奎硫平治疗晚发精神分裂症疗效观察

目的　了解奎硫平对晚发精神分裂症的疗效和副作用。方法　对我院晚发精神分裂症住院病人83例 (年龄≥ 6 0岁 ) ,随机给予奎硫平和氯丙嗪治疗 6周。结果　奎硫平组有效率为 93 2 % ,氯丙嗪组为92 3% ,奎硫平组副反应少于氯丙嗪组。结论　奎硫平治疗晚发精神分裂症疗效好 ,起效快 ,副反应少。     

晚发性精神分裂症患者预后相关因素分析

对晚发性精神分裂症患者的预后相关因素进行分析,报告如下。1对象和方法系2002年1月至2005年1月期间住院的晚发性精神分裂症患者,符合中国精神障碍诊断标准第3版诊断标准;发病年龄≥60岁,为首次发病;排除严重器质性疾病者。共83例,男48例,女35例;平均年龄(69·2±4·5)岁;病程3     

晚发与非晚发精神分裂症对照研究

对４个医疗单位精神科住院病人中的晚发性精神分裂症２４７例进行观察，以非晚发性精神分裂症病人２６４例为对照。结果发现，晚发组女性显著较多，病前性格内向者显著较少，家族精神病遗传史显著较少。发病诱因以晚发组显著较多，起病急或亚急者亦然。两组文化程度相仿，近期疗效以晚发组显著较好。作者认为，不仅有年龄的不同，晚发组病例在其他方面也有不少特点，精神分裂症应有晚发型为独立的亚型。     

89例早发与晚发性精神分裂症临床比较

８９例早发与晚发性精神分裂症临床比较郑华胜，冯丽华，欧文前本研究将早发与晚发性精神分裂症的临床特征与性别、年龄之间的差异进行比较，现报告如下。资料对象与方法：病例均选择于１９９３年１～６月首次发病的住院精神病人，符合ＣＣＭＤ－２精神分裂症的诊断标准，...     

晚发性精神分裂症

作者参照了M.Bleuler的定义,认为晚发性精神分裂症应具备下列标准:1.精神病首发年龄应在40岁以后;2.按照K.Schnei-der标准证明有精神分裂症症状者;3.缺乏精神器质性特征(Psychoorganischer Zuge,即指意识障碍综合征-译者);4.缺乏一定的脑疾病或脑的原发疾患.本文作者将既往关于晚发性精神分裂症和研究资料与自己的经验进行比较,他研究了1945～1959年住入波昂(Bonn)大学医院的502例精神分裂症患者,发现其平均病程持续22.4年.典型精神分裂症综合征仅占34.7%,相反的不同程度的不典型残留单纯     

精神分裂症基因型的特异性问题

本文出自苏联医学科学院精神病研究所,共收集索引病例610例,包括儿童、青年、中年等各时期发病的精神分裂症。一级亲属2674人,二级亲属4090人。索引病例中男性320例,女性290例。与该研究所的流行病学资料(1973)比较,性别分布方面几无差别,发病年龄的分布亦类似,仅在儿童和中年以上发病的人数方面有3～5%的出入。起病于童年和中年的精神分裂症是否与大多数起病于青年时期的病例应属一类,作者援用了 M.Bleuler(1943)对130例晚发性精神分裂症所进行的家族研究,家族中发现有各个不同年龄发病的精神分裂症患者,其结论为晚发性病例在遗传背景上与其它时期发病的精神分裂症无异。本文将索引病例按发病年龄分组,发现各组中均有从幼至老发生精神分裂症的     

女性晚发性精神分裂症50例临床分析

为分析女性晚发性精神分裂症的临床特征,对45岁以后首次发病的女性患,符合CCMD-2-R精神分裂症诊断标准50例,对其临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果女性晚发性精神分裂症绝大多数化程度较低,以急性或亚急性起病较多,偏执型多见,躯体症状明显,多伴焦虑抑郁、自杀意念,小剂量单一用药为主,近期疗效好。     

晚发性精神分裂症73例临床分析

分析晚发性精神分裂症的临床特征。对４０岁以后首交发病,符合ＣＣＭＤ－２－Ｒ精神分裂症诊断标准的７３例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果发现晚发性精神分裂症女性多于男性多数文化程度偏你芭急性或亚急性起病为多,执型多见,多伴焦虑抑郁、自杀意念,小剂量单一用药为主,近期疗效好。     

晚发性和早发性精神分裂症临床特征比较

目的：了解早发性和晚发性精神分裂症的临床特征。方法：用阳性症状量表（SAPS）、阴性症状量表（SANS）评定临床症状；临床疗效总评量表（CGI）、治疗中出现的症状量表（TESS）评定临床疗效及不良反应；用躯体异常量表（Waldrop scale）N量软体征。对早发性精神分裂症和晚发性精神分裂症患者各50例进行对照研究。结果：早发性精神分裂症遗传倾向明显，软体征异常率高，有更明显的阴性症状，治疗效果较差，不良反应更明显。晚发性精神分裂症女性明显多于男性，以幻觉、妄想、偏执观念为主要临床特征．结论：早发性和晚发性精神分裂症各有其临床特征。早发性比晚发性精神分裂症的遗传负荷和胚胎发育异常程度高，治疗效果和预后较差。     

晚发性和早发性精神分裂症的遗传差异

目的：了解晚发性和早发性精神分裂症在遗传效应上的差异。方法：调查精神分裂症晚发组和早发组患者亲属中精神病的患病情况。结果：早发组有精神病家族史多,一级亲属中精神分裂症的发病风险率高,一级亲属的遗传率高,与晚发组比较,有明显的差异性。结论：晚发性和早发性精神分裂症间有遗传效应上的差异。     

早年创伤对认知功能影响的研究进展

早年创伤是一个全球普遍存在的问题,严重影响儿童、青少年的大脑发育,继而导致认知功能、人格水平、社会行为的改变。早年创伤主要是父母、监护人或其他年长者对孩子施加躯体虐待、躯体忽视、情感虐待、情感忽视或性虐待。美国一项调查显示：儿童虐待事件的发生率高达1．2％[1]。早年创伤影响认知功能的多个领域,包括学习／工作记忆、视觉空间能力、执行功能、言语智能、复杂推理搜决策、学业表现等比]。创伤造成的认知功能改变是目前国内外神经科学和精神医学领域研究的热点,但其发病机制仍不明确,鉴于早年创伤与认知功能的关系问题,现就早年创伤对大脑发育、神经认知的影响加以综述。     

Differential cognitive responses to guqin music and piano music in Chinese subjects： an event-related potential study

Objective To compare the cognitive effects of guqin （the oldest Chinese instrument） music and piano music. Methods Behavioral and event-related potential （ERP） data in a standard two-stimulus auditory oddball task were recorded and analyzed. Results This study replicated the previous results of culture-familiar music effect on Chinese subjects： the greater P300 amplitude in frontal areas in a culture-familiar music environment. At the same time, the difference between guqin music and piano music was observed in NI and later positive complex （LPC： including P300 and P500）： a relatively higher participation of right anterior-temporal areas in Chinese subjects. Conclusion The results suggest that the special features of ERP responses to guqin music are the outcome of Chinese tonal language environments given the similarity between Guqin＇s tones and Mandarin lexical tones.     

Brain network markers of abnormal cerebral glucose metabolism and blood flow in Parkinson＇s disease

Neuroimaging of cerebral glucose metabolism and blood flow is ideally suited to assay widely-distributed brain circuits as a result of local molecular events and behavioral modulation in the central nervous system. With the progress in novel analytical methodology, this endeavor has succeeded in unraveling the mechanisms underlying a wide spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, statistical brain mapping studies have made significant strides in describing the pathophysiology of Parkinson＇s disease （PD） and related disorders by providing signature biomarkers to determine the systemic abnormalities in brain function and evaluate disease progression, therapeutic responses, and clinical correlates in patients. In this article, we review the relevant clinical applications in patients in relation to healthy volunteers with a focus on the generation of unique spatial covariance patterns associated with the motor and cognitive symptoms underlying PD. These characteristic biomarkers can be potentially used not only to improve patient recruitment but also to predict outcomes in clinical trials.     

Effect of Ganoderma lucidum spore on expression of insulin-like growth factor-1, nuclear factor-kappa B, and neuronal apoptosis in the epileptic rat brain*★

BACKGROUND：It has been reported that Ganoderma lucidum spore powder, a very well known Chinese traditional medicine, can affect immunoregulation, free radical scavenging, and anti-hypoxia responses. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the effect of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder on expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 （IGF-1）, nuclear factor-κB （NF-κB） and neuronal apoptosis in rats with pentylenetetrazol （PTZ）-induced epilepsy. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A cellular and molecular biology experiment with randomized controlled study design was performed at the Central Laboratory of Basic Medical College of Jiamusi University from June to August 2005. MATERIALS： Thirty healthy, adult, male, Wistar rats were selected and randomly divided into 3 groups （10 rats per group）： control, epilepsy model, and Ganoderma lucidum spore powder. A sub-eclampsia PTZ dose （35 mg/kg） was intraperitoneally injected to induce epilepsy in the latter two groups. Wild Ganoderma lucidum spore powder （30 g/L） was provided by the wild Ganoderma lucidum plant nursery at Jiamusi, China. Immunohistochemical detection and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediate dUTP nick end-labeling （TUNEL） kits were purchased from Wuhan Boster Biological Technology Co., Ltd., China. METHODS： Ganoderma lucidum spore powder was intragastrically administered at a dose of 10.0 mL/kg, once a day for 28 days. In the epilepsy and control groups, an equivalent volume of normal saline was intragastrically administered. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Immunoreactivity for IGF-1 and NF-κB/P65 were detected by immunohistochemical staining. Neuronal apoptosis was detected using TUNEL methods. RESULTS： The hippocampus and cerebral cortex of rats with PTZ-induced epilepsy exhibited a higher number of apoptotic cells at high magnification （×400）, compared with the control group. Expression of IGF-1 and NF-κB were higher in the epilepsy group, compared with the control group （P 〈 0.01）. In Ganoderma lucidum spore-treated rats,     

Naoxintong dose effects on inflammatory factor expression in the rat brain following focal cerebral ischemia

BACKGROUND： Certain components of tetramethylpyrazine, a traditional Chinese medicine, exhibit protective effects against brain injury. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the effects of different Naoxintong doses on expression of nuclear factor-kappa B （ kB）, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and complement 3 in rats following focal cerebral ischemia. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： The randomized experiment was performed at the Laboratory of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University from June 2004 to June 2006. MATERIALS： A total of 150 adult, healthy, male, Sprague Dawley rats, weighing 280-320g, were selected. Naoxintong powder （mainly comprising szechwan lovage rhizome, milkvetch root, danshen root, and radix angelicae sinensis） was obtained from Buchang Pharmacy Co., Ltd. in Xianyang City of Shanxi Province of China, lot number 040608. METHODS： The rats were randomly assigned into sham operation, saline, high-dose Naoxintong, moderate-dose Naoxintong, and low-dose Naoxintong groups, with 30 rats in each group. Rat models of middle cerebral artery occlusion were established using the suture method, with the exception of the sham operation group. Rats in the high-dose, moderate-dose and low-dose Naoxintong groups received 4, 2, and 1 g/kg Naoxintong respectively, by gavage. Rats in the saline group were treated with 1 mL saline by gavage All rats were administered by gavage at 5 and 23 hours following surgery, and subsequently, once per day. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： At 6, 24, 48, 72 hours, and 7 days following model establishment, brain water content was measured. Histopathological changes in brain tissues were detected using hematoxylin-eosin staining. Expression of nuclear factor- kB, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor- α, and complement 3 was examined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS： A total of 150 rats were included in the final analysis with no loss. Brain water content was significantly increased in the ischemic hemisphere of rats from the saline, as well as the high-dose, mo     

Effect of bilobalide B on cholinergic hippocampal neurons exposed to cholesterol and apolipoprotein E4*☆

BACKGROUND： Extracts of ginkgo biloba leaves have been reported to improve nerve function and activity in Alzheimer＇s disease, which is associated with reduced secretion of cholinergic neurotransmitter in hippocampal neurons. OBJECTIVE： To validate the protective effect of bilobalide B against in vitro injury of cholinergic neurons of the hippocampus induced by combined cholesterol and apoE4 DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： This randomized, controlled animal experiment was performed in the Pathology Laboratory, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from July 2003 to July 2006. MATERIALS： Neonatal Wistar rats, 1-day-old, both male and female, and mean body mass of 5 g were selected for this study. Cholesterol and apolipoprotein E4 （apoE4） were purchased from Sigma Company （USA）, bilobalide B was purchased from Tianjin Zhongyi Pharmaceutical Factory, batch number 20050312. METHODS： Hippocampal neurons were divided into three groups： a normal control group （routinely added media）, a model group （exposed to media containing 40 mg/L cholesterol and 30 mg/L apoE4 for 24 hours） and a bilobalide B group （exposed to media containing 160 mg/L bilobalide B for 16 hours, and then with addition of 40 mg/L cholesterol and 30 mg/L apoE4 for an additional 24 hours）. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Levels of acetylcholine （ACh） and activity of acetylcholinesterase （ACHE） and choline acetyltransferase （CHAT） in hippocampal neurons were determined by microdosage hydroxylamine colorimetry, hydroxylamine colorimetry and radiological chemistry, respectively. RESULTS： The ACh level was significantly lower in the model group than that in the normal control group （P 〈 0.01）, while it was markedly higher in the bilobalide B group than in the model group （P 〈 0.05）. Activity of AChE was significantly decreased in the model group compared with the normal control group （P 〈 0.05）. However, there was no significant difference between the model group and the bilobalide B group ?     

Changes of 5-hydroxytryptamine and tryptophan hydroxylase expression in the ventral horn of spinal cord

Objective To investigate changes of 5-hydroxytryptamine （5-HT） and its synthesis rate-limiting enzyme tryp-tophan hydroxylase （TPH） in the ventral horn of spinal cord after exercise-induced fatigue, and to further discuss the mecha- nism of exercise-induced central fatigue at spinal level. Methods Sixteen healthy adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into 2 groups： exercise-induced fatigue group and control group. Immunohistochemical staining for 5-HT and TPH in the ventral horn were performed and analysized quantitatively. The mean optic densities of 5-HT and TPH positive fibers or terminals were measured by computerized image analyzer. Results Both 5-HT and TPH positive fibers/terminals decreased in the exercise-induced fatigue group. The immunohistochemical staining was weaker and the mean optic densities decreased obviously in the fatigue group compared with those in the control group （P 〈 0.05）. Conclusion 5-HT and TPH in the ventral horn of spinal cord might be involved in exercise-induced fatigue.     

Hepatocyte growth factor gene transfer effects on the femoral and intramuscular nerve in a canine model of lower limb ischemia*☆

BACKGROUND： Recent advancements in gene therapy have provided new methodology for treating ischemia in lower extremities. Gene transfer of angiogenic factors to ischemic tissues may promote local proliferation of new vessels and form collateral circulation. OBJECTIVE： To observe histopathological changes in the femoral and intramuscular nerve three months after intramuscular injection of hepatocyte growth factor （HGF） into the peripheral skeletal muscle in a canine model of lower limb ischemia. DESIGN： Randomized occlusion modelled and verification animal study. SETTING： Experimental Center, Lanzhou General Hospital of Lanzhou Military Area Command of Chinese PLA. MATERIALS： This study was performed at Animal Experimental Center, Lanzhou General Hospital of Lanzhou Military Area Command of Chinese PLA from September to November 2006. A total of eight male mongrel dogs, weighing 12–15 kg and 1.5–3 years of age, were selected for this study. This experimental study was in accordance with local ethics standards. Recombinant plasmid carrying HGF （pUDKH） and occlusion model plasmid （pUDK） were provided by the Third Laboratory of Radiation Medical Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences of PLA. METHODS： Grouping and model establishment： under anesthesia, complete vascular occlusion models were established on the left lower extremities. The experimental dogs were randomly divided into a model group and a pUDKH treatment group, with four dogs in each group. Dogs in the pUDKH group were injected with 0.15 mg/kg pUDKH. Ten minutes later, intramuscular injections were performed at three spots into the peripheral skeletal muscle of the left hind limb, as well as lateral injections at two spots. The injection volume at each spot was 0.2 mL. Dogs in the model group were injected with pUDK, and dosage and injection method were identical to the treatment group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Histopathological changes in the femoral nerve, as well as internal and external intramuscular nerve tissue     

癫癇社区防控策略可使更多农村地区癫癇患者受益

癫癇是一种临床常见的神经系统疾病。常于儿童和青少年期发病,若不接受正规治疗可反复发作,甚至迁延终身。该病不仅严重影响患者本人身体和心理健康,也给其家庭带来巨大痛苦和沉重的经济负担。据估计,全球约有逾50×106例癫癇患者,其中80%在发展中国家,发展中国家癫癇患病率是发达国家的2~3倍,且60%~90%的患者未接受治疗或仅接受非正规治疗[1-2]。癫癇的高患病率、高病死率及其对患者身心造成的严重不良影响已引起社会各界的重视,针对癫癇的各方面研究正在不断加强,     

认知干预在痴呆防治中的研究进展

痴呆是指伴随有进行性日常生活能力下降的认知减退或行为损害的综合征.鉴于目前缺乏有效的逆转病程的治疗手段以及药物治疗效果局限,治疗策略正拟向病前干预模式转移,旨在实现功能的最大化以及减缓认知减退,由此作为主要非药物治疗之一的认知干预,近年发展迅速,现将对不同人群中防治痴呆的认知干预综述如下.