武连仲教授治疗坐骨神经痛经验

全国名中医天津中医药大学第一附属医院针灸科武连仲教授用多年的临床经验总结概括出针刺的理、法、方、穴、术，其创立的"通经止痛"针刺疗法在临床中疗效佳，武老在治疗坐骨神经痛时，取足太阳膀胱经和足少阳胆经具有走窜针感的经穴为主穴，其配伍精确，组方严密，手法独特，可供临床参考。本文将武老运用"痛经止痛"针刺法治疗坐骨神经痛的经验从"理、法、方、穴、术"方面做浅述。     

激励作用在大学生日常教育活动中的应用

针对当前激励作用在大学生日常教育活动中的异化和弱化趋势,围绕其在大学生日常教育活动中的应用,阐述了强化和提升激励作用的途径和方式.结合实际,从激励目标的确立、激励方式的选择、激励过程的实施三个层次进行论证.提出构建多层次、多维度的激励目标体系,促进学生的全面发展.     

Effects of central amygdaloid nucleus lesions on ingestion, taste reactivity, exploration and taste aversion.

Central amygdaloid nucleus lesions in rats had no effect on recovery of preoperative body weight and food consumption levels. The brain damaged rats also recovered preoperative levels of water consumption as rapidly as control rats but then developed a mild but persistent hypodipsia. The experimental rats also drank less than control rats when food deprived and showed marginally reliable decreases in 0.1% quinine solution consumption and latency to consume a novel food. There was no detectable lesion effect on 0.1% saccharin solution consumption, exploration of a novel environment or formation of a learned taste aversion. It is suggested that the central amygdaloid nucleus has a role in mediating the relationship between food and water intake and in some taste mediated consummatory behavior.     

Noradrenaline and neophobia

Lesions of the ascending noradrenergic bundles using the selective neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine increased neophobia to a number of novel tastes in rats. These lesions also increased some, but not all, measures of neophobia in novel environments. The results are discussed with reference to a recent hypothesis which suggests that the noradrenergic projections of the locus coeruleus mediate some aspects of fear and anxiety. Contrary to the prediction of this hypothesis, the noradrenergic lesions significantly increased rather than decreased neophobia. While these results point to an involvement of ascending noradrenergic systems in fear, at present the nature of this involvement cannot be specified in detail.     

REM sleep deprivation increases preference for novelty in rats.

As a further test of the hypothesis that REM deprivation decreases fear, the behavior of 40 male rats was measured in a Y-maze adapted to test for preference for novelty. Prior to this test, the animals were exposed for 4 days to one of four treatments, i.e., either a dry environment control, a wet environment control, a 2-day REM deprivation period or a 4-day REM deprivation period. During the test both number of grid crossing in the novel and non-novel arms of the Y-maze and three indices of emotionality were recorded. The results were congruent with data we had reported earlier and offered convincing evidence in support of the hypothesis.     

教考分离的实践与探索

通过对学校三个年级学生使用“基础医学课程国家试题库”后的情况分析,认为教考分离是今后考试工作的一个趋势。但目衣使用的试题库在知识点的构成,个别试题质量以及适应性方面有待改进。因此有必要建立适合我校的,反映最新学科进展的试题库,以利于提高教学质量。     

LSD-induced alterations of locomotor patterns and exploration in rats

A free exploration test was used to examine the effects of LSD on investigatory responding and locomotor activity in a novel environment. Rats were injected with 20–30 g/kg LSD or saline prior to being placed in a home cage. After 10 min, a door was opened permitting entry into a larger holeboard chamber where crossovers, rearings, hole pokes, and routes of locomotion were monitored. When administered either 10 or 30 min prior to testing, LSD reduced the time spent in the holeboard chamber only during the first half of a 1-h session, resulting in a corresponding reduction in all holeboard activity measures. In the subsequent 30 min, LSD-treated rats maintained a steady level of responding, in contrast to the continual derement exhibited by controls. Despite their initial avoidance of the holeboard, LSD-treated rats made consistently longer hole pokes into floor holes and showed a more diversified pattern of locomotion than did controls throughout the 1-h session. Most striking was the failure of LSD-treated rats to establish the stereotyped excursion routes, characteristic of controls, from the home cage to various parts of the holeboard. It is suggested that LSD potentiates both neophobic (avoidance) and investigatory responses to a novel environment by retarding the rate of behavioral habituation.     

LSD-induced alterations of investigatory responding in rats

The effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on investigatory responses of rats in a novel hole-board were assessed in a series of experiments. LSD (40–160 g/kg) altered the temporal distribution of nose-poke responses during a 24-min session; LSD-treated rats responded less than controls initially, yet increased their response rates late in the session. This dose-dependent effect was not related to the time course of the drug's action nor to alterations in general locomotor activity. Only partial tolerance was found after eight daily injections of 100 g/kg LSD. When handling stress was minimized by placing the animals in an anteroom for 10 min before starting the test, the distribution of responding was normal although the overall frequency was still reduced. Conversely, vigorous handling potentiated the LSD effect. These results are interpreted as indicating an increased sensitivity of the LSD-treated rats to the stimuli associated with being handled and placed into the novel hole-board rather than a direct effect on investigatory tendencies. This LSD-induced potentiation of defensive responses appears to compete with the active exploration of the novel environment.R. K. Light is presently at the Department of Psychology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana.     

从"醒脑开窍"针刺疗法探讨国医大师石学敏院士对中医脑病的贡献

"醒脑开窍"针刺疗法是我国著名中医药学家和教育家、中国工程院院士、国医大师、石学敏中医发展基金会理事长石学敏教授于1972年为治疗中风病创立的针刺疗法。该疗法临床应用已达40余年，在中风病等多种疾病治疗中确实显示出其卓越的疗效。通过大量的临床观察和基础实验研究，对机体多系统疾病均有良好的调节作用。该疗法不仅限于中风病的应用，一切脑性麻痹或瘫痪(如小儿脑瘫、一氧化碳中毒和脑外伤后等)；严重的疼痛(如神经痛、内脏痛、创伤痛和癌瘤痛等)；精神疾病(如癫狂痫、抑郁症、百合病和癔病等)；还有部分其他系统(如尿崩症、遗尿和二便失控等疾病)均有非常好的疗效。从脑主神明的认识；"醒脑开窍"针刺疗法的提出与确立；创立中风病机新理论等方面，并探讨中国工程院院士、国医大师石学敏教授对中医脑病的新贡献。     

Outcomes of Second Look Exploration in Testicular Torsion of Children

Background:

Testicular torsion (TT), or twisting of the testicle resulting in a strangulation of the blood supply, occurs in men whose tissue surrounding the testicle is not well attached to the scrotum. It is important to emphasize that testicular torsion is a medical emergency.

Objectives:

The aim of this study is to evaluate the second look exploration and outcomes in TT.

Patients and Methods:

Seventy boys out of 124 patients underwent early exploration and 48 hours later second look exploration due to TT. All patients were checked with preoperative color-doppler ultrasonography (CDU) and intraoperative bleeding test. Data included age at admission, side of pathology, relation of TT with season of year, duration of preoperative history, degree of testicular torsion, CDU findings, and degree of bleeding; results of second look exploration, follow-up, and outcomes were analyzed.

Results:

Totally 70 patients were included in this study within five years, of which mean age was 28.6 ± 32.9 months (range 1 to 144), 48% of our patients had nausea and vomiting. Preoperative CDU showed absent/weak flow in 50 (71%) cases. Winter showed most frequently (44%) referred cases of testicular torsion. Orchidopexy was performed in 44 (63%) and orchidectomy in 26 (37%) cases after second look exploration. Mean follow-up duration was 3.1 ± 1.4 years. 4 (9%) cases in orchidopexy group developed testicular atrophy during follow-up, all four cases had a history of longer than 12 hours and grade II testicular bleeding test intra-operatively. Other orchidopexy patients salvaged. 26 patients, who were in grade III, underwent orchidectomy in second look exploration.

Conclusions:

TT requires emergency attention. The ischemia time of the testis is traditionally after 6 hours, and imaging or other diagnostic modality should not be a cause of delay. Early surgical exploration is modality of choice, and second look exploration after 48 hours can be more effective and salvageable in these patients.