of the conditioned place preference to morphine (16 mg/kg). The specificity of this associative deficit was examined by testing
learning in isolated compared to non-isolated mice in two distinct settings: escape learning in the Morris water maze and
passive avoidance acquisition and retention. On the Morris water maze isolated mice did not differ from non-isolated mice
regarding place learning, the probe trial or extinction. Isolated mice were unimpaired in passive avoidance acquisition and
retention. It was concluded that the deficits in place preference conditioning were not the result of a global learning impairment
in isolated mice.
Received: 10 April 1996 /Final version: 20 September 1996 相似文献
4.
5.
6.
F. P. Kolb K. B. Irwin J. R. Bloedel V. Bracha 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》1997,114(2):255-270
Temporary inactivation of the cerebellar interposed nuclei was used to assess the role of the intermediate cerebellum in
the performance of forelimb cutaneo-muscular reflexes in the cat. The following types of reflexive responses were evaluated:
the classically conditioned and unconditioned forelimb withdrawal responses and the forelimb tactile placing, hopping and
magnet responses. The experiments tested the hypothesis that the intermediate cerebellum is involved in the performance of
all the above forelimb reflexes. The forelimb withdrawal reflex was classically conditioned in a newly developed paradigm
in which animals were first operantly conditioned to stand on four elevated platforms. Trained animals were microinjected
with a γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonist, muscimol, in the interposed nuclei, and the effects of inactivation of the intermediate
cerebellar output on the forelimb reflexes were examined. The main findings of these experiments are that unilateral muscimol
inactivation of the interposed nuclei in the cat abolished the expression of the classically conditioned limb flexion reflex,
suppressed the performance of the unconditioned withdrawal reflex and, in parallel, downregulated the tactile placing, hopping
and magnet postural responses in the ipsilateral forelimb. These observations are inconsistent with concepts indicating exclusive
involvement of the intermediate cerebellum in the classically conditioned reflexes elicited by aversive stimuli. On the contrary,
they support the hypothesis of a more global involvement of this structure in learned and unlearned defensive flexion reflexes
and in automatic postural response systems.
Received: 29 July 1996 / Accepted: 26 September 1996 相似文献
7.
Chronic exposure to mild unpredictable stress has previously been found to depress the consumption of a palatable (1%) sucrose solution, and to attenuate food-induced place preference conditioning. In this study the effects of pramipexole (SND-919), a dopamine D2 agonist, were studied during 7–9 weeks of chronic treatment. Pramipexole (1.0 mg/kg per day) reversed the suppression of sucrose intake in stressed animals, increasing sucrose intakes above the levels seen in untreated nonstressed controls. Pramipexole also increased sucrose intake in nonstressed animals; these effects were accompanied by increases in water intake and tended to correlate with weight loss. Drug-treated stressed animals also lost weight, but in this case water intake was unaffected. A second group of animals received a higher dose of pramipexole (2.0 mg/kg per day). The effects of the two doses were very similar. After three weeks of treatment, these animals were switched to a lower dose of pramipexole (0.1 mg/kg per day). Increases in sucrose intake were maintained over three weeks of treatment at the lower dose, with significant recovery of body weight. Two further groups received the same doses of pramipexole (1.0 mg/kg for 6 weeks or 2.0 mg/kg for 3 weeks followed by 0.1 mg/kg thereafter), but received intermittent (twice-weekly) drug treatment. Intermittent pramipexole treatments also tended to increase sucrose intakes, but the results were less consistent from week to week. Following 6–8 weeks of pramipexole treatment, food-induced place preference conditioning was studied in all animals. Untreated stressed animals showed no evidence of place conditioning. Normal conditioning was seen in both groups of stressed animals treated daily with pramipexole (at 1.0 and 0.1 mg/kg) and in the group treated twice weekly at the higher dose (1.0 mg/kg); intermittent treatment at the lower dose (0.1 mg/kg) was ineffective. The results indicate that pramipexole exerts rapid anti-anhedonic effects in the chronic mild stress model. This conclusion is complicated, but not undermined, by drug-induced weight loss and by the presence of significant drug effects in nonstressed control animals. 相似文献
8.
Oral self-administration and operant tasks have been used successfully to confirm ethanol′s positive reinforcing effects
in rats. However, in flavor conditioning tasks, ethanol is typically found to have aversive effects. The present studies explored
this apparent paradox by examining the change in value of a flavor paired with orally self-administered ethanol in two different
limited-access procedures. Rats were food-deprived and trained to drink (experiment 1) or to barpress for (experiment 2) 10%
(v/v) ethanol during daily 30-min sessions using prandial initiation techniques. All rats were then exposed to a differential
flavor conditioning procedure in which banana or almond extract was added to the drinking solution. One flavor (counterbalanced)
was always mixed with ethanol (CS+), whereas the other flavor was mixed with water (CS–). By the end of conditioning, rats
in both experiments drank more flavored ethanol than flavored water, confirming ethanol’s efficacy as a reinforcer. Moreover,
barpress rates for CS+ exceeded those for CS– in the operant task. Ethanol doses self-administered in final sessions averaged
about 1 g/kg. The effect of the flavor-ethanol contingency was assessed in preference tests that offered a choice between
the two flavor solutions without ethanol. In both experiments, subjects developed a preference for the flavor that had been
paired with ethanol. Thus, the outcome of flavor conditioning was consistent with that of the oral self-administration tasks
in providing evidence of ethanol’s rewarding effects. These experiments confirm and extend previous studies showing that flavor
aversion is not the inevitable result of flavor-ethanol association in rats. It seems likely that ethanol’s nutrient and pharmacological
effects both contributed to the development of conditioned flavor preference.
Received: 15 February 1997 / Final version: 11 June 1997 相似文献
9.
目的 探讨腺苷A1受体激动剂预处理延迟效应对保存大鼠心脏的影响及其机制。方法 Wistar大鼠随机分为 8组 ,A、C组以高选择性腺苷A1受体激动剂 (CCPA)预处理 ;D、E、F组在CCPA预处理前分别注射锰 超氧化物歧化酶 (Mn SOD)反义、有意义、错配寡核苷酸 (ODN) ;B、G组注射生理盐水 ,H组只注射反义寡核苷酸。 2 4h后 ,A、B组用 4℃St.Thomas液保存 4h ,复灌 1h ,而另 6组采取低温缺血 3h ,复灌 1h。观测心功能、磷酸肌酸激酶 (CK mb)、三磷酸腺苷 (ATP)含量等。结果 A组左室内压上升与下降最大速率恢复率 (±dp/dtmax,% )为 6 2 .83± 17.2 7,6 6 .81± 18.99,心肌ATP含量 (10 3 μmol/g)为3.6 7± 1.4 2 ;而B组分别为 4 0 .4 1± 18.2 9,4 4 .70± 2 5 .14 ,1.4 6± 0 .5 4 ;A组均明显高于B组 ,差异均有显著性 (P <0 .0 1orP <0 .0 5 )。C组±dp/dtmax恢复率、ATP、Mn SOD活性均明显高于D、G、H组 (P <0 .0 1orP <0 .0 5 ) ,而与E、F组比较 ,差异无显著性。结论 腺苷A1受体激动剂能诱导预处理的延迟效应 ,改善离体大鼠心脏的保存效果 ,而该效应与Mn SOD的高表达有关。 相似文献
10.
The hypothesis that the maintenance or decay of an associative memory trace after an extended retention interval is a function of the residual strength of the synapses originally strengthened during learning was examined in a classical conditioning paradigm in which high-frequency stimulation of a hippocampal input--the medial perforant path--served as a conditioned stimulus. Rats received perforant path stimulus-foot shock pairings while engaged in a previously acquired food-motivated lever-pressing task. Conditioned suppression of lever pressing was the behavioral measure of learning and retention of the association. Stimulus trains to the perforant path at an intensity above the threshold for eliciting a population spike induced long-term potentiation of synaptic transmission in the dentate gyrus. Synaptic potentials recorded extracellularly in the dentate gyrus were subsequently monitored for 31 days to examine quantitatively the decay of synaptic potentiation, a period after which retention of the learned association was assessed. All rats learned the association to a similar extent and displayed equivalent amounts of long-term potentiation by the end of conditioning. A slowly decaying function of synaptic potentiation was observed in remembering rats, i.e., rats with high retention performance after the 31-day learning-to-retention interval, while forgetting was associated with a rapid decay of long-term potentiation. Behavioral performance at the long-term memory test was linearly correlated with the amplitude of long-term potentiation maintained just prior to the retention test. The results favor the hypothesis that long-term associative memory depends, at least in part, on the maintenance of elevated synaptic strengths in the pathway activated during learning and suggest a role for the lasting component of long-term potentiation in the maintenance of memory. 相似文献