“Does Pakistan still have polio cases?”: Exploring discussions on polio and polio vaccine in online news comments in Pakistan

IntroductionPolio, which is caused by poliovirus, is a contagious, potentially crippling, and deadly disease. Pakistan is one of the countries in which polio is still endemic in the 21st century. In 2019, 146 polio cases were reported across the country with some resulting in deaths. Following the spread of rumors insinuating that children were falling sick after receiving an anti-polio vaccine, a mob attacked and set fire to a small hospital in the Peshawar district in April 2019. The present study investigates readers’ discussions that emerged from Dawn’s online readers’ comments on polio-related news stories in Pakistan.MethodsUsing thematic analysis, we analyzed (N = 2216) comments made by readers in the polio-related news stories published on Dawn.com from January 1, 2012, to March 1, 2020.ResultsSeven major themes emerged from the analysis of the comments: 1) reasons for and challenges resulting in the failure to eradicate polio; 2) proposed solutions and policy changes to eradicate polio; 3) misinformation; 4) criticism, frustration, and shame; 5) comparison of Pakistan to other countries; 6) the internet as a public sphere; 7) suffering, empathy, and appreciation. Overall, our findings suggested that commenters are knowledgeable about polio vaccines and consider polio a serious threat to public health in Pakistan.ConclusionOur study not only validated previous study findings such as reasons, challenges, and issues related to polio vaccination, but also found new challenges in online news sites concerning misinformation on polio and polio vaccination in Pakistan.     

我院2011年7月至12月门诊抗菌药物处方专项点评情况分析

目的促进医院抗菌药物的合理使用。方法 2011年7月至12月,每月随机抽取25%的门诊处方,开展抗菌药物专项点评。被点评的医师共129名,处方6 450张。对被点评医师使用抗菌药物情况进行分析。结果抗菌药物使用合理的医师65名,不合理50名,未使用抗菌药物的医师14名;被点评处方6 450张,使用抗菌药物处方1 723张;不合理使用抗菌药物处方152张。不合理使用抗菌药物前3位的门诊科室分别为儿科、急诊科、妇科。结论门诊医师抗菌药物的合理使用有待进一步规范。     

处方点评工作对医院门诊用药干预的效果分析简

目的 介绍医院处方点评工作,实施处方点评制度,促进合理用药.方法 以《处方管理办法》为依据,抽取2012年1至6月处方（每月600张门/急诊处方）以及处方点评工作开展并实施干预措施后的7～12月处方,根据点评内容填写处方指标点评表及不合理用药项目表,运用Excel软件处理数据,对干预前后处方的基本指标、不合理处方比例等情况进行分析统计.结果 医院门/急诊平均用药品种数为2.1种,不合理处方比例由干预前的72.8％降为9.3％,抗菌药物处方比例由35.77％降为15.56％.结论 医院处方点评工作方法可行,能有效干预不合理用药,降低医疗费用,提高合理用药水平.     

某院门、急诊常用中药注射液3 281张处方点评及用药合理性分析

目的：通过分析某院门、急诊处方中应用中药注射液的基本情况以及存在的问题,总结中药注射液的点评思路,以促进中药注射液的临床合理用药,进一步推动中药临床药学工作的开展。方法：抽取2015年1月-2016年12月某院急诊处方中涉及的常用6种中药注射液（"参附注射液"、"红花注射液"、"银杏达莫注射液"、"丹参注射液"、"醒脑静注射液"、"参麦注射液"）的处方,门诊处方中涉及的常用2种中药注射液（"丹参注射液"、"红花注射液"）的处方共计3 281张进行处方点评,分析其用药合理性。结果：共抽取急诊处方2 200张、门诊处方1 081张,平均每张处方用药品种数为2.90（剔除葡萄糖、氯化钠等溶媒,以及维生素B₆、维生素C等药物,平均品种数在5个以下,符合相关规定）,平均处方金额为320.14元,其中不合理处方225张,占6.46%。不合理处方主要涉及为临床诊断不完整、联合用药不适宜、重复用药、适应证不适宜、溶媒不适宜、用法用量不适宜、给药途径不适宜。对于发现的疑义处方,进行分析,重点关注中药注射液与西药联用的适宜性、中药注射液两两合用的适宜性、中药注射液重复用药的合理性等。结论：中药注射液的处方点评工作可进一步促进中药临床药学的发展,同时需加强临床医师、临床药师的相关知识培训,最终更好地促进中药注射液的合理用药,提高用药安全性。     

医院 2 149 张中草药处方分 析简

目的 分析医院中草药处方书写规范性和合理用药情况,为加强中草药处方管理和提高处方质量提供依据.方法 随机抽取每月第2周任意1d的处方,根据《处方管理办法》和《医院处方点评管理规范（试行）》等对处方进行评价.结果 2012年共抽查处方2 149张,不合理处方1 021张,处方不合格率为47.51％;其中不规范处方994张,占不合理处方的97.36％;用药不适宜处方29张,占不合理处方的2.84％.结论 医院中草药处方不合格率较高,应重视中草药处方的规范性,确保临床用药安全.     

Strategies for dismissing dietary risks: insights from user-generated comments online

Communication around chronic dietary risks has proved challenging as dietary health risks are ostensibly met with attenuated perceptions of their likelihood and consequences. In this article, we examine the strategies that an online public use to negotiate risk messages from expert stakeholders that may be incongruent with their own position on a risk. Progressing from conceptualisations of amplification as laid out in the social amplification of risk framework, we are particularly interested in understanding whether and how amplifications of risk may be attributed towards other stakeholders. The article presents an analysis of comments posted on a website oriented to a British audience. These comments were left by members of the public in reply to two online media articles published in 2012 reporting on an epidemiological study carried out in the United States on the risks of red meat consumption. We found that the comments generally expressed resistance to the risk message, embodied in two main strategies. The first strategy was to discount the message itself by deploying rules of thumb that undermined the applicability of the general risk message to the particularities of the individual. The second strategy was to undermine the risks by casting doubt on the credibility of the message source. Together, these strategies allowed the commenters to argue that the risks and the process of communicating them resulted in an exaggerated picture. These findings highlight that by attributing amplification to others, further polarisation of risk views between stakeholders may occur. Thinking about amplification as an attribution provides a distinct and significant conceptual contribution to the study of incongruent risk responses.     

How to optimize multiparameter flow cytometry for leukaemia/lymphoma diagnosis

Multiparameter flow cytometry can allow for accurate lineage assignment of leukaemia cell populations in approximately 99% of cases, whereby the emphasis lies in the word 'can'. Despite the fact that the very few markers that are lineage-specific are localized inside the cell (e.g. myeloperoxidase, lactoferrin, cytoplasmic CD3, cytoplasmic CD22), several investigators still shy away from including these essential test elements in their routine panels. Of course, the staining of intracellular antigens requires the added effort of determining optimal conditions. Published suggestions often need to be revised, and cell lines must be used as positive and negative controls. The same holds true for other new and exciting applications of flow cytometry, such as the monitoring of minimal residual disease (MRD) or the establishment of physiological assays (e.g. measuring the activity of drug-efflux pumps). The beauty of-and unfortunately for some, the problem with-multiparameter flow cytometry is that although immunophenotyping by flow cytometry has become a routine approach to the diagnosis of haematological malignancies it is a discipline that is still in development. New antibodies are continually being introduced and new diagnostic and prognostically relevant subtypes are being published in almost every issue of the major scientific journals. It is therefore very important for the flow cytometrist not only to strive for optimal performance of all tests employed but also to keep up with new knowledge and to incorporate it into the interpretation of routine specimens. We owe it to our patients to diagnose their disease accurately and in accordance with accepted standards of interpretation so that the treating physicians can trust immunophenotyping results and act accordingly in the management of their patients.     

我院门诊处方调查分析

目的 调查分析我院门诊处方的规范性及合理用药情况.方法 随机抽取我院2011年6月份门诊处方共34530张.根据《处方管理办法》、《处方点评管理规范》、《抗菌药物临床应用指导原则》对处方进行评价分析.结果 合格处方33563张,合格率为97.20％;不合格处方967张,不合格率为2.80％.在不合格处方中,不规范处方有318张,占不合格处方的32.89％;不合理用药处方有649张,占不合格处方的67.11％.结论 我院门诊处方合格率符合三级甲等医院处方质量要求,但仍存在一些问题.应进一步加强监管,不断提高处方质量     

某院门急诊住院处方点评效果分析

目的了解某院门急诊和住院处方用药点评效果,提高其合理用药水平。方法以《处方管理办法》和《医院处方点评管理规范(试行)》为依据,抽取2010年至2011年门急诊处方(6 000张)和住院病历(2 400份)的处方指标和患者关怀指标进行点评,采用Excel软件进行统计和分析。结果该院门急诊处方平均用药品种数为2.9和2.1,平均不合理处方比例由2010年的21.7%下降为2011年的8.5%,不合理用药住院病历由2010年的21.5%下降为2011年的13.9%,抗生素使用率由2010年的44.9%降至2011年的36.3%,通用名使用率达100.0%。结论医院Microsoft Excel处方点评工作可行,能有效干预不合理用药,提高合理用药水平。