不同浓度高渗盐水和甘露醇降颅压效果及不良反应的比较

目的比较3%、7.5%高渗盐水(HS)和20%甘露醇降颅压有效性、安全性。方法 24例重型颅脑损伤患者接受不同浓度高渗盐水及20%甘露醇治疗,用药后6h内测定颅内压(ICP)、平均动脉压(MAP)、中心静脉压(CVP)、血Na+、K+、Cl-、血浆渗透压、脑灌注量(CPP)、血清S100B浓度。结果用药后,三者均可有效降低颅内压,3%高渗盐水组可较好保持中心静脉压处于正常水平,7.5%高渗盐水降压较为平稳,3%、7.5%高渗盐水较20%甘露醇组,作用持续时间更长,提升平均动脉压、脑灌注量更有效,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。三者血清SIOOB浓度均升高,高渗盐水组上升幅度均较甘露醇组小。3%、7.5%高渗盐水组低钠血症发生率明显低于20%甘露醇组。结论高渗盐水降颅压作用持续时间长,有助于减轻伤后血脑屏障继发性损伤,并发症少,不良反应小,可作为降低颅内压的一线治疗药物。     

不同浓度高渗盐水治疗高血压脑出血的效果和安全性研究

目的探讨不同浓度高渗盐水治疗高血压脑出血的临床效果和安全性。方法将我科收治的高血压脑出血患者120例,随机分为3%HS组、7.5%HS组、10%HS组、23.4%HS组4组各30例。各组给予不同浓度高渗盐水治疗,记录各组的起效时间、持续时间、起效后的颅内压、颅内压降幅、脑灌注压,GCS评分以评价其疗效,并监测患者晶体渗透压、血钠、血氯、血钾、pH,评估其安全性。结果 4组起效时间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。4组持续时间差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。4组颅内压及颅内压降幅差异有统计学意义(P0.05),治疗后,7.5%HS组颅内压、颅内压降幅与其他组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。4组脑灌注压、中心静脉压、平均动脉压、GCS评分差异无统计学意义(P0.05),7.5%HS组脑灌注压、中心静脉压、平均动脉压、GCS评分与23.4%HS组差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。暂未见发生急性心功能及肾功能不全等并发症,同时均未出现高钠血症等不良反应。4组血钾、血氯差异有统计学意义(P0.05),其他两两比较均无显著差异。结论高渗盐水能够减低患者颅内压力,可成为高血压脑出血内科基础治疗的新手段,7.5%HS在起效时间、持续时间以及改善高血压脑出血患者的相关指标方面效果更能令人满意,使用不同浓度的高渗盐水治疗高血压脑出血暂无严重不良事件,安全性高。     

7.5%高渗盐水的不同给药方式对大鼠重型颅脑损伤后颅内压及血压的影响

目的建立大鼠重型颅脑损伤模型,比较7.5%高渗盐水(HS)三种不同给药方式对重型颅脑损伤大鼠颅内压(ICP)及血压(MBP)的影响。方法将50只健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为A组、B组、C组、生理盐水组、空白对照组,每组10只。造模后A组采用快速输注方式、B组采用缓慢输注方式、C组采用先快速后缓慢输注的方式,比较给药前及给药后1-6h内ICP及MAP的变化。结果 (1)7.5%HS三种给药方式ICP均会下降(2)A、B、C三组在ICP最低值、药物起效时间、ICP降至最低用时方面均有统计学差异(P0.001).(3)三组ICP降幅及用药前后MBP无统计学差异(P0.05)(4)生理盐水组输注前后颅内压无明显变化。结论 (1)7.5%HS不同给药方式均会降低颅内高压(2)快速输注组起效时间更快,维持时间最长,降颅内压效果明显。     

颅脑损伤后血清NSE动态变化及其与ICP、CPP及预后的相关研究

目的动态测定颅脑损伤后患者血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）含量变化,并探讨NSE含量与颅内压（ICP）、脑灌注压（CPP）及患者预后之间的关系。方法收集入院的颅脑损伤患者223例,根据GCS评分将其分为轻、中、重型三组,在伤后1、3、5、7d应用酶联免疫反应法测定血清NSE浓度水平,并结合ICP、CPP及患者预后进行分析。对照组为正常健康体检者40例,其处理同颅脑损伤组。结果①颅脑损伤患者血清NSE水平升高,轻型组轻度升高,与正常对照组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;中型组与轻型组和正常对照组、重型组与中型组比较具有显著差异（P〈0.01）;重型组显著高于正常对照组及轻型组（P〈0.01）。②血清NSE含量与ICP呈正相关（P〈0.05）,与CPP呈负相关（P〈0.05）。③重型颅脑损伤预后不良者的血清NSE水平明显高于预后良好者（P〈0.05）。结论颅脑损伤后患者血清NSE浓度升高与脑损伤的病情严重程度呈正相关,可作为评估颅脑损病情的重要指标;监测血清NSE水平联合ICP、CPP等指标,可更为准确地判断病情、评价预后,并为临床治疗提供依据。     

经颅多普勒对颅内感染患者颅内压和脑灌注压的预测价值

目的 探讨经颅多普勒（TCD）频谱参数对颅内感染患者颅内压（ICP）和脑灌注压（CPP）的预测价值。方法 对42例颅内感染患者进行的128次腰穿测压前行TCD检查，对TCD资料及脑脊液压力进行分析，并与对照组比较。结果 颅内感染组患者随着ICP升高，TCD表现出高阻力血流频谱，波形普遍变尖，收缩期血流（Vs）无明显变化，舒张期血流（Vd）减慢，搏动指数（PI）增大。与对照组比较血流速度明显增快。根据TCD参数及预测ICP（ICPe）及预测CPP（CPPe）的回归方程，ICPe及CPPe值与实测的ICP、CPP值呈正相关（r=0．594、0．910，均P〈0．001）。结论 TCD频谱参数可较准确预测颅内感染患者ICP、CPP的变化。     

利多卡因治疗外伤性蛛网膜下腔出血疗效分析

目的探讨早期静脉注射利多卡因对外伤性蛛网膜下腔出血（tsAH）继发性脑损伤的治疗作用。方法重度颅脑损伤后SAH患者60例（GCS评分≤8分）。随机分为治疗组（早期静脉注射利多卡因组）和对照组。在治疗前后对患者均进行GCS评分、颅内压（ICP）测定以及头部CT、发射计算机体层摄影（ECT）、经颅多普勒（TCD）检查。结果利多卡因治疗7d后即出现颅内压降低、挫伤脑组织血流供应改善、脑水肿减轻，与对照组比较，有明显差异（P〈0．01）；GCS评分在利多卡因治疗7d、14d后较对照组明显增加（P〈0．01）。结论早期静脉注射利多卡因能明显减轻颅脑损伤后SAH继发性脑组织损伤的程度，有利于神经功能的早期恢复。     

高渗盐水治疗脑水肿和高颅压研究进展

脑水肿和高颅压可由颅脑损伤、脑血管病、颅内肿瘤等多种神经系统疾病引起.如何早期有效地防治脑水肿及降低高颅压（ICP）是神经科疾病救治的重要环节.虽然临床上有多种传统方法控制脑水肿、降低颅内压,但综合效果仍不能令人满意.近年来,实验及临床研究表明：高渗盐水（hypertonic Saline,HS）具有确切的抵抗脑水肿及降颅压效果,且不良反应少,有趋势作为颅脑损伤后脑水肿和高颅压的一线治疗.     

局部亚低温对颅脑损伤患者去骨瓣减压术后脑膨出并发症的影响

目的 探讨局部亚低温对颅脑损伤患者去骨瓣减压术后脑膨出并发症的控制作用.方法 选取行去骨瓣减压术治疗的重型颅脑损伤患者86例,术后给予常规治疗32例,在常规治疗的基础上加用局部亚低温辅助治疗54例.术后12 h亚低温治疗前对患者行格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS),检测颅内压(ICP)、脑灌注压(CPP)及血氧饱和度(SaO2).术后7d判定患者脑膨出情况并再次检测ICP及CPP. 结果常规治疗组与局部亚低温治疗组在年龄、性别、受伤至手术时间分布、亚低温治疗前GCS评分、ICP、CPP及SaO2方面的差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).术后7 d亚低温治疗组患者脑膨出发生率、脑膨出程度及ICP均低于常规治疗组,CPP高于常规治疗组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 去骨瓣减压术后进行局部亚低温治疗有助于提高CPP、降低ICP,并且减少脑膨出的发生率和脑膨出程度,有利于脑损伤患者功能恢复.     

超低频经颅磁刺激对抑郁症的疗效

目的 评估超低频经颅磁刺激对抑郁症患者的疗效.方法 在某精神卫生中心心身疾病科选择符合〈国际疾病分类（第10版）〉（ICD-10）抑郁发作诊断标准的住院病人共100人,采用简单随机法分为药物联合超低频经颅磁刺激治疗组（研究组）与单纯药物治疗组（对照组）.两组均使用帕罗西汀治疗,研究组联合超低频经颅磁刺激治疗,对照组给予＂伪治疗＂.治疗前和治疗4周分别对所有研究对象进行汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD-17）评定,计算两次量表分差得到减分数.结果 治疗后,研究组HAMD平均得分（8.33±0.76）分,对照组平均得分（7.15±0.62）分,两组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;研究组平均药物用量为31.18mg/d,对照组为22.14mg/d,两者差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;研究组HAMD平均减分数为10.82分,对照组为11.92分,两者差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）.结论 药物联合超低频经颅磁刺激对抑郁症疗效差于单纯药物治疗,且可能增加抗抑郁剂用量.     

中、重型颅脑损伤患者脑血流动力学变化与颅内压、脑灌注压的相关性研究

目的 探讨经颅多普勒（TCD）无创检测中、重型颅脑损伤患者的脑血流动力学变化与颅内压和脑灌注压的关系。方法 前瞻性研究52例急性中、重型颅脑损伤患者的双侧大脑中动脉血流动力学状态，TCD检测脑血流动力学参数包括收缩期血流速度（Vp）、舒张期血流速度（Vd）、平均血流速度（Vm）、搏动指数（PI）、阻力指数（RI），持续监测颅内压（ICP）和脑灌注压（CPP）、平均动脉血压（MABP）。对脑血流动力学参数、MABP与ICP、CPP进行相关性分析。结果 PI、RI与ICP正相关系数分别为PI：r=0．881（P＜0．0001）；RI：r=0．789（P＜0．0001），ICP和CPP与PI、RI、Vd、Vm、MABP多元逐步回归分析发现PI与ICP，CPP与PI、MABP关系最为密切（P＜0．0001）。结论 无创脑血流动力学检测可实时反映ICP和CPP的变化，可作为ICP和CPP监测的一种有效方法，具有无创、安全、价廉的特点，易于临床推广应用。     

大骨瓣减压术治疗颅脑创伤后顽固性高颅压

目的 探讨大骨瓣开颅减压术(DC)治疗重型颅脑创伤(sTBI)后顽固性高颅压的作用及实施DC的时机对预后的影响.方法 回顾性分析132例临床资料,根据伤后6个月时的GOS评分将其分为良好组(GOS 4～5分,n=55),不良组(GOS 2～3分,n=46)和死亡组(GOS 1分,n=31).研究DC对于sTBI患者伤后颅内压(ICP)和脑灌注压(CPP)治疗作用及不同时间实施DC对预后的影响.结果 本研究病例的死亡率为23.5%(31/132),恢复良好率41.7%(55/132).DC前后的ICP平均值为(35.0±12.8)mmHg和(18.3±12.0)mmHg(P＜0.05)、CPP平均值为(50.2±12.4)mmHg和(60.6±12.0)mmHg(P＜0.05),在恢复良好组,DC前后这两个指标变化则更为显著.在伤后不同时间段实施DC与死亡率和恢复良好率无显著相关性.结论 DC对于sTBI后弥漫性脑肿胀、脑水肿所致顽固性高颅压患者在存活组比死亡组更能有效地降低ICP和升高CPP,而伤后实施DC的时间对于预后影响不明显.DC后持续存在ICP≥25 mmHg是预测死亡的敏感指标.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the role of decompressive craniectomy (DC) to decrease the intractable intracranial hypertension(ICH) due to the diffuse brain swelling and/or cerebral edema after severe traumatic brain injury and the time window of DC to affect on the prognosis.Methods The clinical record of 132 patients who underwent DC for post- traumatic intractable ICH in our hospital from July 2003 to December 2009 with sTBI(Glasgow coma scale≤8) were analyzed retrospectively.The outcome was as measured by Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) at the 6th month post-trauma and these patients were divided into favorable group(GOS 4～5,n = 55 ),unfavorable group (GOS 2 ～ 3,n = 46) and Death (GOS 1,n = 31 ).The influence of DC on intracranial pressure (ICP),cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) and timing of DC on prognosis were analyzed.Methods Of 132 patients,mortality was 23.5% (31/132 ),favorable outcome was observed in 41.7% (55/132 ).Through undergoing DC,ICP decreased from (35.0±12.8) mmHgto (18.3±12.0) mmHg(P＜0.05)and CPP increased from (50.2±12.4)mmHg to (60.6±12.0)mmHg(P＜0.05).These changes were more significant in survivors than in non- survivors (P=0.001 and P=0.003).No tendency towards either increased or decreased in favorable outcome and mortality was found relative to the timing of DC post-trauma.Persistent ICP≥25 mmHg of post- DC was a predicted parameter of mortality(sensitivity 81.6% ,specificity 92.4%,positive predictive value 68.4%,negative predictive value 94.7%).Conclusion DC deceased ICP and increased CPP more obviously in survivors compared to non-survivors in sTBI with ICH.The timing of DC showed no clear trend,for either good neurological outcome or death.The postoperative ICP ≥ 25 mmHg was a threshold to predicted mortality.     

Polynitroxylated-pegylated hemoglobin attenuates fluid requirements and brain edema in combined traumatic brain injury plus hemorrhagic shock in mice

Polynitroxylated-pegylated hemoglobin (PNPH), a bovine hemoglobin decorated with nitroxide and polyethylene glycol moieties, showed neuroprotection vs. lactated Ringer''s (LR) in experimental traumatic brain injury plus hemorrhagic shock (TBI+HS). Hypothesis: Resuscitation with PNPH will reduce intracranial pressure (ICP) and brain edema and improve cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) vs. LR in experimental TBI+HS. C57/BL6 mice (n=20) underwent controlled cortical impact followed by severe HS to mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 25 to 27 mm Hg for 35 minutes. Mice (n=10/group) were then resuscitated with a 20 mL/kg bolus of 4% PNPH or LR followed by 10 mL/kg boluses targeting MAP>70 mm Hg for 90 minutes. Shed blood was then reinfused. Intracranial pressure was monitored. Mice were killed and %brain water (%BW) was measured (wet/dry weight). Mice resuscitated with PNPH vs. LR required less fluid (26.0±0.0 vs. 167.0±10.7 mL/kg, P<0.001) and had a higher MAP (79.4±0.40 vs. 59.7±0.83 mm Hg, P<0.001). The PNPH-treated mice required only 20 mL/kg while LR-resuscitated mice required multiple boluses. The PNPH-treated mice had a lower peak ICP (14.5±0.97 vs. 19.7±1.12 mm Hg, P=0.002), higher CPP during resuscitation (69.2±0.46 vs. 45.5±0.68 mm Hg, P<0.001), and lower %BW vs. LR (80.3±0.12 vs. 80.9±0.12%, P=0.003). After TBI+HS, resuscitation with PNPH lowers fluid requirements, improves ICP and CPP, and reduces brain edema vs. LR, supporting its development.     

In vivo multiparametric monitoring of brain functions under intracranial hypertension following mannitol administration

OBJECTIVE: Over the last 20 years, mannitol has replaced other osmotic diuretics. Its beneficial effects on intracranial pressure (ICP), cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), cerebral blood flow (CBF) and brain metabolism are widely accepted. In the present study, we tested the effect of mannitol injection on brain hemodynamic, metabolic, ionic and electrical state in rats exposed to intracranial hypertension. METHODS: The parameters monitored simultaneously included ICP, CBF using the laser Doppler flowmetry, mitochondrial NADH redox state by the fluorometric technique, extracellular K(+) and H(+) levels, DC potential, ECoG, blood pressure and calculated CPP. ICP was elevated to 30 mmHg for 30 minutes and mannitol was injected 15 minutes post-ICP elevation. RESULTS: Our results showed that mannitol decreased ICP, and improved the levels of MAP, CPP and CBF. Moreover, mannitol completely prevented mortality following intracranial hypertension in rats. CONCLUSION: It seems that the multiparametric monitoring approach, used in intracranial hypertension models, is an important tool for brain functional state evaluation.     

ICP and CPP: excellent predictors of long term outcome in severely brain injured children

Objective To determine the predictive powers of intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) amongst severely brain injured children. Materials and methods ICP and CPP were recorded from thirty-five severely brain injured children who were prospectively recruited after admission to paediatric intensive care. Twenty-five suffered traumatic brain injury (TBI) and ten suffered non-TBI. Peak ICP and minimum CPP recorded for each patient during their admission were related to 5 year Glasgow Outcome Scale outcome. Receiver operator characteristic curves determined that the optimum threshold for unfavourable outcome prediction was ≥40 mmHg for ICP and ≤49 mmHg for CPP. At these thresholds the sensitivity/specificity pairs for the prediction of unfavourable outcome were 33.3/100% and 55.6/100% for ICP and CPP, respectively, amongst patients suffering TBI and were 46.2/100% and 66.2/100% for ICP and CPP, respectively, amongst all patients. Conclusion ICP and CPP are accurate predictors of unfavourable outcome.     

Fluid Balance,Complications, and Brain Tissue Oxygen Tension Monitoring Following Severe Traumatic Brain Injury

Background  

Refractory intracranial hypertension (RIH) frequently complicates severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and is associated with worse outcomes. Aggressive fluid resuscitation contributes to the development of peripheral and pulmonary edema, but an effect on cerebral edema is not well established. Some clinicians, including advocates of the “Lund Concept”, practice fluid restriction as a means of limiting cerebral edema and reducing intracranial pressure (ICP).     

The Physiologic Effects of Indomethacin Test on CPP and ICP in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury (sTBI)

Background

Refractory intracranial hypertension (RICH) is associated with high mortality in severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI). Indomethacin (INDO) can decrease intracranial cerebral pressure (ICP) improving cerebral pressure perfusion (CPP). Our aim was to determine modifications in ICP and CPP following INDO in RICH secondary to sTBI.

Methods

INDO was administered in a loading dose (0.8 mg/kg/15 min), followed by continuous 2-h infusion period (0.5 mg/kg/h). Clinical outcome was assessed at 30 days according to Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). Differences in ICP and CPP values were assessed using repeated-measures ANOVA. Receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was used for discrimination in predicting 30-day survival and good functional outcome (GOS 4 or 5). Analysis of INDO safety profile was also conducted.

Results

Thirty-two patients were included. Median GCS score was 6 (interquartile range: 4–7). The most frequent CT finding was the evacuated mass lesion (EML) according to Marshall classification (28.1 %). Mortality rate was 34.4 %. Within 15 min of INDO infusion, ICP decreased (Δ%: ?54.6 %; P < 0.0001), CPP increased (Δ%: +44.0 %; P < 0.0001), and the remaining was stable during the entire infusion period. Patients with good outcome (n = 12) showed a greater increase of CPP during INDO test (P = 0.028). CPP response to INDO test discriminated moderately well surviving patients (AUC = 0.751; P = 0.0098) and those with good functional recovery (AUC = 0.763; P = 0.0035) from those who died and from those with worse functional outcome, respectively. No adverse events were observed.

Conclusions

INDO appears effective in reducing ICP and improving CPP in RICH. INDO test could be a useful tool in identifying RICH patients with favorable outcome. Future studies are needed.     

Noninvasive study of critical thresholds of intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure for cerebral circulation and brain function

To ascertain the critical thresholds of intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) for cerebral circulation and brain function, the extra- and intracranial haemodynamics and electrical brain responses were evaluated noninvasively with Doppler ultrasonography and multimodality evoked potentials (MEP's) in 50 patients with severe head injury. Both extra- and intracranial blood flow velocities changed monotonically depending on the changes in ICP and CPP. They were decreased when ICP increased to 20-30 mmHg and when CPP decreased to 40-50 mmHg. The changes in elasticity index of the pulse wave of the common carotid artery was proportional to those of blood flow velocities. The frequency and degree of abnormalities of MEP's were proportionally increased with the rise of ICP and reduction of CPP. When ICP increased to higher than 31 mmHg, MEP's were classified as moderately or severely abnormal in more than 76% of the recordings. These results indicate that noninvasive study by use of Doppler ultrasonography and MEP's can provide valuable information on critical brain ischaemia and brain dysfunction in patients with acute intracranial hypertension.     

Persistent arterial hyperammonemia increases the concentration of glutamine and alanine in the brain and correlates with intracranial pressure in patients with fulminant hepatic failure.

In this prospective study of patients with fulminant hepatic failure (FHF), we tested the hypothesis that arterial hyperammonemia results in cerebral accumulation of the osmotic active amino acids glutamine and alanine, processes that were expected to correlate with intracranial pressure (ICP). By using in vivo brain microdialysis technique together with ICP monitoring in 17 FHF patients (10 females/7 males; median age 49 (range 18 to 66) years), we found that arterial ammonia concentration correlated to brain content of glutamine (r=0.47; P<0.05) but not to alanine. A persisting high arterial ammonia concentration (above 200 micromol/L) characterized patients who developed high ICP (n=8) while patients who did not experience surges of increased ICP (n=9) had a decline in the ammonia level (P<0.05). Moreover, brain glutamine and alanine concentrations were higher at baseline and increased further in patients who developed intracranial hypertension compared with patients who experienced no surges of high ICP. Brain glutamine concentration increased 32% from baseline to 6536 (697 to 9712) micromol/L (P<0.05), and alanine 44% from baseline to 104 (81 to 381) micromol/L (P<0.05). Brain concentration of glutamine (r=0.59, P<0.05), but not alanine, correlated to ICP. Also arterial ammonia concentration correlated to ICP (r=0.73, P<0.01). To conclude, this study shows that persistence of arterial hyperammonemia is associated with profound changes in the cerebral concentration of glutamine and alanine. The elevation of brain glutamine concentration correlated to ICP in patients with FHF.     

颅内压初始值对颅脑损伤后顽固性颅内压增高的预测价值

目的探讨颅内压（ICP）初始值（在手术室放置ICP监护探头后初次测得的ICP数值）对颅脑损伤（TBI）后顽固性颅内压增高（RICP,ICP持续维持在30mmHg以上超过15min,各种非手术治疗无效）的预测价值。方法对118例行ICP监测的TBI患者展开前瞻性观察研究,分析ICP初始值对RICP的预判价值。结果本组发生RICP43例,发生率为3．4％。Logistic回归分析显示ICP初始值是TBI患者发生RICP的独立危险因素（优势比为1．152;95％可信区间为1．078～1．232;P〈0．001）。受试者工作特征曲线分析结果显示初始ICP的最佳临界值为19．5mmHg,此时灵敏度为97．7％,特异度为64．7％;当初始ICP≥19．5mmHg时,RICP的发生率高达82．7％。结论TBI患者的ICP初始值≥19．5mmHg对发生RICP有很好的预测价值。