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1.
Separation anxiety has been studied in children and young adults but little is known about this form of anxiety in older people. This study aimed to examine socio-demographic, psychological and physical health correlates of separation anxiety in the elderly. Eighty-six ambulatory subjects aged 62-87 years were recruited from primary medical care practices to participate in this study. The presence of lifetime DSM-IV affective and anxiety disorders was determined by structured clinical interview. Subjects also completed a battery of self-report questionnaires measuring levels of state and trait anxiety, juvenile and adult separation anxiety. Adult separation anxiety scores were moderately correlated with juvenile separation anxiety scores (r= .52, P < .001), trait anxiety (r = .55, P < .001) and state anxiety scores (r = .66, P < .001), as well as younger age (r = .39, P < .001). Higher adult separation anxiety scores were also associated with a lifetime history of any anxiety disorder (t = 3.74, df = 84, P < .001) or any affective disorder (t = 2.12, df = 84, P < .05). However, adult separation anxiety was not associated with increasing age, being widowed, living alone or poorer physical health. Clinicians working with the elderly need to routinely explore this form of anxiety as it may complicate the pattern of presentation of other anxiety and affective disorders, and require specific forms of intervention.  相似文献   

2.
Stress and negative affective states are associated with cortisol in everyday life. However, it remains unclear what types of stressors and which affective states yield these associations, and the effect of trait anxiety is unknown. This study investigates the associations of specific task-related stressors and negative affective states in everyday life with salivary cortisol, and explores the mediating and moderating role of state negative affect and trait anxiety, respectively. Salivary cortisol, subjective stress, and state negative affect were measured three times a day on 2 days in 71 participants in everyday life, using a handheld computer to collect self-reports and time stamps and an electronic device to monitor saliva sampling compliance. Stress measures comprised the experience of performance pressure and failure during daily tasks; measures of negative affect comprised worn-out, tense, unhappy, and angry. Effects were tested using multilevel fixed-occasion models. Momentary performance under pressure was related to higher momentary cortisol measures, while mean task failure was related to lower daily cortisol concentrations. The association of performance pressure with cortisol varied between subjects, and this variation was explained by trait anxiety, yielding stronger associations in participants scoring high on trait anxiety. No evidence was found for a mediating role of state negative affect. These results describe the well-documented associations of everyday stressors and affect with salivary cortisol more precisely, suggesting that performance pressure is a significant condition related to short-term changes in cortisol. Subjects scoring high on trait anxiety seem to process stress-relevant information in a way that amplifies the association of performance pressure with reactions of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis.  相似文献   

3.
Contradicting data are available on stress responsiveness in subjects with high anxiety. In the present study we tested the hypothesis that high trait anxiety is associated with impaired coordination of the stress response, rather than global hypo- or hyper-responsiveness. The sample consisted of subjects with high (n=15) and with low (n=12) trait anxiety. Subjects with middle-range levels of anxiety were excluded from the study. After psychological characterization, the volunteers were exposed to a public speech procedure. A spectrum of neuroendocrine parameters was measured before, during and after the procedure and the results were analyzed by exploratory statistics. Psychological characterization of subjects revealed a lower preference for task-oriented but a higher one for emotion-oriented coping strategies as well as lower scores on hardiness in subjects with high trait anxiety. After the speech procedure, differences in selected mood and personality characteristics were observed, with the anxious group scoring significantly higher in scales for stress, tiredness, arousal, anxiety and depression. Factor analysis revealed that one common factor grouped blood pressure, catecholamine concentrations in blood and heart rate in non-anxious subjects, while three distinct factors separated these parameters in anxious subjects. Correlation analysis in anxious subjects showed that lower adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and cortisol responses during stress were associated with exaggerated perception of stress and worse mental performance. Our findings indicate that subjects with high anxiety have different relationships between specific neuroendocrine parameters, subjective perception of stress and Stroop test performance.  相似文献   

4.
The early course and antecedents of postpartum anxiety are unknown. This study sought to determine the course and antecedents of maternal anxiety during the first month postpartum and to develop a model to predict 1-month anxiety using information obtainable before perinatal hospital discharge. Two hundred and ninety-six mothers were screened before discharge with the State (SS) and Trait (TS) Scales of the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Demographic characteristics were assessed by questionnaire and medical record review, and psychiatric history, measures of perinatal stress, and resilient factors were determined by focused questions and formal instruments. At 1-month postpartum, the SS was repeated. Scores on the SS were significantly higher at 1 month than immediately postpartum (35.30+/-0.68 versus 33.38+/-0.60, mean+/-standard error, P=.004), but only 58.6% of mothers with high pre-discharge anxiety had high anxiety at 1 month. One-month anxiety correlated with pre-discharge SS and TS scores, a history of psychiatric problems including depressed mood, medical and negative social life events, lack of pregnancy planning and prenatal class attendance, perceived peripartum stress, and duration of postpartum hospital stay. Inverse correlations were observed with education, household income, and resiliency factors. In multivariate modeling, anxiety trait, education, history >or=2 years of depression, and perception of peripartum stress accounted for 50% of the variance in the 1-month SS score. Maternal anxiety increases during the first postpartum month. Women with high trait anxiety, low education, a history of depressed mood, and a perception of high peripartum stress are at risk for experiencing anxiety at this time.  相似文献   

5.
This paper is to study the conditions of teachers’ occupational stress and anxiety by using cross-media teaching method, and reveals the influence relationship between them. To this end, a questionnaire survey of 228 teachers using cross-media teaching method from 3 schools in Guangdong Province (China) was conducted. The conclusions are as follows: Teachers who use cross-media teaching method have high levels of occupational stress and anxiety, lack of leadership and administrative support, overloaded work, state anxiety and trait anxiety are all at a high level. Under general characteristics differences, gender does not constitute a factor causing occupational stress and anxiety of the teachers using cross-media teaching. With the increase in the use of cross-media teaching, teachers feel gradually increase of occupational stress and trait anxiety in more work tasks, and occupational stress and state anxiety shows ups and downs due to lack of school policy support. From the relationship between occupational stress and anxiety, occupational stress and sub-variables without leadership and administrative support, overloaded work, relationships with colleagues, and relationships with parents are all positively correlates with anxiety and have significant positive effects. Thereinto, whether the influence of occupational stress sub-variable on anxiety, or the state anxiety and trait anxiety of the anxiety sub-variables, overloaded work and lack of leadership and administrative support have always been the key factors that cause anxiety. Therefore, if the school or the relevant organization provides appropriate support and assistance to cross-media teaching, or appropriately reduce heavy tasks of teachers in cross-media teaching, so as to relieve occupational press and anxiety of the teachers, create good teaching quality, and promote the development of teaching technology.  相似文献   

6.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the validity of mixed anxiety and depressive disorder (MADD) with reference to functional characteristics and symptomatic characteristics in comparison with anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, and groups showing subthreshold symptoms (exclusively depressive or anxiety related). The present study was carried out in the following three medical settings: two psychiatric and one primary care. Patients seeking care in psychiatric institutions due to anxiety and depressive symptoms and attending primary medical settings for any reason were taken into account. A total of 104 patients (65 women and 39 men, mean age 41.1 years) were given a General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-30), Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) and Present State Examination questionnaire, a part of Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry, Version 2.0. There were no statistically relevant differences between MADD and anxiety disorders in median GHQ score (19 vs 16) and median GAF score (median 68.5 vs 65). When considering depressive disorders the median GHQ score (28) was higher, and median GAF score (59) was lower than that in MADD. In groups with separated subthreshold anxiety or depressive symptoms, median GHQ scores (12) were lower and median GAF scores (75) were higher than that in MADD. The most frequent symptoms of MADD are symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and depression. Mixed anxiety and depressive disorder differs significantly from GAD only in higher rates of depressed mood and lower rates of somatic anxiety symptoms. Distinction from depression was clearer; six of 10 depressive symptoms are more minor in severity in MADD than in the case of depression. Distress and interference with personal functions in MADD are similar to that of other anxiety disorders. A pattern of MADD symptoms locates this disorder between depression and GAD.  相似文献   

7.
Recent neuropsychological studies have attempted to distinguish between different types of anxiety by contrasting patterns of brain organisation or activation; however, lateralisation for processing emotional stimuli has received relatively little attention. This study examines the relationship between strength of lateralisation for the processing of facial expressions of emotion and three measures of anxiety: state anxiety, trait anxiety and social anxiety. Across all six of the basic emotions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise) the same patterns of association were found. Participants with high levels of trait anxiety were more strongly lateralised to the right hemisphere for processing facial emotion. In contrast, participants with high levels of self-reported physiological arousal in response to social anxiety were more weakly lateralised to the right hemisphere, or even lateralised to the left hemisphere, for the processing of facial emotion. There were also sex differences in these associations: the relationships were evident for males only. The finding of distinct patterns of lateralisation for trait anxiety and self-reported physiological arousal suggests different neural circuitry for trait and social anxiety.  相似文献   

8.
大学生特质应对方式与抑郁、焦虑的关系   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
目的探讨大学生特质应对方式与抑郁、焦虑的关系。方法用特质应对方式问卷(TCSQ)、状态-特质焦虑问卷(STAI)、贝克抑郁测验(BDI)对120名大学生施测。结果消极应对与状态焦虑(r=0.296,P〈0.01)、特质焦虑(r=0.447,P〈0.001)及抑郁(r=0.227,P〈0.05)存在显著的正相关;积极应对与特质焦虑(r=-0.360,P〈0.001)及抑郁(r=0.227,P〈0.05)存在显著的负相关;抑郁与状态焦虑(r=0.447,P〈0.001)及特质焦虑(r=0.574,P〈0.001)之间也存在显著的正相关。特质焦虑能预测抑郁(P〈0.001);抑郁、消极应对、状态焦虑和积极应对能预测特质焦虑(P〈0.001);特质焦虑和积极应对能预测状态焦虑(P〈0.001)。结论特质应对方式对状态-特质焦虑和抑郁有影响。  相似文献   

9.
Background: Severe early life stress (ELS) is associated with negative outcomes. It is not clear, however, what impact moderate ELS has. A growing stress inoculation literature suggests that moderate (vs. low or high) ELS is associated with diminished behavioral and physiological anxiety responses. At the same time, studies of trait anxiety suggest that moderate (vs. low) ELS is associated with greater self‐reported anxiety. This study tested the hypothesis that stress inoculation effects are evident for implicit (nonconscious) but not explicit (conscious) aspects of anxiety. Methods: Ninety‐seven healthy women were assessed for ELS and explicit anxiety using questionnaires and assessed for implicit anxiety using a version of the Implicit Association Test. Results: Results indicated a quadratic relation between ELS and implicit anxiety, such that moderate ELS was associated with lower implicit anxiety levels than low or high ELS. By contrast, the relation between ELS and explicit anxiety was linear. Conclusion: These findings support the stress inoculation hypothesis and suggest that stress inoculation applies for implicit but not explicit aspects of anxiety. Depression and Anxiety, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.  相似文献   

10.
BACKGROUND: The mental health of university students is an area of increasing concern worldwide. The objective of this study is to examine the prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress among a group of Turkish university students. METHODS: Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-42) completed anonymously in the students' respective classrooms by 1,617 students. RESULTS: Depression, anxiety and stress levels of moderate severity or above were found in 27.1, 47.1 and 27% of our respondents, respectively. Anxiety and stress scores were higher among female students. First- and second-year students had higher depression, anxiety and stress scores than the others. Students who were satisfied with their education had lower depression, anxiety and stress scores than those who were not satisfied. CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress symptoms among university students is alarming. This shows the need for primary and secondary prevention measures, with the development of adequate and appropriate support services for this group.  相似文献   

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