电针与氟西汀治疗抑郁症疗效的对照研究

目的　对比电针与氟西汀治疗抑郁症的疗效。方法　将 95例抑郁症患者随机分为电针组 ( 31例 )、氟西汀组 ( 32例 )及安慰剂组 ( 32例 )。电针组采用智能电针仪治疗 ,用抗抑郁波型 ,以毫针针刺百会、印堂穴 ,强度 2～ 3V ,4 5min/次 ,1次 /d ,每周 5次 ,同时服安慰剂 ;氟西汀组予氟西汀胶囊 2 0mg/d ,并接受模拟电针 ;安慰剂组用安慰剂并接受模拟电针 ;疗程 6周。于治疗前及治疗中每 2周评定 1次汉密尔顿抑郁量表 (HAMD)、Asberg抗抑郁药副作用量表、抑郁自评量表 (SDS)、临床总体印象量表 (CGI)。结果　治疗第 6周末 ,电针组的HAMD总分 [( 10 19± 5 88)分 ]低于安慰剂组[( 13 88± 8 2 9)分 ;P <0 0 5 ],SDS评分 [( 5 3 0 2± 9 6 7)分 ]亦低于安慰剂组 [( 6 0 0 0± 12 89)分 ;P <0 0 5 ];安慰剂组CGI中的病情严重程度 [( 3 16± 1 32 )分 ]重于电针组 [( 2 4 2± 1 0 3)分 ]和氟西汀组[( 2 5 6± 1 13)分 ;P <0 0 5 ],总体进步分 [( 2 84± 1 2 7)分 ]低于电针组 [( 2 10± 0 94 )分 ;P <0 0 1]和氟西汀组 [( 2 2 5± 1 0 8)分 ;P <0 0 5 ];电针组与氟西汀组各项评分的差异均无显著性。三组Asberg量表评分差异无显著性。结论　电针与氟西汀治疗重性抑郁症的疗效基本相同     

晚发精神分裂症患者局部脑血流及认知功能的研究

目的　探讨晚发精神分裂症患者局部脑血流 (rCBF)及认知功能损害的特点。方法　对2 1例首次发病年龄≥ 5 0岁的精神分裂症患者进行脑单光子发射计算机体层摄影术 (SPECT)检查 ,并采用阳性和阴性症状量表 (PANSS)、简易精神状态量表 (MMSE)、中国修订韦克斯勒成人智力量表、韦克斯勒记忆量表 (WMS)及威斯康星卡片分类测验等进行评定 ,经利培酮 [(2 7± 0 8)mg/d ,2次 /d]治疗 8周后 ,其中 11例患者 (PANSS减分率大于 2 5 % )再次完成上述测定。 2 0名正常人完成SPECT、MMSE及WMS测定。结果　 (1)治疗前患者组左额叶、左顶叶、双侧颞下、双侧基底节及右丘脑 (P <0 0 1)的放射性计数比值 (RAR)低于对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,且左额叶RAR (0 85± 0 11)低于右额叶(0 86± 0 10 ;P =0 0 13) ;其MMSE评分 (2 3 33± 4 10 )低于对照组 [(2 8 35± 1 6 3)分 ,P <0 0 1];WMS总分及其大部分测验项目分亦均低于对照组 (P <0 0 1或 0 0 5 )。 (2 )治疗后患者组仅MMSE分[(2 4 73± 4 4 5 )分 ]、WMS的定向因子分 [(3 82± 1 0 8)分 ]和背数因子分 [(5 0 0± 3 4 9)分 ]高于治疗前[分别为 (2 2 4 5± 3 98)分、(3 18± 1 0 8)分和 (2 6 4± 3 88)分 ;P <0 0 5 ],而各脑区rCBF及其余认知功能的变化均无显     

精神分裂症患者与其健康同胞的注意和执行功能障碍的对照研究

目的　探讨精神分裂症患者及其健康同胞的注意、工作记忆 /执行功能的特点。方法对 5 0例精神分裂症患者 (患者组 )及其健康同胞 5 0名 (同胞组 ) ,以及 4 5名正常对照者 (正常对照组 )采用威斯康星卡片分类测验 (WCST)和持续操作测验 (CPT) ,评估注意、工作记忆 /执行功能。结果　(1)在WCST中 ,患者组及其同胞组的总测验次数 (分别为 83 4± 2 3 2和 74 1± 2 4 6 )、持续错误数 (分别为 2 5 8± 11 7和 2 2 8± 10 7)、随机错误数 (33 4± 19 2和 2 5 9± 17 1)均高于正常对照组 (分别为6 0 0± 2 1 6、14 8± 8 3和 18 1± 16 0 ;P <0 0 1)。 (2 )在CPT中 ,患者组的评分 [(2 8 4± 4 0 )分 ]低于同胞组 [(30 4± 2 3)分 ]和正常对照组 [(30 9± 2 8)分 ],而同胞组与正常对照组的差异无显著性(P >0 0 5 )。(3)患者组及其同胞组发生执行功能障碍 (分别为 2 9例和 2 5例 )和注意缺陷 (分别为 2 2例和 7例 )的例数均多于正常对照组 (分别为 9例和 4例 ;P <0 0 1) ,其中有工作记忆 /执行功能缺陷的精神分裂症患者 ,其同胞出现这一缺陷的比率 (6 6 % )高于无缺陷的精神分裂症患者的同胞 (2 8% )。(4)WCST中的持续错误数与文化程度呈负相关 (r =- 0 32 ,P <0 0 1) ,CPT与性别 (r=- 0 2     

利培酮对精神分裂症患者血浆高香草酸的影响

目的　探讨利培酮对精神分裂症患者中枢多巴胺代谢产物血浆高香草酸 (pHVA)的影响。方法　 30例精神分裂症住院患者 (患者组 )纳入研究 ,利培酮治疗平均剂量为 (3 2± 1 1)mg/d ,共观察 6周。以阳性和阴性症状量表 (PANSS)评定疗效 ,以高效液相库仑阵列电化学检测法测定患者治疗前后的 pHVA含量。 30例健康志愿者作为对照组 ,检测pHVA水平。 结果　 (1)患者组治疗前 pHVA含量 [(7 9± 4 0 ) μg /L]与对照组含量 [(8 8± 4 1) μg /L]的差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 ) ,而患者组治疗后 pHVA含量 [(5 3± 2 7) μg/L]明显低于治疗前 (P <0 0 1) ;(2 )治疗前患者组 pHVA与PANSS阳性症状评分 [(2 0 7± 4 1)分 ]存在正相关 (r =0 39,P <0 0 0 1) ,与基线PANSS阴性症状评分 [(19 7± 5 1)分 ]存在负相关 (r =- 0 35 ,P <0 0 1) ;(3)基础pHVA含量及其治疗前后差值[(2 6± 1 3) μg/L]与PANSS阳性症状评分减分值 [(10 8± 4 1)分 ]均分别呈正相关 (r =0 4 8,P <0 0 1;r=0 6 0 ,P <0 0 0 1)。结论　患者组治疗前pHVA可部分反映精神分裂症症状 (尤其是阳性症状 )的严重程度 ,基础 pHVA含量及治疗前后pHVA水平的变化与利培酮治疗阳性症状的疗效相关。     

首发精神分裂症早期干预的康复效果

目的　探讨早期干预措施对首发精神分裂症患者的康复效果。方法　将 6 2例首发男性精神分裂症住院患者随机分为干预组 (30例 )和对照组 (32例 ) ,在利培酮治疗的同时 ,对干预组予以心理社会干预措施 ,观察时间为 8周 ,出院后随访 6个月。用阴性、阳性症状评定量表 (PANSS)、住院病人护士观察量表 (NOSIE 30 )和复发率进行评估。结果　入组时与随访最后时点评分差值的比较 ,干预组患者的PANSS总分 (4 6 37± 13 6 5 )、阳性症状分 (18 2 4± 5 83)、阴性症状分 (14 5 5± 5 4 0 )均优于对照组 (分别为 4 1 5 9± 14 6 3、15 30± 6 2 2、19 84± 7 36 ,P <0 0 5～P <0 0 1) ;干预组患者的积极因素分 (- 38 6 5± 9 79)、消极因素分 (31 0 2± 12 5 3)、总评估分 (- 6 6 30± 14 4 5 )皆显著优于对照组 (分别为 - 9 6 7± 11 2 3、3 18± 14 4 7、- 11 6 2± 2 3 75 ,P均 =0 0 0 0 ) ;干预组的复发率 (6 6 7% )低于对照组 (18 75 % ) ,但差异无显著性。结论　对首发精神分裂症患者早期干预措施 ,能较好改善患者的精神症状、提高社会功能、降低复发率 ,故有利于患者重返社会     

抑郁症患者的Quisi试验研究

目的　探讨Quisi在抑郁症辅助诊断中的价值。方法　应用德国Quisi仪 ,对 2 4例抑郁症患者 (抑郁症组 )的睡眠脑电进行 2次全夜测试 ,并与 2 1名正常受试者 (正常对照组 )进行对照。结果　 (1)抑郁症组在第 1夜的各项指标中 ,仅总记录时间短于第 2夜 [分别为 (478 1± 2 7 4 )min和(499 5± 2 5 7)min ;P <0 0 1]。 (2 )抑郁症组与正常对照组比较 ,睡眠潜伏期长 [分别为 (34 5± 17 9)min和 (2 3 9± 17 4 )min ;P <0 0 5 ],觉醒时间长 [分别为 (39 8± 2 1 9)min和 (19 3± 14 9)min],睡眠效率低 [分别为 (83 7± 6 9) %和 (93 3± 5 1) % ],睡眠维持率低 [分别为 (88 8± 9 1) %和 (99 8±4 9) % ],REM睡眠潜伏期短 [分别为 (6 9 9± 16 3)min和 (88 6± 15 9)min],第二阶段百分比高 [分别为 (5 5 3± 11 9) %和 (47 5± 7 8) % ;P <0 0 5 ],第三阶段百分比高 [分别为 (8 9± 6 9) %和 (14 1±6 1) % ],REM睡眠百分比低 [分别为 (10 1± 5 9) %和 (16 9± 5 1) % ],伪迹百分比高 [分别为 (3 9±1 3) %和 (1 9± 0 8) % ],P <0 0 5或P <0 0 1。结论　Quisi适合于全夜监测。在缺乏相关设备的基层医院 ,Quisi技术可用于对抑郁症的检测。     

注意缺陷多动障碍患儿感觉统合能力发展水平的对照研究

为探讨注意缺陷多动障碍 (ＡＤＨＤ)患儿的感觉统合能力发展水平及其在ＡＤＨＤ发生中的作用 ,我们对ＡＤＨＤ患儿与正常儿童进行了对照研究。对象和方法　 (1)研究组 :为 1997年 1月至 2 0 0 0年 3月在我中心就诊的 12 6例ＡＤＨＤ患儿 ,均符合中国精神疾病分类方案与诊断标准第 2版修订本中儿童多动症的诊断标准 ,排除精神发育迟滞、情绪障碍、品行障碍及严重躯体疾病等。其中男 96名 ,女 30名 ;年龄 6 0～ 13岁 ,平均 (8 9± 1 7)岁。(2 )对照组 :为某小学在读的 12 6名健康儿童。其中男 96名 ,女 30名 ;年龄 6 5～ 13岁 ,平均 (9 1± …     

β-淀粉样多肽神经毒性的氧化应激机制和褪黑素神经保护机制研究

目的　观察氧化应激在 β 淀粉样多肽 (Aβ)神经毒性的介导作用和褪黑素 (Mel)神经保护作用的抗氧化机制 ,为老年性痴呆的抗氧化治疗提供依据。方法　新生大鼠原代神经元培养 ,分为实验组 (A1 ,B1 ,C1 ,D1 组 )、治疗组 (A2 ,B2 ,C2 ,D2 组 )和空白对照组。实验组四组分别暴露浓度为 0 5 ,1 0 ,1 0 0 ,2 0 0 μmol/L的Aβ2 5 35,治疗组四组同时暴露 1 0 μmol/LMel。比色法测定丙二醛 (MDA)、还原型谷胱甘肽 (GSH)水平以及过氧化氢酶 (CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (GSH Px)活力 ,并用MTT法测定培养神经元细胞存活率。统计学方法采用方差分析、t检验和相关分析。结果　细胞存活率与Aβ浓度呈显著性负相关 (r=- 0 834 ,P <0 0 0 1 )。MDA :实验组 (A1 ,B1 ,C1 ,D1 组 ,以下同 )分别为 (2 1±0 5)nmol/L ,(3 1± 0 5)nmol/L ,(4 8± 0 9)nmol/L ,(6 0± 0 6)nmol/L ;治疗组 (A2 ,B2 ,C2 ,D2 组 ,以下同 )分别为 (1 9± 0 3)nmol/L ,(2 3± 0 3)nmol/L ,(2 8± 0 5)nmol/L ,(2 9± 0 4)nmol/L ;对照组为(1 6± 0 2 )nmol/L。GSH :实验组分别为 (8 3± 1 5)g/L ,(5 8± 1 7)g/L ,(4 4± 1 3)g/L ,(3 7± 0 5)g/L ,治疗组分别为 (9 9± 1 6)g/L ,(7 7± 1 7)g/L ,(6 3± 1 2 )g/L ,     

社区阿尔茨海默病早期征象的研究

目的　了解阿尔茨海默病 (AD)患者的早期征象。方法　在 1997年 6月至 1998年 4月对成都市 5 35 3名年龄≥ 5 5周岁的社区人群进行痴呆患病率调查的基础上 ,于 2 0 0 0年 11月 12日至2 0 0 1年 3月 2 1日仍用两阶段法随访其中的 36 87名正常人群。实际随访 2 86 9名 (77 81% ) ,失访 818名 (2 2 19% )。用美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第 3版修订本的标准诊断痴呆 ,用美国神经病语言障碍和卒中研究所及阿尔茨海默病与相关障碍协会的AD标准做出可能AD和很可能AD诊断 ,用临床痴呆程度评定量表评定痴呆严重程度。结果　 (1)查出可疑痴呆 5 8例 (2 0 4 % ) ,AD2 5例 (0 88% )。(2 )AD患者年龄 [(79± 6 )岁 ]高于可疑痴呆者 [(76± 8)岁 ]和正常人 [(6 6± 7)岁 ;P <0 0 0 1]。(3)AD患者基线简易精神状态检查 (MMSE)总分及各分项评分均低于可疑痴呆者和正常人 ,均P <0 0 0 1。AD患者随访时的MMSE总分和积木测验评分下降了 [(6 86± 5 77)分和 (4 11± 6 4 1)分 ],下降程度快于可疑痴呆者 [(3 5 5± 4 5 0 )分和 (4 89± 6 89)分 ]和正常人 [(0 5 6± 3 76 )分和 (1 11± 6 86 )分 ;P <0 0 5 ]。有记忆力减退病史者 (2 83例 )中 ,AD患者的比例 (44 0 % )显著高于可疑痴呆者 (32 8% )和正常人 (9     

脑卒中患者血浆白细胞介素13水平的动态变化

目的　探讨白细胞介素 13(IL 13)在抑制脑卒中炎性损伤中的作用。方法　用酶联免疫吸附法 (ELISA)测定 5 0例脑梗死患者及 30例脑出血患者发病后 48h内及第 6～ 8天、第 15天血浆IL 13的水平 ,并检测 6 0例对照者的血浆IL 13水平。结果　脑梗死组 3个时相血浆IL 13水平 (ng/L)分别为 37 6± 6 2 ,45 2± 10 1,41 3± 8 3;脑出血组为 36 6± 4 9,45 3± 8 9,38 1± 5 6 ;均较危险因素对照组 (2 8 0± 3 2 )及健康对照组 (2 6 4± 2 7)明显增高。中度 (脑梗死组 :40 7± 5 8,5 1 1± 8 0 ,44 8± 7 2 ;脑出血组 :38 2± 4 1,48 2± 5 8,38 7± 4 1)及重度 (脑梗死组 :42 3± 5 2 ,5 3 3± 7 2 ,47 3± 9 6 ;脑出血组 :38 6± 3 9,5 2 2± 9 2 ,40 6± 7 6 )患者血浆IL 13水平明显增高 ,且第 6～ 8天的水平最高。结论　IL 13可能参与了抑制脑卒中炎性损伤的病理过程 ,并与病情程度呈正相关。     

Treatment Considerations in Anticonvulsant Monotherapy

Summary: The long-standing practice of polypharmacy in treating epilepsy is giving way to use of monotherapy. Monotherapy can improve seizure control as well as reduce the risk of serious idiosyncratic reactions, dose-related side effects, and complex drug interactions. Monotherapy also offers improved compliance and cost-effectiveness. The basis of monotherapy is accurate diagnosis and assessment of the patient's seizure type(s), followed by selection of a single appropriate anticonvulsant drug. Many patients currently treated with multiple anticonvulsants can be successfully converted to monotherapy with a carefully monitored program in which troublesome and redundant drugs are gradually withdrawn from the therapeutic regimen.     

Dextromethorphan: Cellular Effects Reducing Neuronal Hyperactivity

Summary: Dextromethorphan is a dextrorotary morphinan without affinity for opioid receptors, commonly used as an antitussive medication. During the past 5 years, interest in the compound and its demethylated derivative, dextrorphan, has been revived because additional neuroprotective and an-tiepileptic properties were found in in vitro studies, animal experiments, and a few clinical cases. Both morphinans are able to inhibit N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channels and voltage-operated calcium and sodium channels with different potencies. The inhibition of the NMDA receptor is believed to be the predominant mechanism of action responsible for the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties of the compounds.     

Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery

Summary: The use of implantable arrays of epidural electrodes has made it possible to carry out extraoperative electrocorticography (ECoG) and functional localization in the awake child. This has permitted cortical excisions that are determined by criteria similar to those obtained during surgical procedures performed under local anesthesia in adults. In addition, the method also permits simultaneous ECoG and video monitoring during the child's symptomatic seizures, providing additional important localizing information that is impractical to obtain in operations under local anesthesia. We report our experience with 75 children, ages 5 months to 15 years, whom we have managed with epidural electrode arrays. The method of extraoperative ECoG is described and illustrative cases are presented to demonstrate its feasibility and utility in children. In addition, we call attention to gliomas as a common cause of chronic focal seizures in children. Of 49 children undergoing resection and followed for from 1 to 14 years (mean of 5.8 years), 32 (65%) are either seizure free or have had a significant reduction in seizure frequency that has unambiguously improved their quality of life. The results are analyzed further by relating the surgical outcome to each of the pathologic entities that caused the seizures. This analysis reveals the variety of neurological conditions that commonly cause intractable focal seizure disorder in children and distinguishes those pathologic entities in which the seizure disorder is apt to respond to surgical intervention from those that will not.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour une psychiatrie revisitée ? Introduction à deux articles de E. Kandel

In two articles which appeared in the American Journal of Psychiatry and that were subsequently translated for Évolution Psychiatrique, E. Kandel examines the bases for a reinterpreted psychiatry that is prepared to confront the major challenge of the 3rd millenium: that of insight into the mind and brain. This requires a major reorganization of the discipline, which involves a reinvestment of the scientific approach and a critical  assessment of the data provided by psychoanalytical psychiatry and cognitive neurosciences. Seven concepts have therefore been proposed for interactive re-examination: consciousness, the unconscious, memory, emotion, development, desire, impulse. The dynamic relations existing between genetics and the environment allow one to see how evolutions are possible from actions at different levels, both psychotherapeutic and pharmacological. Imaging and other techniques provide additional objective information to the process of human interaction which remains the basis of psychiatry. A common framework for psychiatry and the neurosciences, a reconsideration and renewal of the psychoanalytical approach are both possible and necessary.     

Opioids and the developing organism: A comprehensive bibliography, 1984–1988

A comprehensive bibliography of the literature concerned with opioids and the developing organism for 1984-1988 is presented. Utilized with companion papers (Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 6:439-479; 1982; 8:387-403; 1984), these articles cover the clinical and laboratory references beginning in 1875. For the years 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, and 1988, a total of 877 citations were recorded. A series of indexes accompanies the citations in order to make the literature more accessible. These indexes are divided into clinical and laboratory topics, and subdivided into such topics as the type of opioid explored and the general area of biological interest (e.g., physiology).     

La biologie et le futur de la psychanalyse : un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour une psychiatrie revisitée

The American Journal of Psychiatry has received a number of letters in response to my earlier “Framework” article (1). Some of these are reprinted elsewhere in this issue, and I have answered them briefly there. However, one issue raised by some letters deserves a more detailed answer, and that relates to whether biology is at all relevant to psychoanalysis. To my mind, this issue is so central to the future of psychoanalysis that it cannot be addressed with a brief comment. I therefore have written this article in an attempt to outline the importance of biology for the future of psychoanalysis.     

Facteurs de risque environnementaux à la schizophrénie

Schizophrenia is currently a major concern, its prevalence being estimated at around 1% and its social consequences being severe. The elucidation of the pathophysiology of the disease is difficult due to the great variability of clinical expressions, the instability of the clinical symptoms during the evolution and the absence of reliable biological markers. The existence of a familial aggregation in schizophrenia is well known, the risk of presenting the disease for first-degree relatives of patients being 5 to 10 times higher than the risk observed in the general population. The genetic component was further confirmed by twin and adoption studies. Although the concordance for the disease is higher (40 to 70%) among monozygotic twins as compared with dizygotic twins (15%) it does not reach 100%, which implies that environmental factors modulate the effects of the genotype. However, the role of these factors and especially their interaction with genetic factors remain unclear but the implications of some specific environmental factors are well documented by recent research data. The current literature on sex differences in schizophrenia is consistent. Several studies have suggested that male and female patients may differ in age at the onset and expression of clinical symptoms. Complications during pregnancy or birth-giving may increase the risk of developing schizophrenia later in life. The major complications are oxygen deprivation during pregnancy, bleeding, maternal malnutrition or infection (exposure to influenza, for example). A low birth weight is associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia. Psychoses are more common among people living in an urban environment and among those born during winter months. Schizophrenia is probably more prevalent in people who are living promiscuously, are subject to toxic abuse, poor nutrition and stress but here more precise data are needed. Moreover, immigrants have a higher risk of developing psychotic disorders. In addition, head traumas are associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia. Though they are contentious, some studies suggest that substance abuse (cannabis use in European countries) is related to the development of schizophrenia, especially in people with genetic vulnerability. Moreover, substance misuse may worsen the symptoms. If the environment is sufficiently stressful, people with a high genetic vulnerability will develop some degree of mental illness, including schizophrenia. Conversely, a less stressful or a protective environment may decrease the risk of its onset in persons with a predisposition to schizophrenia.