中国9省区1991-2009年7~17岁儿童青少年膳食脂肪和胆固醇入状况及变化趋势

目的 研究1991-2009年中国9省区儿童青少年膳食脂肪和胆固醇摄人状况及变化趋势+为合理膳食指导提供基础性资料。方法以“中国健康与营养调查”(ClaNS)1991—2009年7轮调查数据为基础.选择连续72 h有完整膳食数据的7～17岁的健康儿童青少年作为研究对象。计算该人群13均脂肪和胆周醇摄人量、脂肪供能比及脂肪食物来源，并与中同居民膳食脂肪适宜摄人量进行比较。结果 调查人群的脂肪和胆同醇摄入量增加，脂肪供能比不断提高.至2009午已分别达到65.8 g/d、240.0me/d和32.O%；脂肪供能比超过30%的人群比例显著增加，至2009年已达到57.0%。结论 中国9省7～17岁儿童青少年膳食结构发生显著变化.脂肪供能比已超过中国居民膳食脂肪参考摄入量的要求，应适当控制高脂肪和胆固醇食物的摄人量。     

Adverse effect of high added sugar consumption on dietary intake in American preschoolers

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect of Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)-recommended added sugar intake levels on nutrient and food group consumption by preschoolers. STUDY DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study of 2- to 5-year-olds in the United States Department of Agriculture Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII), 1994 to 1996, and 1998 (n = 5437). Main food sources of added sugar were established. For five categories (< or =10% energy from added sugar, 11% to 15%, 16% to 20%, 21% to 25%, and >25%), mean nutrient and food group consumption and proportion of children not meeting the DRI were ascertained. The nonparametric test for trend indicated significance of changes. Analysis was stratified by age (2- to 3-year-olds versus 4- to 5-year-olds), and survey design corrected to maintain the nationally representative character of the data. RESULTS: The majority of children consumed less than 25% of energy from added sugar; the main sources were fruit and or soft drinks and desserts. Increasing added sugar consumption was paralleled by decreasing nutrient and food group intakes and increasing proportions of children with intakes below the DRI. Calcium intake was insufficient in large proportions of children consuming 16% or more from added sugar. CONCLUSIONS: In preschoolers, the new DRI for added sugar are reason for concern. Further research is needed to investigate the effects of the DRI on diet quality, body weight, and health status in young children.     

The effect of participation in the WIC program on preschoolers' diets

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate nutrient, food intake, and snacking behavior by participation in the WIC (Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children) program. STUDY DESIGN: Secondary data analysis of a nationally representative cross-sectional survey conducted by USDA in 1994 to 1996 and 1998. METHODS: Statistical analysis was performed correcting for sample design effects and weighting for children in two income groups (<130%, n=1772 and 130% to 185% of poverty, n=689). RESULTS: Among WIC participants, the prevalence of snacking was significantly lower (68%) compared with nonparticipants (72%) (chi(2)=5.9, P=.01). For those <130% of poverty, WIC had a beneficial effect on the intake of fat, carbohydrates, added sugar, and fruit from the total diet as well as on added sugar from snacks. These were independent of food stamp participation. For those with higher incomes, the beneficial effects were limited to added sugar, iron density, and fruit intake for the total diet. A similar significant effect of decreased added sugar intake from snacks was also seen. CONCLUSIONS: Our results are in line with previous research showing beneficial effects of WIC participation among preschoolers, primarily for nutrients targeted by the program. This study shows that the effect can reach beyond those targeted nutrients.     

我国居民全膳食中放射性水平研究进展

本文主要介绍我国居民全膳食中放射性水平的相关研究进展,分析有关研究方法和结果,与世界各国研究进行比较,提出未来展望。为评价我国及世界各国居民膳食中放射性水平情况,为公众的辐射防护和食品的安全管理提供有益的资料。     

Dietary Diversity within Food Groups: An Indicator of Specific Nutrient Adequacy in Tehranian Women

Objective: To determine the relationship between dietary diversity within food groups and dietary diversity score and the probability of nutrient adequacy in Tehranian women.

Design: Cross-sectional study assessing food intake by two 24-hour recalls questionnaires on two different occasions. Dietary diversity was defined according to diet quality index revised. The mean probability of adequacy across 14 nutrients was calculated using the Dietary Reference Intakes.

Setting: District 13 of Tehran, Iran.

Subjects: 286 females aged 18–80 years.

Results: Whole grain diversity score mostly correlated with protein and vitamin B₂ (r = 0.35, p < 0.05). Fruit diversity score was correlated with vitamin C (r = 0.44, p < 0.05). Dairy diversity score was correlated with calcium intake (r = 0.54, p < 0.05). Meat diversity score was correlated with protein intake (r = 0.34, p < 0.05). Most subjects failed to meet vitamin B₆, zinc, magnesium, calcium, copper, and vitamin B₁₂ adequacy. Energy intake was a strong predictor of the mean probability of adequacy in models controlled for age, BMI, education level and job status (model R² = 0.53). Adding the number of servings from each of the food group to the models significantly improved the model fit (model R² = 0.59). Adding the dietary diversity score improved the model fit significantly (model R² = 0.64). Dairy diversity score had the strongest association with improved nutrient adequacy.

Conclusion: Dietary diversity score is a useful indicator of specific nutrient adequacy in Tehranian women. However, to determine the adequacy of a specific nutrient, the diversity scores of specific food groups might be taken into account.     

High proportion of 6 to 18-year-old children and adolescents in the United Arab Emirates are not meeting dietary recommendations

In the United Arab Emirates (UAE), overweight, obesity, and associated chronic diseases have recently emerged as major public health concerns among all age groups, including children and adolescents. We hypothesized that although energy needs might be met by the majority of Emirati children and adolescents, their diet quality and intakes of certain micronutrients may not meet recommendations. A cross-sectional design was used to assess dietary intakes of 253 children (6-10 years of age) and 276 adolescents (11-18 years of age) in the UAE. Trained dietitians collected a 24-hour food recall in the homes of the participants. Nutrient intakes were compared with the Dietary Reference Intakes, and food group consumption was compared with MyPyramid recommendations. Results showed that 9 to 13-year-old females consumed 206 kcal/d from candy and sweets and nearly 264 cal/d from sugar-sweetened beverages. The proportion of participants with percentage energy from saturated fat greater than the recommendation ranged from 27.6% (males 9-13 years) to 45.9% (males 6-8 years). Mean intakes of vitamins A, D, and E were lower than the Estimated Average Requirements for all the subgroups. Mean calcium intake was lower than recommendations for all age and sex subgroups. The proportions of participants whose intakes were less than the recommended number of servings from the food groups were substantial: more than 90% of each of the 6 subgroups for the milk group and 100% among 9 to 18-year-old males for vegetables. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate the need for interventions targeting 6 to 18-year-old children and adolescents in the UAE to improve their diet quality.     

Evaluation of Disparities in Adults’ Macronutrient Intake Status: Results from the China Health and Nutrition 2011 Survey

Little is known about the macronutrient intake status of adult Chinese people. This cross-sectional study assessed the macronutrient intake status of adults (aged ≥20 years) by comparing their intake level of macronutrients against the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI). It further explored the associations between macronutrient intake status and age groups, genders, education levels, smoking status, drinking frequency, social classes, knowledge of Chinese Dietary Guidelines 2016 (CDGs), healthy diet priorities, and areas (urban and rural) within two regions (northern and southern). The analysis includes the dietary intake data of 7860 Chinese adults, with complete data entries in the China Health and Nutrition 2011 survey. Dietary data were obtained through the 24 h recall method. More than half had carbohydrate intake below the recommended level of intake, and more than half had fat intake above the recommended level of intake. There were significant associations between three macronutrient intakes and education levels, social classes, healthy diet priorities, areas, and regions. Disparities in macronutrient consumptions revealed geographical and socioeconomic variations in dietary patterns, as well as risks for many different noncommunicable diseases. Public health and nutrition interventions should take notice of regional differences in dietary intake and place more emphasis on vulnerable populations including women, rural residents, and people with lower education level.