环境电离辐射体源表面剂量率的MC模拟计算及实验比较

目的　对核工业地质勘查计量站的 8个圆柱型环境电离辐射体源和两个本底模型上方不同高度处的空气吸收剂量率进行较为准确的定值。方法　采用蒙特卡罗软件MCNP ,对上述环境电离辐射体源和本底模型上方的空气吸收剂量率进行了模拟计算 ,采用 1台高气压电离室剂量率仪对各环境电离辐射体源和本底模型上方不同高度处的空气吸收剂量率进行了实测 ,模拟计算结果与实测结果以及其他工作者过去所作的剂量率测量和计算结果进行了比较。结果　MC模拟计算值与其他工作者得到的空气吸收剂量率理论值吻合较好 ,最大偏差小于 10 % ,一般偏差小于±5 %。结论　只要各种输入参数准确 ,采用MC模拟计算 ,可以得到辐射体源和本底模型上方不同高度处较准确 (3%不确定度 )的空气吸收剂量率模拟计算值。     

Response of mouse lung to irradiation at different dose-rates

Groups of LAF1 mice were given thoracic irradiation using 60Co gamma-rays at dose-rates of 0.05 Gy/min (LDR) or 1.1 Gy/min (HDR) and the death of the animals was monitored as a function of time. It was found that the time pattern of animal deaths was similar for the two different dose-rates. Dose response curves for animals dying at various times up to 500 days after irradiation were calculated and the LD50 values determined. The curves for the LD50 values, plotted as a function of the time at analysis for treatment at HDR or LDR, were essentially parallel to each other but separated by a factor (LDR/HDR) of about 1.8. This indicates that the sparing effect of LDR treatment is the same for deaths occurring during the early pneumonitis phase or during the late fibrotic phase of lung damage. The available information on the response of patients to whole thoracic irradiation, given for either palliation or prior to bone marrow transplantation, suggests that for similar dose-rates to those studied here the ratio (LDR/HDR) is only 1.2-1.3. This difference between the animal and human data may reflect the modifying effect of the large doses of cytotoxic drugs used in combination with the irradiation of bone marrow transplant patients.     

Beta dose-rate distributions in microscopic spherical tumors for intraperitoneal radioimmunotherapy

PURPOSE: This work was designed to calculate the radial beta dose-rate profiles through microscopic spherical tumors. Its application is in the treatment of micrometastases in the peritoneal cavity by the intraperitoneal administration of radiolabeled immunoliposomes. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Using previously published data for the dose-rate as a function of distance from a point source of activity, dose-rate profiles through five sizes of tumors (radii: 10 microm, 50 microm, 100 microm, 500 microm, 1 mm) for six different radionuclides ((188)Re, (186)Re, (32)P, (90)Y, (67)Cu, (131)I) were calculated. Dose-rate profiles were calculated for two source geometries: (1) a large bath of radioactivity in which the tumor is submerged, and (2) surface-bound radioactivity that results from tumor targeting. RESULTS: The bath geometry produced profiles that were uniform for sufficiently small tumors. For high-energy emitters (i.e., (90)Y and (188)Re), uniformity was maintained up to a tumor radius of 100 microm. For lower energy emitters (i.e., (67)Cu and (131)I) deviations from uniformity start to appear at a tumor radius of 50 microm. Surface-bound radioactivity produced a much greater range of dose-rates within tumors of all sizes. Lower energy emitters bound to the surface of tumors produce higher dose-rates for very small micrometastases compared with high-energy emitters. Upon consideration of the simultaneous contributions from both source geometries, we believe that liposome-mediated radioimmunotherapy would benefit from the inclusion of a high-energy beta emitter, possibly as a component of a cocktail of radionuclides. CONCLUSIONS: The calculated dose-rate profiles provide a tool for making tumor control probability estimations for micrometastases and for assessing the potential benefit offered by a targeted approach over a nontargeted approach. These calculations also suggest that the inclusion of a high-energy beta emitter is appropriate for this treatment modality.     

不同剂量率60Co γ射线照射对人外周血辐射敏感基因表达变化的影响

目的 探讨不同剂量率⁶⁰Co γ射线照射对辐射诱导的基因表达水平改变的影响。方法 ⁶⁰Co γ射线照射3例正常人离体外周血,剂量率分别为0.2、1.0和2.0 Gy/min,照射剂量为0、1、2、4和6 Gy,照射后24 h收集细胞,实时荧光定量（PCR）法对11个基因（CDKN1A、MDM2、PCNA、FDXR、GADD45A、PHPT1、ASTN2、TNFSF4、POLH、GDF-15和PPM1D） mRNA表达水平进行相对定量检测;逐步回归法构建不同剂量率基因组合表达模型。结果 不同剂量率0.2、1和2 Gy/min ⁶⁰Co γ射线照射后,辐射诱导的11个基因的相对表达量随照射剂量增加而升高,具有显著的剂量依赖性（R²=0.744~0.998,P< 0.05）;0.2 Gy/min ⁶⁰Co γ射线照射2 Gy后,CDKN1A、FDXR、PHPT1和TNFSF4基因的表达量明显高于1和2 Gy/min剂量率组,差异具有统计学意义（t=3.73、5.73、2.44、2.77、3.53、2.68、2.43、2.05,P< 0.05）;2 Gy/min ⁶⁰Co γ射线照射6 Gy后,PPM1D基因表达量明显高于其他两个剂量率组（t=3.82、2.54,P< 0.05）;不同剂量率基因组合表达模型由2~3个基因组成,回归方程的R²值为0.951~0.976（P< 0.05）。结论 在0.2~2 Gy/min剂量率范围内,不同剂量率⁶⁰Co γ射线照射可能会影响辐射诱导人外周血基因表达水平的改变。     

Dose-rate effect was observed in T98G glioma cells following BNCT

BackgroundIt is generally said that low LET radiation produce high dose-rate effect, on the other hand, no significant dose rate effect is observed in high LET radiation. Although high LET radiations are produced in BNCT, little is known about dose-rate effect of BNCT.Materials and methodsT98G cells, which were tumor cells, were irradiated by neutron mixed beam with BPA. As normal tissue derived cells, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells and DNA double strand breaks (DNA-DSBs) repair deficient cells, xrs5 cells were irradiated by the neutrons (not including BPA). To DNA-DSBs analysis, T98G cells were stained immunochemically with 53BP1 antibody. The number of DNA-DSBs was determined by counting 53BP1 foci.ResultsThere was no dose-rate effect in xrs5 cells. D₀ difference between 4 cGy/min and 20 cGy/min irradiation were 0.5 and 5.9 at the neutron and gamma-ray irradiation for CHO-K1, and 0.3 at the neutron for T98G cells. D₀ difference between 20 cGy/min and 80 cGy/min irradiation for T98G cells were 1.2 and 0.6 at neutron irradiation plus BPA and gamma-ray. The differences between neutron irradiations at the dose rate in T98G cells were supported by not only the cell viability but also 53BP1 foci assay at 24 h following irradiation to monitor DNA-DSBs.ConclusionDose-rate effect of BNCT when T98G cells include 20 ppm BPA was greater than that of gamma-ray irradiation. Moreover, Dose-rate effect of the neutron beam when CHO-K1 cells did not include BPA was less than that of gamma-ray irradiation These present results may suggest the importance of dose-rate effect for more efficient BNCT and the side effect reduction.     

Dose-rate effects in external beam radiotherapy redux

Recent developments in external beam radiotherapy, both in technical advances and in clinical approaches, have prompted renewed discussions on the potential influence of dose-rate on radio-response in certain treatment scenarios. We consider the multiple factors that influence the dose-rate effect, e.g. radical recombination, the kinetics of sublethal damage repair for tumors and normal tissues, the difference in α/β ratio for early and late reacting tissues, and perform a comprehensive literature review. Based on radiobiological considerations and the linear-quadratic (LQ) model we estimate the influence of overall treatment time on radio-response for specific clinical situations. As the influence of dose-rate applies to both the tumor and normal tissues, in oligo-fractionated treatment using large doses per fraction, the influence of delivery prolongation is likely important, with late reacting normal tissues being generally more sensitive to the dose-rate effect than tumors and early reacting tissues. In conventional fractionated treatment using 1.8-2 Gy per fraction and treatment times of 2-10 min, the influence of dose-rate is relatively small. Lastly, the dose-rate effect in external beam radiotherapy is governed by the overall beam-on-time, not by the average linac dose-rate, nor by the instantaneous dose-rate within individual linac pulses which could be as high as 3 × 10⁶ MU/min.     

Effect of dose-rate on total body irradiation: lethality and pathologic findings

The effect of low dose-rate total body irradation (TBI) on hemopoietic and nonhemopoietic lethality has been studied in BALB/c mice using dose-rates ranging from 25 to 1 cGy/min. Deaths were scored at 10 days, 30 days, and one year after irradiation, and dose-response curves were constructed to determine the dose-rate dependence of deaths from the gastrointestinal syndrome, hemopoietic syndrome, and late lethal syndrome(s), respectively. A plot of the LD50S for each of these lethal syndromes versus dose-rate showed the dose-rate dependence for late lethality to be somewhat greater than that for gut death, but both of these endpoints were markedly more dose-rate dependent than was hemopoietic lethality, particularly at dose rates less than 5 cGy/min. To determine which late responding normal tissues might be critical for low dose-rate TBI, complete necropsies were performed on all mice dying later than 60 days after irradiation and on all mice surviving at one year; all tissues were examined histologically. Morphologic evidence of radiation injury was present in only three tissues, lung (fibrosis and scarring) kidney (tubule depletion), and liver (presence of mitoses). Subjectively, the lung changes were most severe up to 9 months while kidney changes became more prominent after this time, suggesting that late death after low dose-rate TBI may not be entirely attributable to lung injury. However, regardless of which late responding normal tissue is dose-limiting, it is clear that low dose-rate TBI preferentially spares these tissues compared with hemopoietic stem cells.     

静态调强放疗中剂量率和叶片位置容差对点吸收剂量的影响

目的 研究调强放疗中剂量率和多叶光栅的叶片位置容差对点吸收剂量(绝对剂量)的影响.方法 选取2例前列腺癌患者的调强治疗计划.将该计划移到封闭小水箱(水模)上,在剂量率分别为100、200、300、400、500 MU/min情况下,利用电离室测量点吸收剂量.调整水箱位置使电离室位于剂量梯度比较小区域,以使剂量梯度对测量结果的影响降到最低.在测量多叶光栅叶片位置容差对点吸收剂量影响时,剂量率不变,叶片位置容差分别为1、2、3、4 mm,调用该治疗计划进行实际测量.治疗计划系统为瓦里安Eclipse,实际测量用瓦里安加速器23EX.结果 随剂量率增大,点吸收剂量测量偏差也增大,最大值和最小值相差1.2%.在叶片控制系统正常工作情况下,叶片位置容差对点吸收剂量影响很小,测量结果相近.结论 因实际治疗时点吸收剂量(绝对剂量)偏差会随剂量率增大而增大,为提高治疗速度并考虑到剂量率对生物效应的影响,在提高剂量率同时也应尽量避免高剂量率所带来的误差,选择合适的剂量率进行治疗.叶片位置容差对点吸收剂量影响不大,但该数值不应设置太大,是为保证实际叶片位置尽可能接近于MLC文件中给出的数值,使实际剂量分布无论在剂量梯度大或剂量梯度小的区域都能与计划所给出的分布尽可能相近,如果叶片控制系统出现故障也可能尽早发现.     

晚期混合裂变产物内照射诱发体细胞HPRT基因位点突变率与剂量率关系的研究

运用多核细胞法及胞质分裂阻断微核（CBMN）法对5组Wistar雄性大鼠外周血淋巴细胞HPRT基因位点突变频率及微核进行检测。实验组注射不同放射性比活度的晚期混合裂变产物，在达到累积剂量近似相等（约4.66cSv）时心脏穿刺取血。结果显示，在总累积剂量近似相等条件下，HPRT位点突变频率、微核细胞率、微核率均随剂量率的增加而增加，4个剂量率点间的HPRT位点突变频率、微核细胞率和微核率总体上均有显著差异（P＜0．01）。HPRT基因位点突变频率、微校率与剂量率之间的关系可分别用函数Y=a＋blnX表示。HPRT位点突变频率与微核率间存在线性相关。