Is routine extubation overnight safe in cardiac surgery patients?

Objectives

Expedient extubation after cardiac surgery has been associated with improved outcomes, leading to postoperative extubation frequently during overnight hours. However, recent evidence in a mixed medical-surgical intensive care unit population demonstrated worse outcomes with overnight extubation. This study investigated the impact of overnight extubation in a statewide, multicenter Society of Thoracic Surgeons database.

Extubación ultra fast-track vs. convencional tras cirugía cardiaca en un centro de referencia cardiovascular en Colombia. Estudio longitudinal

Introduction

The fast track / ultra-fast-track protocols are techniques used to optimise the patient care process and a quick recovery after cardiac surgery. They are one of the mainstays of efficient practice. With their use, the length of hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) stays are reduced, with a direct impact on costs and the quality of the health service.

Tracheal intubation

Tracheal intubation is the act of placing a tube into the trachea. The tube enables oxygen delivery and removal of carbon dioxide, while also allowing for the administration of pharmacological agents. Intubation is the most reliable method of maintaining an airway under anaesthesia, and for protection against aspiration of stomach contents. Traditionally, intubation is achieved by direct visualization of the glottis, but now indirect laryngoscopy (via a videolaryngoscope) is a common alternative. Prior to embarking upon intubation, a thorough patient history and examination must be undertaken by the laryngoscopist; equipment must be prepared and checked; a trained assistant present; and an experienced anaesthetist available in case assistance is required. Once the endotracheal tube has been placed, correct positioning must be confirmed via both clinical examination and monitoring, including capnography. Tracheal intubation is a procedure that should only be undertaken by trained operators and is not without risk. It is important to note that it is failure to oxygenate patients rather than failure to intubate that ultimately leads to serious morbidity and mortality. The Difficult Airway Society has produced guidelines on how to manage unanticipated difficulty in tracheal intubation; it is essential that every practitioner trained to intubate patients is familiar with these algorithms and the key principles of safe airway management.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中意外胆囊癌12例诊治分析

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)中意外胆囊癌(unexpected gallb ladder carc inom a,UGC)的处理措施。方法:回顾分析本院955例LC术中遇到的12例(1.26%)UGC的临床资料。结果:随诊3~36个月,平均18个月。迄今全部存活。5例PT1、5例PT2、1例PT3(中转开腹)随访至今未发现癌复发及转移。1例PT2因拒绝根治术,现出现肝多发转移。1例PT4因腹腔种植转移,无法根治,故仅部分切除胆囊(胆囊粘连重),以解决急性胆囊炎问题,现有腹水、恶液质表现。所有病例均未见脐部戳孔处肿瘤种植转移。结论:LC术中应常规切开胆囊标本,必要时送术中冰冻。PT1单纯切除胆囊已足够;PT2要额外楔形切除肝组织及区域淋巴结;PT3中转开腹,行根治手术或姑息手术。     

Effects of tracheal extubation on coronary blood flow,myocardial metabolism and systemic haemodynamic responses

Global coronary blood flow and metabolism were measured in seven patients on the first postoperative day following coronary revascularization to test the hypothesis that tracheal extubation produces adverse haemodynamic responses akin to those observed during tracheal intubation. Regional coronary flow and metabolic measurements were made in five of the seven patients. Extubation from a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) of 5 cm H₂O was associated with a statistically significant rise in cardiac index from 3.44 ± 0.23 L · min^-1 · m^-2 to 3.73 ± 0.15L·min^-1 ·m^-2 related to an increase in stroke index, without significant changes in heart rate, mean arterial and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. Consequently the changes in myocardial oxygen consumption (8.52 ± 0.55 to 8.85 ± 0.93 ml · min^-1) and coronary blood flow (172 ± 18 to 179 ± 17 ml·min^-1) were less prominent than those reported during intubation, where substantial rises in myocardial oxygen consumption and coronary flow occurred. Two patients experienced cardiac lactate production but there were no changes in systemic or coronary haemodynamics, nor were there clinical or electrocardiographic signs of ischaemia. We conclude that extubation does not appear to be associated with adverse systemic or coronary haemodynamic responses in patients following coronary bypass grafting. However, the revascularized myocardium may remain vulnerable to anaerobic metabolism in the immediate postoperative period. Pour savoir si comme ľintubation, ľextubation de la trachée provoque des perturbations hémodynamiques, on a mesuré le métabolisme et la circulation coronarienne globale chez sept patients, au lendemain ďun pontage aorto-coronarien. On a aussi calculé les valeurs régionales de ces mêmes variables pour cinq ďentre eux. Ľindex cardiaque de 3.44 ± 0.23 L · min^-1 · m^-2 sous pression positive en respiration spontanée (CPAP) de 5 cm. H₂O s’est élevé à 3.73 ± 0.15 L · min^-1 · m^-2 post-extubation avec une augmentation significative du volume ďéjection. La fréquence cardiaque et les pressions artérielles moyennes et capillaires pulmonaires n’ont pas changé. Ainsi ľaugmentation de la consommation ďoxygène du myocarde de 8.52 ± 0.55 à 8.85 ± 0.93 ml · min^-1 et celle du flot coronarien de 172 ± 18 à 179 ± 17 ml · min^-1 ont été moindres que celles, importantes, déjà observées lors de ľintubation. On a noté chez deux patients une production de lactate par le myocarde, sans changement de ľhémodynamic systémique et coronarienne non plus que de signe clinique ou électrocardiographique ďischémie. Donc, après un pontage coronarien, ľextubation ne semble pas causer ďeffet néfaste sur les circulations systémique et coronarienne, toutefois, le myocarde revascularisé peut demeurer sensible au métabolisme anaérobique.     

Difficulty in extubation

Difficulties in removing the tracheal tube from the trachea are relatively uncommon. We report here a case of difficult extubation which was precipitated by pulling off the pilot balloon and valve assembly in order to deflate the cuff.     

重症肌无力术后延长拔管时间的临床价值

目的　探讨重症肌无力 (MG)胸腺切除术后 ,延长气管拔管时间 ,减少气管切开的价值。方法　回顾分析 1978年至 2 0 0 2年 12月行MG胸腺切除 2 36例 ,按时间分A组 :1996年 12月以前手术者116例 ,对术后可能发生肌无力危象的高危因素病人施行预防性气管切开 ;B组 :1997年后手术 12 0例 ,对具发生危象高危因素者采用延长气管拔管时间 ,并对两组危象发生率及气管切开率进行比较。结果　全组发生危象 4 4例 (18 6 % ) ,气管切开 4 6例 (ARDS 1例除外 )占 19 5 %。其中A组发生危象 2 3例(19 8% ) ,气管切开 34例 (2 9 3% ) ;B组发生危象 2 1例 (17 5 % ) ,气管切开 12例 (10 % )。两组危象发生率无明显差异 ,但A组的气管切开率明显高于B组 (P <0 0 0 1)。结论　对MG胸腺切除术后具发生危象高危因素病人 ,采用延长气管插管时间及辅助通气 ,可显著减少气管切开率。     

氟比洛芬酯用于抑制神经外科气管拔管期不良反应的观察

目的探讨氟比洛芬酯用于抑制神经外科术后气管拔管期不良反应的有效性和可行性。方法ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级神经外科手术患者56例,随机分为观察组（氟比洛芬酯组）和对照组,2组分别在停用麻醉药前30min静注氟比洛芬酯注射液1.5mg/kg和加生理盐水5ml。在围拔管期观察并记录血压、心率、血氧饱和度、拔管时间、呼唤睁眼时间、躁动呛咳发生情况以及Ramsay镇静评分、VAS疼痛程度评分。结果围拔管期观察组的血压、心率均明显低于对照组,躁动和呛咳发生例数少,清醒度镇痛度明显优于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论氟比洛芬酯用于神经外科围拔管期可减轻气管拔管期不良反应,同时可产生良好的镇痛作用并维持满意的镇静度。     

可乐定对气管拔管患者应激反应的影响

目的探讨可乐定对气管拔管应激反应的预防作用.方法22例气管插管全麻手术病人,随机分为对照组和可乐定组(每组11例).可乐定组病人于麻醉前 60 min 加服可乐定 5 μg*kg-1,其它麻醉前用药两组病人相同.分别在麻醉前、拔管前、拔管后1、2、5、10 min 采集动脉血标本,测定血浆儿茶酚胺、血管紧张素Ⅱ、皮质醇、血糖、血乳酸浓度,做血气分析,计录各时点的血流动力学参数.结果两组病人气管拔管期间血浆儿茶酚胺、皮质醇、血糖、血乳酸浓度均明显增高,可乐定组增高程度明显低于对照组.结论麻醉前服用可乐定能明显减轻气管拔管引起的应激反应.     

不同剂量瑞芬太尼和芬太尼对抑制心血管反应的效果观察

目的 观察不同剂量瑞芬太尼和芬太尼对抑制心血管反应的效果.方法 选择择期手术全麻患者60例,ASA分级I～II级,随机分为瑞芬太尼组（RF组）和芬太尼组（F组）各30例,每组中根据麻醉诱导时给药剂量的不同又分为3个亚组,每组10例.瑞芬太尼和芬太尼的剂量分别是RF1（F1） 1μg /kg、RF2（F2） 1.5μg /kg、RF3（F3） 2.0μg /kg;监测病人的血压、心电图（ECG）、心率（HR）、心率变异性（HRV）、灌注指数.记录麻醉前（T0）、诱导时（T1）、插管即刻（T2）及气管插管后1min（T3）、5min（T4）、10min（T5）各时间点收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、HR、HRV、灌注指数的变化.结果 ①60例病人与麻醉前相比,麻醉诱导时的SBP、DBP均明显下降（P＜0.01 或 0.05）;RF3组血压回升平稳,T2、T3、T4、T5时段血压比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;F1、2、3组心率与麻醉前比较明显升高（P＜0.05）,RF1、2、3组与麻醉前比较心率变化较平稳（P＞0.05）.②心率变异性RF三个剂量组T2、T3与麻醉前相比有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.灌注指数6组与麻醉前以及组间比较差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 瑞芬太尼作为麻醉诱导的基础用药,能有效抑制气管插管引起的心血管反应,2μg /kg瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚2mg/kg麻醉平稳,对血流动力学影响小,是气管插管的理想剂量.