Fusimotor reflexes to antagonistic muscles simultaneously assessed by multi-afferent recordings from muscle spindle afferents

Several single agonist/antagonist primary muscle spindle afferents were simultaneously recorded in chloralose anaesthetized cats. It was shown that their dynamic and static sensitivity to sinusoidal muscle stretches could be increased or decreased via the fusimotor system by extension and flexion of the contralateral hind limb as well as by stretch of ipsilateral muscles and stimulation of ipsilateral skin nerves. The results seem to support the hypothesis that the primary muscle spindle afferents convey complex multisensory messages to the central nervous system (CNS).     

Resilience in Families with Children and Adult Members with Intellectual Disabilities: Tracing Elements of A Psycho‐Social Model

Aim This paper seeks to illumine how families with children and adult members with intellectual disabilities manage to manifest a buoyant and durable capacity over time. It is therefore concerned centrally with the idea of resilience. Method Drawing from diverse theoretical literatures from child development and protection and gerontology, the paper begins with a review of constructions of resilience. In an attempt to assess where there seems to be support for resilience in families, the core of the paper tests empirical evidence about positive experiences of families supporting children and adults with intellectual disabilities against the theoretical literature on resilience. Result and Conclusions The findings are used to suggest conditions under which resilience is produced and maintained, and to identify emergent elements of a psycho‐social model of resilience in families with children and adult members with intellectual disabilities.     

乳腺积乳囊肿的诊断与治疗

本文报告乳腺积乳囊肿43例。讨论了发病原因及病理,特别提出局部肿块波动感试验阳性,A超检查显示液平段,试穿抽出乳汁,对诊断有肯定价值;治疗以手术切除为主,仅有7例穿刺抽吸乳汁得以治愈。     

汽车驾驶员注意力分配测试的研究

以ＢＤＸＬ－Ⅱ型注意力分配测试仪对某汽车队１７７名驾驶员和１３９名非驾驶员进行了注意力分配检查，并计算每人注意力分配量Ｑ值。结果表明，驾驶员组注意力分配及视、听觉反应速度有随年龄和驾车年数增长而下降的趋势，Ｑ值及视、听觉反应测试得分与对照组相比差异有显著性。     

Met and unmet nursing care needs in men with prostate cancer. An explorative study. Part II

Men with prostate cancer ( n = 11) were interviewed during an in-patient period at a urological clinic, about their experiences of met and unmet needs from health professionals. Their perception of quality of life and sense of coherence were also assessed. The findings were analysed from a phenemenological-hermeneutic perspective and interpreted within the concept of transition. It was interpreted that objective functional health needs were mostly met by health professionals and subjective existential needs were mostly not met. The analysis revealed patients as passive or active receivers of care. Passive receivers were explicitly and implicitly stating unmet needs, or explicitly stating satisfaction with nursing care at the same time as implicitly contradicting, referring to their needs as bagatelles, unimportant, whereas active receivers talked about their needs explicitly with the staff and did not state implicit unmet needs. This suggests that nurses need to be aware of and have sensitive ears to undertones in statements and actively seek for patients' needs. The most important nursing care areas seemed to be to provide solutions to physical problems together with staff support including information, and acting to increase confidence in staff and staff availability. This encourages patients, wives and families, in co-operation, towards a healthy exit of transition.     

Methods of Measuring Community Characteristics

There is increasing interest in the influence of community characteristics on child development and family functioning. In order to address questions on community influence, it is important to be aware of the measures available and their strengths and limitations. Useful strategies have been developed within a number of disciplines, including sociology, social and community psychology, and criminology. Methods include summarising information from existing administrative databases and census data, conducting observations, and using survey instruments with residents. The most commonly used methods are reviewed and their psychometric properties described .     

浅议高中生物教师“三种意识”的确立

在建设学习型社会和新课改的新形势下,高中生物教师应确立三种意识:"学习意识、信息意识、科研意识",不断提高自身素质,使自己成为一名学者型、研究型的现代生物教师.     

Proprioception does not quickly drift during visual occlusion

Several perceptual studies have shown that the ability to estimate the location of the arm degrades quickly during visual occlusion. To account for this effect, it has been suggested that proprioception drifts when not continuously calibrated by vision. In the present study, we re-evaluated this hypothesis by isolating the proprioceptive component of position sense (i.e., the subjects were forced to rely exclusively on proprioception to locate their hand, which was not the case in earlier studies). Three experiments were conducted. In experiment 1, subjects were required to estimate the location of their unseen right hand, at rest, using a visual spot controlled by the left hand through a joystick. Results showed that the mean accuracy was identical whether the localization task was performed immediately after the positioning of the hand or after a 10-s delay. In experiments 2 and 3, subjects were required to point, without vision of their limb, to visual targets. These two experiments relied on the demonstration that biases in the perception of the initial hand location induced systematic variations of the movement characteristics (initial direction, final accuracy, end-point variability). For these motor tasks, the subjects did not pay attention to the initial hand location, which removed the possible occurrence of confounding cognitive strategies. Results indicated that movement characteristics were, on average, not affected when a 15-s or 20-s delay was introduced between the positioning of the arm at the starting point and the presentation of the target. When considered together, our results suggest that proprioception does not quickly drift in the absence of visual information. The potential origin of the discrepancy between our results and earlier studies is discussed.     

汉区少数民族学生文化疏离感研究

目的:提出文化疏离感的操作性定义和初步的理论构想,为我国少数民族的文化认同和文化适应,以及少数民族青少年的教育培养提供比较重要的参考资料,为疏离感理论的丰富起到一定积极作用.方法:自编<汉区少数民族学生文化疏离感量表>,进行信效度考察以后对678名汉区少数民族学生进行调查.结果:1.文化疏离感及其四个子维度在地区主效应上均表现出显著差异,在年龄主效应上差异不显著;文化分离感和不和谐感在性别主效应上差异显著.2.文化疏离感及其两个子维度(文化孤立感和文化分离感)在年龄和地区,以及在年龄、地区和性别的交互作用上均表现出显著差异.3.影响文化疏离感及其文化孤立感、文化分离感、被控感三个维度的主要变量是学生小学前后居住地区的改变,而影响不和谐感的主要变量是性别.结论:小学前后居住地的改变会影响少数民族学生文化疏离感.