糖尿病是一种心血管疾病和心身疾病的观点探讨

本文就糖尿病患者最早就诊的是心血管内科医师,以及负性情绪可明显影响糖尿病的发展进行了分析,并提出改善心境可明显增加自我控制糖尿病的能力。     

Cocaine decreases self-control in rats: a preliminary report

Cocaine abuse is often associated with behavior that takes into account short-term, but not long-term consequences. However, there has been no empirical research concerning the effects of cocaine on self-control (choice of a larger, more delayed reinforcer over a smaller, less delayed reinforcer). In the present research, when food-deprived rats repeatedly chose between a larger, more delayed food reinforcer and a smaller, less delayed food reinforcer, chronic intraperitoneal injections of 15 mg/kg cocaine (but not 10 mg/kg fluoxetine) decreased the rats' choices of the larger, more delayed reinforcer. Cocaine can decrease rats' self-control.     

Estimating influenza disease burden among pregnant women: Application of self-control method

To evaluate influenza disease burden among pregnant women, an epidemiological study using the self-control method was conducted. Study subjects were 12,838 pregnant women who visited collaborating maternity hospitals and clinics in Osaka Prefecture, Japan, before the 2013/14 influenza season. As a study outcome, hospitalization due to respiratory illnesses between the 2010/11 and 2013/14 seasons was collected from each study subject through a baseline survey at the time of recruitment and a second survey after the 2013/14 season. The hospitalization rates during pregnancy and non-pregnancy periods was calculated separately. To compare the hospitalization rate during pregnancy with that during non-pregnancy within the same single study subject, Mantel-Haenzel rate ratios (RR_MH) were calculated.During the four seasons examined in this study, nine and 17 subjects were hospitalized due to respiratory illnesses during pregnancy and non-pregnancy periods, respectively. The hospitalization rate was 2.54 per 10,000 woman-months during pregnancy and 1.08 per 10,000 woman-months during non-pregnancy. The RR_MH for the hospitalization rate during pregnancy compared with that during non-pregnancy was 4.30 (95% confidence interval, 1.96–9.41).Our results suggest that during the influenza season, pregnant women have a higher risk than non-pregnant women for hospitalization due to respiratory illnesses. The self-control method appears to be an appropriate epidemiological method for evaluating the disease burden of influenza among pregnant women.     

Bayesian evidence synthesis in case of multi-cohort datasets: An illustration by multi-informant differences in self-control

The trend toward large-scale collaborative studies gives rise to the challenge of combining data from different sources efficiently. Here, we demonstrate how Bayesian evidence synthesis can be used to quantify and compare support for competing hypotheses and to aggregate this support over studies. We applied this method to study the ordering of multi-informant scores on the ASEBA Self Control Scale (ASCS), employing a multi-cohort design with data from four Dutch cohorts. Self-control reports were collected from mothers, fathers, teachers and children themselves. The available set of reporters differed between cohorts, so in each cohort varying components of the overarching hypotheses were evaluated. We found consistent support for the partial hypothesis that parents reported more self-control problems than teachers. Furthermore, the aggregated results indicate most support for the combined hypothesis that children report most problem behaviors, followed by their mothers and fathers, and that teachers report the fewest problems. However, there was considerable inconsistency across cohorts regarding the rank order of children’s reports. This article illustrates Bayesian evidence synthesis as a method when some of the cohorts only have data to evaluate a partial hypothesis. With Bayesian evidence synthesis, these cohorts can still contribute to the aggregated results.     

Implicit versus explicit measures of self-concept of self-control and their differential predictive power for spontaneous trait-relevant behaviors

Background and objectives

Low trait self-control constitutes a core criterion in various psychiatric disorders. Personality traits such as low self-control are mostly indexed by self-report measures. However, several theorists emphasized the importance of differentiating between explicit and implicit indices of personality traits, Therefore, the present study examined the unique predictive validity of an implicit measure of trait self-control for spontaneous dysfunctional behavior.

Methods

As a measure of implicit trait self-control, we used an irrelevant feature task: a speeded reaction time task comprising a task-relevant stimulus feature (i.e., capital vs. lower case letter type) and a task-irrelevant feature (high vs. low self-control word type). The irrelevant feature had to be ignored, while participants (n = 34) responded to the relevant stimulus feature. However, their response was either congruent or incongruent with the irrelevant stimulus feature, resulting in facilitated or deteriorated task performance. As indicators of trait-related spontaneous dysfunctional behavior, we included indices of frustration tolerance and the preference for short-term reward over meeting long-term goals. We also included two explicit measures of trait self-control: a self-report questionnaire and an explicit self-relevance rating of the implicit task stimuli.

Results

Specifically the implicit measure of trait self-control showed predictive validity for the target self-control behaviors.

Limitations

The predictive validity of implicit measures of personality traits requires further study in larger, non-student samples.

Conclusions

As predicted, the implicit measure of trait self-control showed superior predictive power for spontaneous trait-related behavior. This finding points to the relevance of complementing the routinely used self-report measures with implicit measures of trait self-control.     

Within the mind's eye: Negative mental imagery activates different emotion regulation strategies in high versus low socially anxious individuals

Background and objectivesThe link between social anxiety (SA) and maladaptive emotion regulation has been clearly established, but little is known about the spontaneous regulation strategies that may be activated during social stress by negative involuntary mental images and whether the nature of such strategies might distinguish individuals with high vs. low trait SA.MethodsParticipants with high (n = 33) or low (n = 33) trait SA performed an evaluative speech and reported whether they experienced an involuntary negative mental image during the task. They also rated their negative affect (NA) and positive affect (PA) and the extent to which they viewed their image as being controllable and malleable. Finally, they described the types of strategies they spontaneously used to try to control or change their image intrusions. Reported strategies were then subjected to a content analysis and categorized by blinded coders.ResultsAmong high SA participants, image controllability was both diminished overall and positively correlated with PA. Whereas 90% of low SA individuals reported that they spontaneously self-regulated by altering the content or perceptual features of their images, only about half of the high SA participants used this strategy, with the other 50% reporting that they either suppressed their images or succumbed passively to them in whatever form they took.Limitations and conclusionsAlthough these initial findings require replication in future experimental studies on clinical samples, they also help to enrich our understanding of the strategies that are commonly used by high and low SA individuals to manage their image intrusions during in-vivo stress and suggest potential avenues for future research on the role of imagery in adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation.     

不同剂量A型肉毒毒素皮内注射治疗腋部多汗症效果观察

目的 评估不同剂量A型肉毒毒素治疗腋部多汗症的时效.方法 腋部多汗症患者86例,患者左右侧腋窝自身对照:左侧为小剂量A型肉毒毒素注射组,皮内注射生理盐水稀释的A型肉毒毒素50U;右侧为大剂量A型肉毒毒素注射组,皮内注射生理盐水稀释的A型肉毒毒素200U;随访3～29个月,观察两组并发症,并建立两组等级资料,行x2检验,评价患者两侧腋窝维持疗效的时间差异.结果 两组疗效进行对比,大剂量与小剂量的A型肉毒毒素的疗效维持时间的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 大剂量A型肉毒毒素能够显著延长腋部多汗症疗效时间.     

医学院大学生自我控制能力对心理健康的影响

目的对医学院大学生的自我控制能力与心理健康水平及其关系进行调查,为大学生心理健康教育提供依据。方法采用张秋凌等人修订的自我控制问卷和症状自评量表对526名医学院本科生进行问卷调查。结果非医学专业大学生的自我控制总分显著高于医学专业大学生(t=-2.38,P0.05),不同年级大学生的自我控制总分有显著的组间差异(F=3.54,P0.01);冲动冒险性与自我情绪性维度在性别、层次、专业及年级等方面有显著差异;自我控制总分与症状自评量的强迫症状具有显著的负相关,与恐怖因子得分有显著的正相关(r=0.095,P0.05)。结论医学院大学生的自我控制能力具有专业差异和年级差异的特点,主要表现在冲动冒险控制和自我情绪的控制方面;自我控制能力对心理健康的影响主要表现在冲动冒险和自我情绪的控制对强迫和恐怖两个方面的影响。     

贫困大学生自尊、自我控制及一般自我效能感与主观幸福感的关系

目的探讨贫困大学生自尊、自我控制、一般自我效能感与主观幸福感的关系。方法以哈尔滨工程大学216名贫困大学生和169名非贫困大学生为对象,采用自尊量表、控制圈量表、一般自我效能感量表和总体幸福感量表进行测试,运用t检验和多元线性回归方法进行分析。结果贫困大学生的主观幸福感明显低于非贫困大学生[(76.29±11.92)分vs(79.73±10.28)分,t=2.98,P=0.003];多元线性回归表明,自尊、自我控制二因素对贫困大学生主观幸福感有显著影响(R2=0.273,Beta=0.369/0.243,t=4.926/3.239,P=0.000/0.002),自尊、一般自我效能感二因素对非贫困大学生主观幸福感有显著影响(R2=0.220,Beta=0.340/0.195,t=4.672/2.680,P=0.000/0.030)。结论经济上的贫困导致贫困大学生主观幸福感降低;自尊反映了个体自我接纳和自我满意的程度,因此对贫困大学生主和非贫困大学生主观幸福感都有显著影响;贫困大学生心理压力较大,因此心理控制感对其主观幸福感有显著影响。     

The pharmacology of impulsive behaviour in rats VI: the effects of ethanol and selective serotonergic drugs on response choice with varying delays of reinforcement

Rationale: Tolerance to delay of reinforcement has been proposed as an important facet of self-control in both animals and man. Poor self-control, leading to impulsive behaviour, can be a major problem if it reaches pathological levels. Objectives: The effects of five serotonergic drugs were compared to those of ethanol on a procedure for measuring tolerance to delay of reinforcement in rats in order to elucidate further the role of the serotonin systems in the regulation of impulsive behaviour. Methods: Rats were trained to choose between a single food pellet (small reinforcer) delivered immediately or five food pellets (large reinforcer) delivered after programmed delays. At the start of each session, there was no delay between the response and delivery of the large reinforcer, but this was increased stepwise during the session to delays of 10, 20, 40 and 60 s. Results: The rats showed consistent preference for the larger reinforcer when it was not delayed but showed a shift in preference as the session continued, so that they preferred the small reinforcer when the large was delayed by 40 or 60 s. Ethanol at a dose of 1.0 g/kg produced a significance increase in preference for the small, immediate reinforcer throughout the session, although there were marked individual differences in the size of the effect. A similar, but somewhat smaller effect was seen with the 5-HT₂ agonist, DOI, at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg. In contrast, the 5-HT_1A agonist, 8-OH-DPAT (0.3 mg/kg) reduced preference for the large reinforcer at the start of the session, and reduced preference for the small reinforcer at the end of the session, i.e. produced a regression to indifference. Lower doses of these three drugs, and treatment with the 5-HT receptor subtype selective antagonists WAY-100635 (5-HT_1A: 0.01–0.1 mg/kg), ritanserin (5-HT₂: 0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg) and MDL-72222 (5-HT₃: 1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg) had no significant effects on reinforcer choice. Conclusion: These data show that ethanol and DOI increase preference for the immediate reinforcer, which can be construed as evidence of an increase in impulsive behaviour (reduction in self control), whereas selective blockade of the 5-HT_1A, 5-HT₂ or 5-HT₃ receptors using selective antagonists does not affect self-control. Received: 24 October 1998 / Final version: 16 February 1999