Preservation of Bile Ductules Mitigates Bile Duct Loss

The finer branches of the biliary tree (FBBT) contain a regenerative compartment. We hypothesized that preservation of the FBBT together with its microvasculature will lead to recovery of biliary damage and prolonged preservation of bile ductules during the development of chronic liver allograft rejection. The interlobular bile ducts, portal bile ductules and extraportal biliary cells with and without microvessels were studied in sequential biopsies in five patients who fulfilled the Banff criteria of early chronic rejection (CR) (imminence group). Biopsies of CR patients (n = 12) served as controls. Biopsies were double immunostained with CD34 (microvessels) and cytokeratin 7 (biliary structures). Proliferation and proangiogenic activity were assessed with Ki67 and VEGF-A immunostaining. Severe damage of bile ducts in the imminence group did not progress to significant bile duct loss. This was associated with a high proliferative activity in all biliary structures and preservation of the microvascular compartment. VEGF-A expression was increased in all but the reperfusion biopsies. In conclusion, both regenerative activity of the FBBT and an intact microvascular compartment are associated with less damage of the biliary tree and could therefore be prerequisites for biliary regeneration.     

扩张程度和皮肤血运关系的实验研究

目的研究扩张皮肤血运和扩张程度的关系。方法以扩张容量和扩张皮肤面积作为扩张程度的指标，观察猪皮肤在不同程度超量扩张下的皮肤激光多普勒血流值（LDF）和血管造影。结果超量扩张下LDF呈下降的趋势，而血管密度却是增加的，主要以小静脉和微小静脉的增生扩张为主。结论超量扩张下虽然皮肤血管密度增加，但皮肤血运却逐渐下降。本文浅略解释了这一特殊现象的机制。     

Differential uptake of systemic fluorochrome Hoechst 33342 in lung and liver metastasis of B16 melanoma

Summary The growth and vascularization patterns of B16 melanoma colonies in the liver and lungs were measured and compared by histological techniques and dye diffusion patterns after injection of the fluorochrome Hoechst 33342. In the liver, the fluorescent pattern of dye diffusion revealed that uninodular tumours measuring up to 146 n in diameter were not functionally vascularized. However, when the nodules fused to give rise to multinodular tumours measuring between 256 and 366 n in diameter, a reticular dye diffusion pattern revealed functional tumour vascularization. In the lungs, subpleural, parenchymal and peritubular (i.e. surrounding blood vessels and airways) tumours were observed. The two former classes were vascularized down to thicknesses and diameters of 49 and 24 m respectively. In contrast, dye diffusion was never seen in peritubular tumour cuffs up to 609 m in thickness. The results indicate differences in vascularization patterns in B16 tumours in the liver and lungs, and differences between tumours growing in different sites within the lungs. If these results are applicable to metastases in these two organs, they indicate potential diffusion-mediated resistance to chemotherapy, and potential hypoxia-mediated resistance to radiotherapy of both metastases and micrometastases.     

Correlation between the course of the medial plantar artery and the morphology of the abductor hallucis muscle

The abductor hallucis muscle flap is commonly used as a proximally-based flap in the management of ankle, heel, and midfoot lesions, where it is ideally suited for closing defects. This study investigates the anatomical details of this muscle in 13 fresh male cadavers. The medial plantar artery (MPA) was studied by dissection and macroscopic analyses to document the relationship of its superficial and deep branches with respect to the abductor hallucis muscle (AHM). Three main patterns could be described. In Pattern A (54%) the MPA divides into two branches. The deep branch reaches the deep surface of the AHM, supplying its proximal part, and the superficial branch courses between the AHM and the flexor digitorum brevis, to end as the first plantar metatarsal artery. The latter supplies two to three small branches to the distal part of the AHM. The fibers of the AHM end symmetrically on the two sides of the tendon and the muscle presents an arciform shape. The MPA, in Pattern B (38%), lacks a deep branch and continues along the lateral border of the AHM as a superficial branch that supplies proximal and distal collaterals to the muscle. The muscle fibers of the AHM end mainly on the medial side of the tendon. The muscle belly presents an arciform shape and is located on the medial margin of the foot superomedially with respect to Pattern A. In Pattern C (8%) the MPA continues as a large deep branch on the deep surface of the AHM and ends as the medial collateral artery of the big toe. A smaller superficial branch of the MPA provides a few collaterals to the AHM from its proximal part and to the flexor digitorum brevis in its distal part. The AHM fibers end mainly on the lateral side of the tendon and morphologically the muscle presents a straight line on the sole of the foot compared to Pattern A. Although Patterns B and C, from a surgical point of view, necessitate interruption of the main trunk of the MPA, Pattern A may permit the vascularization of the muscles of the medial side of the sole of the foot by the superficial trunk of the MPA. Because preoperative radiological study of the plantar vessels correlate with the morphological characteristics of the AHM observed during surgery, such imaging may be useful in determining the appropriate flap design based on the patient's unique pattern of MPA branching.     

内皮祖细胞的研究进展

骨髓含有内皮祖细胞, 能够迁移至外周血并分化为成熟内皮细胞，参与胚胎时期的血管生成、出生后的微血管新生以及肿瘤组织的发生。体内内皮祖细胞数量和活性受多种生理性及病理性因素的的影响。体外扩增后回输体内可以修复受损组织、器官的血管，促进器官功能恢复；抑制其活性，在一定程度上可以抑制肿瘤组织的生长。内皮祖细胞为缺血性疾病以及肿瘤的治疗提供了另一新的靶点。     

Vascularization of free Periosteal and 100 Micron Thick Osteoperiosteal Grafts in Muscle Tissue Environment

The vascularization of free periosteal and 100 micron thick osteoperiosteal grafts was studied in growing rabbits. Sixteen rabbits with 32 periosteal and 32 osteoperiosteal grafts were operated upon and microangiographed 1–21 days postoperatively. the vascularization of free periosteal grafts started 1 day postoperatively and that of osteoperiosteal grafts 3 days postoperatively. the first capillaries seemed to enter through the cambium layer in periosteal grafts and through the cortex in osteoperiosteal grafts.     

Superior rectal artery origin from the median sacral artery—angiographic appearance,developmental anatomy,and clinical implications

Two angiographic observations of significant rectal vascularization by branches originating from the median sacral artery (MSA) are reported. In the first case, the MSA provided a complete superior rectal trunk, with left and right branches, while in the second, the MSA only contributed superior rectal branches to the right side of the rectum, the left side being supplied by left internal iliac branches. The angiographic appearance, developmental anatomy, and clinical significance of these variants are discussed. Clin. Anat. 27:900–905, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Validation of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound in the Assessment of Experimental Gout Synovitis

The objective of this study was to validate musculoskeletal ultrasound (US) in a rabbit model of acute gout. Acute gout was induced by intra-articular injection of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals in 10 rabbits; the 3 controls received vehicle. Rabbit knees were assessed by B-mode and power Doppler (PD) US 24 and 72?h after injections. After 72?h, all rabbits were euthanized. US discriminated between the MSU-injected and control groups with respect to the different inflammatory findings at both at 24 and 72?h and for MSU crystal-related findings after 24?h of injection. US synovial thickening, intra-synovial power Doppler signal and global joint distension significantly correlated with the synovial global histopathological score (r?=?0.47, p?=?0.0188), tissue vascularization measured by CD31 immunohistochemical-positive staining (r?=?0.46, p?=?0.0172) and tissue levels of interleukin-1β (r?=?0.53, p?=?0.0078), respectively. US is a valid method for assessment of synovial inflammation in experimental gouty arthritis in rabbits.     

内皮克隆形成细胞的研究进展

内皮克隆形成细胞(endothelial colony-forming cells,ECFCs)是一种有别于经典内皮祖细胞的具有强大血管新 生功能的晚期内皮祖细胞。ECFCs在心、肺、脑的缺血修复中具有强大的血管生成潜能,在缺血肢体及损伤骨组织 的修复中能明显诱导血管相关因子的表达并促进血管新生。ECFCs具有强大的肿瘤归巢效应,与肿瘤的发生发展及 预后关系密切,可为血管再生研究、肿瘤治疗、组织再生工程等领域提供新的方向。     

Unravelling the blood supply to the zebrafish pharyngeal jaws and teeth

We describe the vascular supply to the pharyngeal jaws and teeth in zebrafish, from larval stages to juveniles, using serial high quality semithin sections and 3D reconstructions. We have identified that the arterial blood supply to the last pair of branchial arches, which carries the teeth, issues from the hypobranchial artery. Surprisingly, the arteries supplying the pharyngeal jaws show an asymmetric branching pattern that is modified over ontogeny. Moreover, the blood vessel pattern that serves each jaw can best be described as a sinusoidal cavity encircling the bases of both the functional and replacement teeth. Capillaries branching from this sinusoidal cavity enter the pulp and constitute the intrinsic blood supply to the attached teeth. The role of these blood vessels during tooth development (whether instructive or nutritive) remains to be determined and requires further study. However, we have provided a firm morphological basis that will aid in the interpretation of experiments addressing this question.