《儿童少年精神医学》

由我国著名儿童精神病学家陶国泰教授主编,国内外30多位儿童和少年精神医学专家共同撰写的《儿童少年精神医学》已由江苏科学技术出版社于1999年出版发行。它是我国继李雪荣教授主编的《现代儿童精神医学》以后又一部系统介绍关于儿童和少年精神医学的专著和大型参考书。 全书共分六篇43章,从儿童和青少年精神医学的遗传、神经生化、神经生理、流行病学基础一章开始,比较全面、系统地介绍了儿童和青少年神经系统和心理发育、发育评估与临床检查、发育和行为障碍及其治疗,最后以儿童和青少年精神障碍的预防一章结束。     

全国22个省市26个单位24013名城市在校少年儿童行为问题调查：—独生子女精神卫生问题的调查，防治和Achenbach‘s儿童行为量表中国标准化

随着时代的发展,社会向工业化、都市化发展,以及家庭结构的改变,父母对子女教育方式和期望在改变,儿童的心理压力日益加重,行为问题日趋突出。世界各国对儿童青少年精神卫生的关注也与日俱增。世界卫生组织曾指出“健康不仅是没有疾病,而是一种躯体、心理和社会适应方面的完好状态”。明确     

儿童青少年精神卫生国际观

如今全球面临相似的儿童青少年精神卫生服务的挑战.造成儿童青少年精神卫生服务巨大需求和与培训不足之间的反差的原因在于对儿童心理发育理解的缺乏,受到以往轻视儿童的历史影响,以及未意识到儿童精神疾病和治疗方面的进展.     

汶川地震青少年心身健康的特点及其心理承受力的研究

目的 探讨汶川地震后青少年心身健康及其心理承受力的特点.方法 采用随机整群取样法,对地震灾区的188名青少年(研究组)和非地震灾区的241名青少年(对照组)使用简易心身健康调查表及心理承受力量表进行测试.结果 研究组所有心身因子分均显著高于对照组(P<0.01);研究组女生除了睡眠状态、言语状态、心血管症状因子分及心理总分低于男生外,其余各因子分均高于男生,但均未有明显差异(P>0.05);地震灾区青少年心身健康与心理承受力关系密切(r为0.160～0.433,P<0.05);地震灾区青少年心身健康受多种因素的影响.结论 地震灾区青少年心身健康受到明显影响,其心身健康与心理承受力关系密切.     

年轻人离开原生家庭后安置不稳定性及可能的心理健康影响

背景:收容机构中的儿童青少年和同龄人相比可能存在较差的心身健康水平.稳定的机构照料环境对改善早期童年经历所致破坏性影响是非常重要的,童年经历包括心理创伤、虐待和忽视.目前,澳大利亚或其他国家很少有关收容机构中儿童青少年的安置稳定性高质量研究的数据.目标:首次针对澳大利亚在收容机构生活中的儿童青少年进行系统的背景、照料类型、和安置稳定性特征的调查.方法:2014年收集了墨尔本市区的四家民间儿童青少年社区服务机构的数据.样本包括322名年轻人(女性占52.8%),年龄在12-17岁之间[平均年龄=14.86,(SD=1.63)年].结果:在收容机构中,相对于社区收容照料类型(35.7%),大多数年轻人(64.3%)是基于家庭养育照料模式(即寄养、治疗型寄养照料、青少年照料模式、亲属照料、以及认领照料).然而,与所有收容照料的孩子相比,这个年龄组被社区收容比例是较高的(5%).第一次被社区收容的平均年龄为9岁(SD=4.54).不同的照料类型均无性别差异.其中有248人(76.9%)曾在收容照料系统中有一个以上的安置场所,有117人(36.5%)经历了超过5个安置场所.相对于家庭养育照料者,社区收容的儿童青少年经历了更显著的安置不稳定性(χ2=63.018,p<0.001).结论:安置不稳定性在收容照料机构是常见的现象.需要一个稳定的照料环境来改善被虐待儿童所导致的心理创伤和健康影响.精心设计并以干预为基础的研究能够增加安置稳定性,包括强化对儿童青少年收容照料者的治疗能力.     

儿童青少年拒绝上学的评估方法

目前,越来越多的儿童青少年到医院的心理门诊就诊,其主要原因之一就是拒绝上学.拒绝上学行为不仅影响儿童青少年本身的成长和发展,还严重影响他们的家庭和社会功能,对家庭的稳定和社会的发展会产生不良的影响.本文主要对儿童青少年拒绝上学的评估方法进行归纳总结.     

儿童青少年强迫症家庭因素的研究

儿童青少年强迫症是儿童青少年期常见的精神障碍之一。除生物学因素外,家庭因素在强迫症的发生发展过程中起着不可忽视的作用。本文就儿童青少年强迫症患者的父母心理状况和心理应对机制、亲子互动关系及家庭结构等特征及影响作一综述。     

儿童期与精神疾患的有关因素(综述)

儿童精神疾病的防治无论对儿童或成人均有重要意义.在资本主义国家,儿童精神疾病问题颇为突出.例如,有人曾估计在5-19岁之间的青少年中,情感失调患者高达8%.而丹麦某地对15岁以下儿童的普查结果,发现严重的精神迟钝(IQ〈50)患病率为3.4‰,可助说明问题.本文收集一些作者通过调查、追踪、比较或观察所得到的资料,就发生于儿童期的某些特殊情况及其与精神健康的关系综述如下,供儿童保健工作参考.一、儿童期神经症的促发因素和预后     

第十二届西部精神医学论坛征文通知北大核心CSCD

第十二届西部精神医学论坛预定于二零一五年七月召开,本次会议由西部精神医学协会主办。会议征文内容：1.女性及儿童青少年心理健康;2.恋爱、婚姻家庭及性心理;3.精神疾病治疗新技术;4.医学教学法研讨;5.精神病院的管理及相关法律问题;6.精神病患者回归社会;7.合理用药;8.心身健康;9.10.11.12.     

全国第二次儿童精神卫生工作协作会议在桂林召开

1987年4月22日至27日在桂林市召开了全国儿童精神卫生工作第二次协作会议。来自全国15个省、市、自治区的儿童精神卫生工作者代表计40余名。各地代表汇报了一年多来开展“儿童学习困难的原因与防治”的研究成果,同时也确定了“全国儿童及青少年心身健康情况的抽样调查”的协作课题。参加会议的代表一致呼吁:全社会、全体家长与教师以及各     

Efficacy and Effectiveness of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy

Decades of intervention research have produced a rich body of evidence on the effects of psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies with children and adolescents. Here we summarize and critique that evidence. We review findings bearing on the efficacy of psychosocial treatments and medications under controlled experimental conditions. We also report evidence, where available, on the effectiveness of both classes of treatment with clinically referred youth treated in real-world clinical contexts. In general, the large body of evidence on efficacy contrasts sharply with the small base of evidence on effectiveness. Addressing this gap through an enriched research agenda could contribute importantly to linking scientific inquiry and clinical practice—to the benefit of both ventures. This is one element of a multifaceted agenda for future research and for synthesis of research, which will require the interplay of multiple disciplines related to child and adolescent mental health.     

Satellite cells and myonuclei in young and elderly women and men

The overall aim of this study was to assess the effects of aging on the satellite cell population. Muscle biopsies were taken from the tibialis anterior muscle of healthy, moderately active young (age range, 20-32 years; n = 31) and elderly (age range, 70-83 years; n = 27) women and men with comparable physical activity pattern. Satellite cells and myonuclei were visualized using a monoclonal antibody against neural cell adhesion molecule and counterstained with Mayer's hematoxylin. An average of 211 (range, 192-241) muscle fibers were examined for each individual. Compared with the young women and men, the elderly subjects had a significantly lower (P < 0.011) number of satellite cells per muscle fiber but a significantly higher (P < 0.004) number of myonuclei per muscle fiber. The number of satellite cells relative to the total number of nuclei [satellite cells/(myonuclei + satellite cells)] was significantly lower in the elderly than in the young women and men. These results imply that a reduction in the satellite cell population occurs as a result of increasing age in healthy men and women.     

Opiate and digitalis receptor assays distinguish between neuroexcitant and inactive organochlorines and between anesthetics and convulsants

Specific binding of [3H]naloxone to rat brain tissue in vitro was inhibited by the excitant organochlorinated insecticides (OCI), by ether (E) and octanol (OCT), and by the convulsant indoklon (IND) and its anesthetic isomer, isoindoklon (ISO). In the presence of 100 mM NaCl the inhibition of naloxone binding by E, OCT and ISO was greatly potentiated, whereas that by OCI and IND was attenuated. KCl (100 mM) was equally effective as NaCl on the action of anesthetics, but the effect of the excitant drugs was, in contrast to NaCl, unaffected by KCl. Specific binding of [3H]ouabain in the absence of Na, was depressed by anesthetics and enhanced by neuroexcitants. In the presence of NaCl, which by itself inhibits ouabain binding to brain, both anesthetics and excitants enhanced ouabain binding. DDE, a non-insecticidal analog of DDT, and the dimethyl derivative of the OCI, lindane, were inactive in the receptor assays. These observations point to a unique isolated system which responds consistently to anesthetic agents as a class and, in a different way, to neuroexcitant compounds.     

Learning and forgetting new names and objects in MCI and AD

We studied how subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), early Alzheimer's disease (AD) and age-matched controls learned and maintained the names of unfamiliar objects that were trained with or without semantic support (object definitions). Naming performance, phonological cueing, incidental learning of the definitions and recognition of the objects were tested during follow-up. We found that word learning was significantly impaired in MCI and AD patients, whereas forgetting patterns were similar across groups. Semantic support showed a beneficial effect on object name retrieval in the MCI group 8 weeks after training, suggesting that the MCI patients’ preserved semantic memory can compensate for impaired episodic memory. The MCI group performed equally well as the controls in the tasks measuring incidental learning and recognition memory, whereas the AD group showed impairment in this respect. Both the MCI and the AD group benefited less from phonological cueing than the controls. Our findings indicate that word learning is compromised in both MCI and AD, whereas long-term retention of newly learned words is not affected to the same extent. Incidental learning and recognition memory seem to be well preserved in MCI.     

Necdin蛋白与神经元的生长分化

在神经系统 ,Necdin只在成熟神经元的细胞核中表达 ,可能与成熟神经元分裂静止状态的保持有关。近年的研究表明 ,Necdin是一种生长抑制蛋白 ,能与多种因子如SV4 0大T抗原 ,腺病毒E1A ,转录因子E2F1以及肿瘤抑制蛋白p5 3等结合 ,在功能上类似于成视网膜瘤蛋白Rb。necdin基因缺陷时 ,会引起脑内 ,特别是下丘脑神经元分化障碍。人类necdin基因位于PWS综合征的基因缺失区 ,可能与PWS的一些症状有关。本文从Necdin蛋白的基本概况 ,生物功能以及Necdin与疾病三个方面进行了综述     

Retrospective and prospective design and data

The study of the presentation, symptomatology and family characteristics of an exclusively adolescent sample of patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) was undertaken. Twenty-four cases of borderline personality disorder, 20 females, 4 males, identified using chart review and meeting the criteria of the Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines (DIB) and DSM III-R, were matched with psychiatric controls. Adolescents with borderline personality disorder were found to have high rates of affective symptomatology with Axis I diagnosis of major depressive disorder - MDD (DSM-III-R), and high rates of interpersonal psychopathology, i.e., manipulation, devaluation, and a pervasive sense of boredom. The latter seem to be characteristic as for adults with borderline personality disorder. The families were particularly angry and volatile.     

Cortisol levels and depression in men and women using heroin and cocaine

Abnormalities in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are well documented in men using illicit drugs and/or infected with HIV; however, less is known about HPA function, or the health consequence of HPA dysfunction, in their female counterparts. People with depression exhibit hypercortisolemia, and depression is common in people with HIV or substance use problems. The current study investigated cortisol secretion in 209 demographically matched men and women, stratified by their HIV and drug use status. Self-reported depressive symptoms were evaluated using a standardized, validated questionnaire (CES-D). Women reported more depressive symptoms than men (p=.01). Male and female drug users exhibited higher cortisol concentrations (p=.03), and were more likely to report depressive symptoms (p=.04), than non-users. Depression was related to elevated cortisol concentrations for the study population (p=.03), and women with elevated cortisol concentrations were significantly more depressed than all other participants (p=.05). While it is unknown whether high cortisol concentrations precede depressive symptoms or vice versa, these data indicate that higher cortisol concentrations are associated with depressive symptoms in heroin and cocaine users, and that this association is more pronounced in women than men. HIV status did not act in an additive or synergistic way with drug use for either cortisol or CES-D measures in the current study. Unique therapies to treat the endocrine and mental health consequences of illicit drug use in men and women deserve consideration as depressive symptoms, and high cortisol concentrations associated with depressive symptoms, differ by gender.     

Dissociation and Counterdissociation: Nuanced and Binary Perceptions of Good and Evil

Dissociated experiences are often communicated to analysts. Clinicians may absorb patients' dissociation, thereby creating “counterdissociated” states. Counterdissociation contributes to binary thinking in the analyst similar to black- and-white thinking commonly seen in patients' dissociated states. This can have both positive and negative effects: Counterdissociation may help therapists identify with patients' experience, thereby cementing the therapeutic bond. If analysts remain counterdissociated, however, patients may remain dissociated. As analysts identify their counterdissociation, they may gain insight into patients' needs for dissociation. As they overcome counterdissociation, patients may concurrently overcome dissociation. This allows both to have a more nuanced view of inner experience. With two extended case studies of sexually abused men, this article tracks how an analyst deals with counterdissociation created through intimate contact with dissociated positive and negative introjects of victimizers, thus forming identifications or overidentifications with the patients' abused parts.     

相关性和一致性：这对相仿概念和测量方法的回顾与阐明

概述：一致性(agreement)和相关性(correlation)是两个广泛使用的概念,用来评估变量之间的关联。虽然二者相似且相关,但是它们代表关联完全不同的概念。评估变量之间的一致性假设变量测量的是相同的结构,而在变量测量完全不同的结构时也可以评估它们之间的相关性。这种概念上的差异就要求使用不同的统计方法,并且当评估一致性或相关性时,统计方法根据数据的分布和研究者的兴趣可能会有所不同。例如, Pearson相关性,作为评估连续变量之间相关性的一种普遍测量方法,只有用于符合线性关系的变量时才能提供有用的信息;当用于不符合线性关系的变量时就无法提供准确信息甚至会产生误导。同样地,内部相关性,作为一种评估连续变量之间一致性的常用方法,如果一致性不好的实质正好是研究兴趣所在,那么该测量就不能为研究者提供充分的信息。本报告回顾了一致性和相关性的概念,并讨论了几种常用方法在应用中的差异。     

Hemodynamic and serum cardiac markers and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia

Introduction

Cardiac function is a key player in maintaining energy homeostasis in the brain. Heart failure is closely related to higher risk of neurocognitive disorders. Recent evidence shows that this relationship might not be limited to patients with advanced heart failure, and even suboptimal cardiac functioning is associated with accelerated brain aging. Hence, hemodynamic and serum cardiac markers may provide valuable information about the risk of dementia.