达沙替尼应用于伊马替尼耐药的慢性粒细胞白血病的研究进展

伊马替尼是一种酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(TKI),是第一代用于治疗Ph染色体阳性的CML的分子靶向药物,然而其逐渐出现的耐药情况是治疗的一大难题。第二代靶向治疗药物如达沙替尼等具有更大的抗耐药潜力。本文对此进行综述。     

酪氨酸激酶抑制剂治疗慢性粒细胞白血病的临床疗效分析

目的 回顾性分析酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(TKI)治疗慢性粒细胞白血病(CML)的临床疗效。方法 对近十年来在我院门诊接受治疗的655例CML患者的临床资料及随访结果进行回顾性分析。其中551例患者为慢性期,62例为加速期,42例为急变期。83例患者仅接受了干扰素治疗,572例接受了伊马替尼（慢性期400 mg/d,加速/急变期600 mg/d）。治疗期间定期监测患者血液学、细胞及分子遗传学反应,参照2011年版CML指南评价治疗反应及疗效,采用Kaplan-Meier曲线进行生存分析。结果 随访结束时总完全血液学缓解（CHR）、主要细胞遗传学缓解（MCyR）、完全细胞遗传学缓解（CCyR）和主要分子生物学缓解（MMR）率分别为92.1%、75.8%、73.1%和47.9%。所有患者总体1年、3年、5年和10年总生存（OS）率为(96.3±0.8)%、(86.3±1.8)%、(79.0±2.4)% 和(66.5±4.8)%,1年、3年、5年和10年无事件生存（EFS）率为(92.2±1.1)%、(77.9±2.1)%、(67.9±6.8)% 和(35.8±6.0)%,慢性期患者累积获得CHR、MCyR、CCyR和MMR的比例分别达到98.7%、82.5%、79.4%和52.4%。加速期和急变期患者,其疗效显著降低。早慢性期疗效好于晚慢性期,尽早开始TKI治疗能使患者明显获益,早期分子学反应预示更好的远期疗效,伊马替尼耐药的患者换用二代TKI后,随访结束时MCyR率为43.5%,MMR率为25.5%。 结论 慢性期CML患者接受TKI治疗的疗效及预后较好,且越早用药,疗效和预后也越好。     

二代酪氨酸激酶抑制剂治疗慢性髓细胞白血病临床疗效分析

目的 回顾性分析二代酪氨酸激酶抑制剂 (second-generation TKI)治疗慢性髓细胞白血病(CML)的临床疗效。方法 对近十年来在我院门诊接受二代酪氨酸激酶抑制剂治疗的97例CML患者的临床资料及随访结果进行回顾性分析。其中61例患者为慢性期,26例为加速期,10例为急变期。74例患者于伊马替尼（IM）耐药或不耐受后接受二代TKI治疗,其中57例患者接受尼洛替尼（NIL）治疗,17例患者接受达沙替尼（DAS）治疗;20例患者诊断后即接受二代TKI治疗,其中19例患者接受NIL治疗,1例患者接受DAS治疗;还有3例患者接受二代TKI合并造血干细胞移植（HSCT）及化疗等治疗。治疗期间定期监测患者血液学、细胞遗传学及分子生物学反应,评价治疗反应及疗效,采用Kaplan-Meier曲线进行生存分析。 结果 随访结束时总完全血液学缓解（CHR）率、主要细胞遗传学缓解（MCyR）率、完全细胞遗传学缓解（CCyR）率和主要分子生物学缓解（MMR）率分别为97.9%、63.9%、60.0%、44.3%,其中除CHR率外,MCyR、CCyR、MMR率慢性期患者均优于进展期（加速期+急变期）患者,差异有统计学意义（ P<0.05)。患者的1年、2年、3年和5年总生存（OS）率分别为（90.6±3.0）%、（80.1±4.5）%、(77.5±5.0)%和(64.6±9.3)%;1年、2年、3年和5年无事件生存（EFS）率分别为（81.1±4.0）%、（64.4±5.3）%、(56.4±6.0)%和(46.2±8.2)%;1年、2年、3年和5年无进展生存（PFS）率分别为（87.4±3.4）%、（73.2±4.9）%、(68.9±5.5)%和(57.4±8.7)%,其中慢性期患者总OS、EFS和PFS率均优于进展期患者,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05)。二代TKI一线治疗获得CHR、MCyR、CCyR、MMR率分别是100%、95%、95%、70%,二线治疗获得的则分别是97.3%、56.8%、48.6%、36.5%,其中除CHR率外,MCyR、CCyR、MMR率一线治疗均优于二线治疗,差异有统计学意义（ P<0.05)。结论 二代TKI治疗CML疗效及预后较好,且一线较二线治疗、慢性期较进展期更能使患者明显获益。     

Micellar formulations of Crizotinib and Dasatinib in the management of glioblastoma multiforme

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) defies the currently practiced management of radiotherapy, chemotherapy and surgery and hence, it is associated with a high fatality rate with a median survival of 14.6 months. In our previous work investigating different tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), we established that a combination of Crizotinib and Dasatinib exerted the most potent effect on different GBM cell lines. In this work, to improve targeted therapy at the site of the tumour and avoid systemic toxicity, we exploited the enhanced permeability and retention effect by designing micellar formulations of these two TKIs. Crizotinib and Dasatinib were successfully encapsulated in poly(styrene-co-maleic acid) (SMA) micelles which were then evaluated for their physicochemical characteristics, anti-proliferative effect, mode of cell death, efficacy in spheroid models, effect on cell signalling, antiangiogenic potential and in vivo anticancer activity. Our results showed that this combination had induced a potent anti-proliferative effect in four GBM cell lines grown as a monolayer and as a spheroid. The combination was also efficacious in in vitro models of angiogenesis and vascular mimicry. In vivo data showed the enhanced activity of the micellar TKIs compared to free drugs. In conclusion, we proved that micellar formulations of Crizotinib and Dasatinib carry promising in vitro and in vivo efficacy that warrant further investigation.     

Synthesis and biological activities of 2-amino-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid phenylamide derivatives

In an attempt to develop potent and selective anti‐tumor drugs, a series of novel 2‐amino‐thiazole‐5‐carboxylic acid phenylamide derivatives were designed based on the structure of dasatinib. All compounds were synthesized by a systematic combinatorial chemical approach. Biological evaluation revealed that N‐(2‐chloro‐6‐methylphenyl)‐2‐(2‐(4‐methylpiperazin‐1‐yl)acetamido)thiazole‐5‐carboxamide ( 6d ) exhibited high antiproliferative potency on human K563 leukemia cells comparable to dasatinib. Against mammary and colon carcinoma cells 6d was either inactive (MDA‐MB 231) or distinctly less active (MCF‐7 and HT‐29: IC₅₀ = 20.2 and 21.6 µM, respectively). Dasatinib showed at each cell line IC₅₀ < 1 µM. The results of this structure activity relationship study clearly documented that the pyrimidin‐4‐ylamino core of dasatinib is responsible for the anti‐tumor activity against non‐leukemia cell lines.     

达沙替尼对人骨髓间充质干细胞生物学特性的影响

目的:在体外探索达沙替尼对人骨髓来源间充质干细胞(hBMSCs)的活力、迁移、细胞周期和凋亡的影响以及潜在的信号通路,以评估达沙替尼在临床应用中对骨髓造血微环境的影响。方法:CCK-8法检测细胞活力;划痕实验检测细胞迁移;流式细胞术检测细胞周期和凋亡;同时采用吖啶橙/溴化乙啶法检测细胞凋亡;酶联免疫吸附实验检测细胞转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)的分泌情况;Western blot检测蛋白激酶B(Akt)蛋白的表达和磷酸化以及cleaved caspase-3的蛋白水平。结果:与对照组相比,达沙替尼(1~10nmol/L)抑制hBMSCs的活力和迁移;在随后的实验中使用的浓度为7 nmol/L。达沙替尼促进细胞凋亡,并使更多细胞的周期阻滞在G_1期。此外,hBMSCs TGF-β1和TNF-α的分泌量显著增加。7 nmol/L达沙替尼组cleaved caspase-3的蛋白水平增加,胞内Akt的蛋白量下调且其磷酸化受到抑制。结论:达沙替尼以浓度依赖性的方式抑制hBMSCs的活力和迁移,并促进TGF-β1和TNF-α的分泌,诱导细胞G_1期阻滞和凋亡;达沙替尼可能通过影响胞内Akt蛋白的表达和磷酸化调控上述细胞学行为。     

A Case Report of Multiple Capillary Hemangioma in a Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Patient Taking Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors

A capillary hemangioma is a vascular tumor with small capillary sized vascular channel. Multiple capillary hemangioma in relation with drugs have been rarely reported. Here in, we report a case of multiple capillary hemangioma in patient diagnosed with chronic myeloid leukemia who received tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Histopathological findings have shown capillary proliferation in the upper dermis, which is consistent with capillary hemangioma. Since TKIs can paradoxically activate the MEK/ERK pathway which is required for angiogenesis, we presumed that the lesions as the cutaneous side effects of TKIs.     

Severe hemorrhagic colitis in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia in the blastic phase after dasatinib use

Dasatinib is a second-line tyrosine kinase inhibitor used in patients with imatinib resistant or intolerant chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and Philadelphia chromosomepositive acute leukemia. Gastrointestinal bleeding may occur in up to 7% of patients using dasatinib, although, severe dasatinib-related acute colitis had rarely been reported. Here, we present the case of a 36-year-old female who progressed to acute myeloid leukemia after fourteen months of receiving imatinib for CML in the chronic phase and was treated with a dasatinib-containing chemotherapy regimen. On day 34 of treatment, the patient developed moderate abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea with mucous. Analyses of stool specimens were negative for parasites, Clostridium difficile , and other pathogenic bacteria. The cytomegalovirus pp65 antigen was negative in her blood leukocytes. A colonoscopy revealed acute colitis, and a mucosal biopsy showed nonspecific colitis. The patient was treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics, bowel rest and hydration, and dasatinib treatment was stopped. Her bloody diarrhea improved within 72 h. After confirming cytological remission, the patient received initial course of consolidation, and dasatinib treatment was reinstated. However, hemorrhagic colitis recurred. After discontinuing dasatinib, herhemorrhagic colitis drastically improved and did not recur following the administration of nilotinib. The characteristics of our patient suggest that dasatinib treatment can lead to hemorrhagic colitis, which typically resolves after discontinuation of the drug.     

Clinical profile of dasatinib in Asian and non-Asian patients with chronic myeloid leukemia

Resistance and intolerance to imatinib are of particular clinical relevance to Asian patients because of their lower body surface area. Dasatinib is 325-fold more potent than imatinib in inhibiting BCR-ABL in vitro and is indicated for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia resistant or intolerant to imatinib. Data from a series of phase I/II research trials were analyzed to compare the efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetic profile of dasatinib 70 mg twice daily in Asian and non-Asian patients. Results from 55 Asian and 615 non-Asian patients demonstrated that the efficacy and safety of dasatinib was comparable. Dasatinib was well tolerated, with no observed toxicities exclusive to Asian patients. A higher incidence of adverse events and lower rate of response observed among Asian patients with myeloid blast phase CML reflected the aggressive nature of the disease. Analyses of noncompartmental pharmacokinetics (5 Asian and 49 non-Asian patients) and population pharmacokinetics (17 Asian and 382 non-Asian patients) were also comparable. The efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetic profile of dasatinib 70 mg twice daily is similar in Asian and non-Asian patients with CML. Dasatinib is therefore an important therapeutic option for this patient population.