平时罕见,特殊情况下发生的几种伤病

一些损伤和疾病平时罕见，特殊情况下可以发生，造成严重危害。特殊情况主要包括严重事故、灾害、战争、恐怖主义活动以及特殊环境与特殊作业的危害等。本阐述了现代战争中发生的贫铀武器伤害、燃料空气炸弹伤害、微波武器伤害和战时精神疾病；可能源于恐怖主义活动的炭疽、天花；严重事故性伤害中的核事故、化学事故和煤矿事故伤害；严重灾害中的地震、海难(海战)落海伤害。中介绍了这些伤病的发生情况、伤害特点与医学救治。     

The effect of various cations and pH on the adsorption of U(VI) on Amberlite IR-118H resin

The effects of various metal cations and pH on the adsorption of uranium(VI) on strongly acidic cation exchanger Amberlite IR-118H (AIR-118H) were studied. The metal cations suppress U(VI) adsorption differently depending on their ionic radii. Adsorption of U(VI) on AIR-118H peaks at pH 3.4, which was attributed to the occurrence of different forms of U(VI) at different pH values. The adsorption data were then processed using the Frumkin–Fowler–Guggenheim equation, and the standard free energy of adsorption was calculated.     

10个钨矿职工死因分析

对中南地区10个钨矿1972—1974年入矿(工龄至少1年)的在册职工28453人进行了队列研究。队列成员追访至1989年,死亡2870人,比全国居民死亡率计算的期望值略高(SMR=1.15,95％CI=1.11—1.19);主要是非恶性呼吸道疾病,特别是尘肺(SMR=66.79,95％CI=59.65—73.68)以及与呼吸道疾病相关的肺心病明显超高(SMR=8.19,95％CI=7.42—9.02),比全国居民死亡率高5倍。癌症死亡数在全死因中虽占第一位,但仅鼻咽癌轻度超高(SMR=1.73,95％CI=1.23—2.37),而肺癌死亡率明显偏低(SMR=0.53)。研究结果不支持矽肺与肺癌病因学相关的假说。     

铀作业人员的微循环改变

对铀作业者１９９例及无毒物接触史的正常人１０１例行甲襞微循环检测。结果，铀作业人员甲襞微循环有改变，其加权积分值大于对照组。主要表现在管袢数减少（Ｐ＜０．０１）、管径增粗（Ｐ＜０．０１）、毛细血管运动增加（Ｐ＜０．０１）、乳丛增多（Ｐ＜０．０１）。通过对铀致微循环改变的机理试以分析，提出这种微循环改变是铀中毒的病理表现，亦是铀中毒的重要发病环节；提示铀中毒治疗中应注重改善微循环。     

新疆某铀矿山周边食品放射性核素监测与分析

目的 了解新疆某铀矿山周边食品的放射性水平,补充新疆食品放射性核素基线数据库,分析放射性核素含量,估算居民由膳食摄入所致内照射剂量。方法 2018—2020年采集食品样品6类71份,用高纯锗γ能谱仪对感兴趣核素²³⁸U、²³²Th、²²⁶Ra、⁴⁰K和¹³⁷Cs的比活度进行测量、统计、分析,并对其所致居民年有效剂量进行估算。结果 2018—2020年食品样品中均未检出核素²³⁸U,其余放射性核素的平均活度浓度和检出率分别为²³²Th：0.428 ±0.038 Bq/kg（18.3%）、²²⁶Ra：0.477 ±0.063 Bq/kg（38%）、⁴⁰K：162 ±7 Bq/kg（100%）、¹³⁷Cs：0.071 ±0.011 Bq/kg（29.6%）,居民因食品放射性核素所致年有效剂量约为0.198 mSv。结论 新疆某含铀矿山周边食品的放射性水平在国家标准限值以内,居民因膳食所致年平均有效剂量与(UNSCEAR)2000年报告相符合,食品样品中检出的人工放射性核素¹³⁷Cs的含量不会对居民健康造成危害。     

某金矿凿岩工症状自评量表调查分析

探讨局部振动对工人心理,行为功能的影响。方法 应用ＳＣＬ－９０量表及一般症状查体资料,对４０名金矿井正业凿岩机工人及其对照组２０名工人进行了调查分析。结果 与对照组比较,凿岩组工人在耳鸣,听力下降,高血压等方面有显著性意义;症状量表听各项指标均与对照组有显著差异,且在工作后１０年内易发生。结论局部振动可造成工人心理,行为功能的改变及一些症状的出现,二者又可相互作用,进一步加重对工人身心健康的危害。     

Evaluation of three electrodeposition procedures for uranium,plutonium and americium

While both mass spectrometry and alpha-particle spectrometry have been widely used for measuring alpha activities, the former is preferred since many laboratories are not equipped with ICP-MS and MC-ICP-MS systems. In this study, three electrodeposition techniques using ammonium chloride, ammonium oxalate and ammonium sulphate as electrolyte solutions were applied and evaluated for the preparation of uranium, plutonium and americium sources for alpha-particle spectrometry. Changes in pH and temperature throughout the electrodeposition process were measured every 15 min, together with percentage deposition every 30 min. The percentage deposition in each method was checked at 300, 400 and 500 mA, and the optimised time and current were determined.     

地雷伤截肢残段的解剖学观察

目的：对地雷伤伤员的截肢残段进行解剖学观察,了解地雷伤的解剖特点,为地雷伤的治疗提供可以借鉴的解剖依据。方法对3段地雷伤截肢残段进行解剖,分离出神经、动静脉,测量肌肉、神经、动静脉长度及出血范围,并取肌肉组织做成切片在镜下观察。结果3段地雷伤截肢残段的大部分肌肉、神经、血管断裂收缩,骨折多呈粉碎性。肌肉组织镜下观察发现,远心端组织结构破坏,肌纤维收缩、破裂、坏死;近心端肌肉组织水肿,大部分肌纤维正常,肌纤维染色浅、纹理模糊。结论地雷伤具有远达效应,地雷爆炸产生的冲击波会沿着伤肢蔓延,造成触雷部位附近的组织撕裂、渗血。     

Insights into the structural biology of G-protein coupled receptors impacts drug design for central nervous system neurodegenerative processes**

In the last few years, there have been important new insights into the structural biology of G-protein coupled receptors. It is now known that allosteric binding sites are involved in the affinity and selectivity of ligands for G-protein coupled receptors, and that signaling by these receptors involves both G-protein dependent and independent pathways. The present review outlines the physiological and pharmacological implications of this perspective for the design of new drugs to treat disorders of the central nervous system. Specifically, new possibilities are explored in relation to allosteric and orthosteric binding sites on dopamine receptors for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease, and on muscarinic receptors for Alzheimer’s disease. Future research can seek to identify ligands that can bind to more than one site on the same receptor, or simultaneously bind to two receptors and form a dimer. For example, the design of bivalent drugs that can reach homo/hetero-dimers of D2 dopamine receptor holds promise as a relevant therapeutic strategy for Parkinson’s disease. Regarding the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, the design of dualsteric ligands for mono-oligomeric muscarinic receptors could increase therapeutic effectiveness by generating potent compounds that could activate more than one signaling pathway.