糖尿病患者微血管病变与血小板功能

测定21例有微血管病变和27倒无并发症的糖尿病人血小板功能，并与40例正常人作比较。结果发现糖尿病人，尤其是微血管病变者血浆血栓烷素（TXB2）、第八因子相关抗原（VWF）浓度及血小板膜糖蛋白（G、P）Ib显著高于对照组。提示血小板功能异常可能对糖尿病患者做血管并发症的发生起重要作用。     

Microalbuminuria and nerve conduction velocity in type-I diabetics during conventional therapy and during continuous I.V. insulin infusion

Summary The objective of this study was to follow the development of microalbuminuria and nerve conduction velocity under continuous i.v. insulin therapy over a limited period of 4 months. For this purpose, 8 labile type I diabetics were selected (age 33±8 years, duration of diabetes 16±9 years) and treated conventionally with two insulin injections daily over 4 months. Afterwards, the same patients were treated with continuous i.v. insulin infusion and finally again with two injections daily over 4 months each. This procedure allowed each diabetic to serve as his own control. HbA₁, microalbuminuria, nerve conduction velocity and relative refractory period of the ulnar nerve were checked at montly intervals. During the continuous i.v. infusion over 4 months, blood sugar values were significantly lower, glucosuria had disappeared almost completely and the glycosylated hemoglobin had fallen to near normal values. The mean rate of albumin excretion was 16±5 μg/min at rest and 76±26 μg/min during exercise (normal: 3.9±0.4 and 4.8±1.2 μg/min, respectively) and did not change significantly. Nerve conduction velocity in the ulnar nerve rose significantly under i.v. insulin therapy from 47.9±0.6 m/sec to 52±0.6 m/sec. Similarly, the relative refractory period of the same nerve fell significantly from 3.7±0.2 to 1.9±0.1 msec (i.e. to within normal range). It is concluded that functional disturbances of peripheral nerve can regress by improved blood sugar control with continuous i.v. insulin infusion over 4 months. On the other hand, incipient microangiopathy measured as microalbuminuria remains unchanged over the same period of time. If an improvement is at all possible, considerably longer periods of euglycemia are likely to be necessary. Supported by Grant No. 3.964-0.80 from the Swiss National Science Foundation.     

血浆凝血酶调节蛋白在评估血管病变和并发症中的意义

目的探讨血浆凝血酶调节蛋白(PTM)在评估血管病变和并发症中的意义。方法用ELISA检测PTM。结果大血管病变的心脑血管疾病(冠心病、脑梗死和脑出血),PTM为轻度升高,平均水平均在35μg/L以下。微血管病变性疾病(原发性慢性肾小球疾病、SLE尿蛋白阳性者、糖尿病微血管病变、多脏器功能不全综合征和D IC),PTM中重度升高,平均水平全在40μg/L以上,分别与大血管病变的各组疾病比较有显著性差异(P<0.01)。分析病情进展和并发症PTM水平,原发性肾小球慢性疾病的肾功能衰竭组显著高于无肾功能衰竭组(P<0.01),SLE尿蛋白阳性组高于阴性组(P<0.01),糖尿病微血管病变组高于大血管病变组(P<0.01),D IC的PTM水平更是显著高于其他所有组别(P<0.01)。结论检测PTM可评估大小血管病变和并发症,有实用的临床指导意义,并为研究病理生理与血管病变的关系提供新的思路。     

Microangiopathy in human diabetic neuropathy

Summary Morphological change of endoneurial and perineurial vessels accompanied severe loss of myelinated axons in peripheral nerves of each of 17 patients with diabetic neuropathy. Vascular mural thickening averaged 18.9±9.9 m² in diabetic capillaries (n=11) vs. 6.9±4.1 m² in controls (n=7). Electron microscopy revealed vigorous endothelial proliferation as well as thickening and reduplication of basal lamina in each instance. Particular attention was paid to vessels which penetrate the perineurium en route to the endoneurial intertitium, since they provide a major portion of the endoneurial blood supply. Luminal narrowing and mural thickening of these vessels was compounded by basal laminar thickening of the perineurium. Fenestrated endoneurial capillary endothelium was noted in one case. Both demyelination and axonal degeneration were observed with intra-axonal glycogen accumulation in some axons. Morphometric analysis revealed extensive myelinated nerve fiber loss in diabetic nerves. These morphological findings emphasize the impact of diabetic microangiopathy on specialized endothelium and suggest that local anatomic factors in the perineurial sheath render the nerve vulnerable to chronic ischemia.Supported in part by the National Institute for Communicative Disorders and Stroke NS-14162 and by the Veterans Administration Research Service     

Nailfold computed videomicroscopy in morpho-functional assessment of diabetic microangiopathy

Summary Although careful measurement of the size of capillary loops is mandatory in the evaluation of diabetic microangiopathy, no current technique allows rapid and careful morphometric analysis of capillaroscopic findings. In an attempt to solve this problem, assembling readily available instruments, the authors have set up an original apparatus for computed videomicroscopy. The apparatus ensures detailed morphological assessment of single loops at high magnification. Each single frame stored on videocassettes can be digitalized for morphometric analysis, saved on floppy disk or printed by means of a graphic printer.     

MicroRNA在微血管病变调控机制方面的研究进展

Microangiopathy is characterized by capillary basement membrane thickening and microthrombus formation. The process of microangiopathy involves multiple organs and tissues, and seriously endangers the patients’ health and quality of life during the later stage. Recent evidence shows that microRNAs play an important role in the regulatory mechanism of microangiopathy, including inflammatory response, oxidative stress, abnormalities of glucose and lipid metabolism, abnormal activation of the rennin-angiotensin system and so on. The regulatory mechanism has unique features of microangiopathy in different organs. At present, more and more attention has been paid to the roles of microRNAs in the pathogenesis of microangiopathy.     

冠状动脉微血管病变铊-201负荷心肌洗脱率的变化

目的 :观察冠状动脉 (冠脉 )无明显狭窄 (<5 0 % )而冠脉血流储备异常患者的铊 2 0 1(2 0 1T1)负荷心肌洗脱率。方法 :随机测定 2 3例冠脉造影示冠脉正常或狭窄 <5 0 %患者不同冠脉的血流储备值 ,并根据冠脉血流储备 (CFR)分为 2组 :A组为CFR≥ 2 .5 (正常对照组 ) ,包括 34支冠脉 ;B组为CFR <2 .5 (冠脉微循环异常组 ) ,包括 16支冠脉。 2 3例受试者分别行2 0 1Tl潘生丁负荷心肌显像检查 ,处理出靶心图后 ,计算两组局部室壁洗脱率。洗脱率 =(负荷态放射性计数 -延迟态放射性计数 ) /负荷态放射性计数× 10 0 %。另根据心电图正常与否将上述患者分为两组 :组Ⅰ 12例 ,心电图完全正常 ;组Ⅱ 11例 ,平时心电图存在非特异性ST T改变 [成组导联的T低平或倒置和 (或 )ST压低≥ 0 .5mV]。比较两组的室壁洗脱率。结果 :A组的室壁洗脱率高于B组[(4 8.91± 7.75 ) %∶(36 .11± 6 .80 ) % ,P <0 .0 1];心电图有ST T改变的 11例受试者的相应 13段室壁洗脱率下降 ,为 (39.2 5± 7.86 ) % ,低于心电图完全正常的 12例受试者的 36段室壁洗脱率 [(4 9.5 6± 7.31) % ,P <0 .0 1]。结论 :CFR下降及心电图异常患者其心肌洗脱率相应下降     

Diabetic retinopathy in well-controlled type 2 diabetes: Role of glycaemic memory

AimsAs diabetic retinopathy (DR) can occur even in well-controlled patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), our study sought to determine whether it might be related to ‘glucose memory’ by evaluating patients’ HbA1c over previous years and their skin autofluorescence (SAF).MethodsIn 334 patients with T2D and HbA1c levels ≤ 8%, their available values of HbA1c from previous years were collected, and their SAF measured by an advanced glycation end-product (AGE) reader. Binary logistic regression analysis was then used to correlate DR with previously recorded HbA1c levels and to SAF, with adjustment for DR risk factors [age, gender, BMI, duration of diabetes, arterial hypertension, diabetic kidney disease (DKD), blood lipid levels and statin treatment].ResultsOur patients were mostly men (58.4%) aged 63 ± 10 years, with a duration of diabetes of 13 ± 10 years and HbA1c = 7.1 ± 0.7%. Of these patients, 84 (25.1%) had DR, which was associated with longer duration of diabetes and greater prevalence of DKD. A total of 605 HbA1c values from previous years were collected for time periods ?4 ± 3 months (n = 255), ?16 ± 4 months (n = 152), ?30 ± 4 months (n = 93) and ?62 ± 26 months (n = 105). After adjustment, the association between DR and having an HbA1c higher than the median was significant only for the oldest previous HbA1c values: OR = 6.75, 95% CI: 1.90–23.90. Moreover, SAF values were higher in those with DR [2.95 ± 0.67 arbitrary units (AU)] vs 2.65 ± 0.65 AU with no DR (P < 0.01) and were also associated with the oldest previous HbA1c values (P < 0.01).ConclusionOur study found that 25.1% of our well-controlled T2D patients had DR, which was related to both their HbA1c levels from 5 years prior to study admission and their SAF values, a marker of glucose memory.     

解偶联蛋白2基因多态性与糖尿病微血管病变相关性的研究

目的探讨解偶联蛋白2基因（UCP-2）8号外显子45bp插入／缺失（I／D）多态与2型糖尿病微血管病变（DMAP）易感性的关系。方法检测所有患者的基因组DNA，用聚合酶链反应（PCR）方法对UCP-2基因进行扩增，其中无微血管并发症（DM）组62例。DMAP组101例，记录各组UCP-2等位基因及基因型频率并进行比较。结果UCP-2基因8号外显子45bp I／D多态在DMAP组和DM组中基因型分布差异无统计学意义（x2=0．58，P〉0．05），两组的等位基因频率差异也无统计学意义（x2=0．89，P〉0．05）。结论UCP-2基因8号外显子45bpI／D多态与中国人DMAP易感性无关。     

蜂贝化瘀胶囊对糖尿病微血管病变相关指标的影响

目的观察蜂贝化瘀胶囊对2型糖尿病(DM)大鼠微血管病变的作用及机理。方法将Wistar大鼠分为正常对照组、DM模型组、中药治疗组、中药对照组和西药对照组,测定各组大鼠血糖、血脂、脂质过氧化物、糖基化终末产物、醛糖还原酶(AR)及相关基因表达的变化。结果DM模型组大鼠血糖、甘油三酯、糖化血红蛋白、AR活性、丙二醛和T细胞凋亡率均明显上升,T细胞中Fas配体(FasL)、脂肪细胞中肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)基因表达均明显增高,中药治疗组大鼠以上指标显著降低,与DM模型组比较差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。结论蜂贝化瘀胶囊能有效降低2型DM模型组大鼠的血糖、血脂、糖化血红蛋白、AR活性和丙二醛含量,减少相关基因表达和T细胞凋亡率,对2型DM微血管病变有较好的治疗作用。