个性定制人工半膝关节的快速设计制造与临床试用

背景：半膝关节置换中假体的设计与制造只有针对患者损伤的具体情况进行个体定制，才能实现假体关节面的良好匹配，这是传统的设计制造手段难以完成的。 目的：建立以计算机辅助设计和快速成型技术为核心的人工半膝关节个体定制化设计方案和快速制造方法，通过临床试用评估假体设计制造技术和半膝关节置换的应用价值。 设计、时间及地点：假体个体定制化设计及临床试用，于2002-01/2005-12在解放军第四军医大学附属西京医院，西安交通大学先进制造技术研究所，西安交通大学机械学院材料与力学国家重点实验室完成。 对象：患者为男性，14岁，因右股骨下段骨肉瘤术后1年复发入院。经讨论及家属同意，拟行肿瘤切除、大段异体骨移植及定制化半膝关节面置换。 方法：以患者CT扫描和三维重建等临床影像学资料为数据源，利用图像处理技术获取关节形状的数据，采用NURBS算法在Surface软件下重构出关节曲面，在计算机上完成半膝关节假体及其辅助装置的三维设计。采用快速成型技术制作出原型并通过精密铸造等手段完成实体制造。利用瞄准器将假体装入异体骨，锁定远端后置入患肢。 主要观察指标：包括在Surfacer软件下对所构关节面的误差分析，关节假体及辅助装置加工后的组装情况，假体置换后患者膝关节X射线片检查结果、关节间隙情况及关节屈伸活动度。 结果：全部设计和制造过程可在1周内完成。所设计的关节面计算机辅助设计模型与原始数据的最大误差﹤1 mm，在屈、伸、旋转等状态下与胫骨关节面匹配良好，应力分布均匀。通过快速成型和精密铸造技术制作的假体及其辅助装置符合设计要求，可与大段异体骨装配。置入患膝后假体位置准确，能够实现与对侧胫骨关节面的良好匹配，关节间隙正常。置换后患者无不良反应，可早期功能锻炼。随访1年，患者膝关节功能恢复满意，未见关节脱位、慢性疼痛等。 结论：通过计算机辅助设计和快速成型技术制造的个体定制化半膝关节在特定病例中具有一定的临床实用价值。     

儿童膝关节骨肉瘤半膝关节置换15例

为观察半关节假体置换用于儿童膝关节周围骨肉瘤的效果。于1998-10/2006-07对15 例膝关节周围骨肉瘤患儿行瘤段切除并半膝关节假体置换。影像学提示瘤灶位于股骨远端9例，胫骨近端6例，病变范围9~11 cm。术前经病理检查确诊为骨肉瘤。按Enneking分期，均在Ⅱa期。术前均行一两个疗程的化疗。术前根据X射线平片、CT 或MRI 测量设计匹配的假体，假体略长于截骨段1.0~2.0 cm。髌韧带及侧副韧带重建于人工半膝关节假体上。15例患儿均成功完成半膝关节假体置换。随访2~6年，患儿身高增加了4~6 cm，患肢短缩1~3 cm ，均能进行日常生活学习。按Enneking肢体肌肉骨骼肿瘤外科治疗重建膝关节置换后功能评估：优7例，良5例，中2例，差1例。说明将半关节假体应用于儿童膝关节周围骨肉瘤的治疗，具有重建膝关节功能，保留正常端骨骺，最大限度减少膝关节置换后患肢缩短，并为成年后行全关节置换创造了条件。     

定制型膝关节假体修复股骨远端骨缺损假体柄长的有限元分析

以男性健康自愿者右股骨的CT图像为原始数据,分别建立柄长150,160,170,180,190 mm的定制型膝关节假体修复重建股骨远端40%骨缺损的三维有限元模型,对应的股骨干截骨长度分别为160,170,180,190,200 mm,加载平地慢速(3 km/h)行走步态周期中下肢4倍体质量负荷。皮质骨最大应力出现在股骨近端内侧,随假体柄长由150 mm增加至190 mm,应力最大值由106.8 MPa减少至91.78 MPa。骨水泥最大应力出现在骨水泥上1/4段内侧,应力最大值由 27.2 MPa减少至19.06 MPa。假体柄承载最大负荷,应力值变化不明显。5个模型出现骨折、骨水泥碎裂及假体柄断裂概率均较小。提示定制型膝关节假体重建保肢符合人体生物力学规律;短柄假体可引起骨、骨水泥应力集中,重建后发生骨折、骨水泥碎裂风险较高,而增加柄长对骨的应力遮挡水平也相应增大。     

半膝关节假体置换与半膝骨关节移植保肢治疗膝关节恶性骨肿瘤的12例2组对照比较

2001-07/2007-06昆明医学院第三附属医院（云南省肿瘤医院）骨科纳入膝关节周围恶性骨肿瘤患者12例，骨巨细胞瘤2例，肺癌骨转移癌1例，骨肉瘤9例。根据治疗方案分为2组，同种异体半膝骨关节移植保肢组6例，移植骨段长度12~18 cm，平均14.8 cm；移植后随访1.3~5.7年，平均4.2年；疗效优良率为50%。个体化人工半膝关节假体置换保肢组6例，假体体部长度12~15 cm，平均13.6 cm；1例患者失访，其余5例患者置换后随访0.4~5.5年，平均3.9年；疗效优良率为80%。两组患膝关节国际保肢学会功能评分差异无显著性意义（P > 0.05）。半膝同种异体骨关节移植组患者的术后并发症发生率明显高于人工半膝关节假体置换组（66.7%，20.0%，P < 0.05）。提示同种异体半膝关节移植和人工半膝关节假体置换是治疗膝关节周围恶性肿瘤的两种较为满意的保肢方法，其中个体化人工半膝关节假体置换优于同种异体半膝关节移植。     

三维骨建模系统在人工全膝关节置换旋转对位中的作用○(英文发表）

背景：前期人工全膝关节置换试验证实,采用以三维骨建模为基础的计算机辅助系统可以进行精确地假体三维定位及下肢力线重建,减少髌股关节并发症,取得韧带平衡,获得良好的临床效果。 目的：拟进行人工全膝关节置换时假体旋转对位的量化分析,验证三维骨建模的计算机辅助手术系统对量化操作的精确性和有效性。 设计、时间及地点：回顾性病例分析,于2002-11/2003-06在法国亨利蒙多医院矫形与创伤外科完成。 对象：纳入保守治疗无效的三间隔骨性关节炎患者21例(21膝),其中14例膝内翻,7例膝外翻;患者均为初次置换,所用假体为后稳定型人工表面全膝关节(Hermes®,Ceraver,法国)。 方法：采用三维骨建模Ceravision系统对21例患者(21膝)进行人工全膝关节置换。计算机系统提供假体预设方案,安置好截骨定位导向装置后进行截骨,注意保持良好的伸屈膝关节间隙和韧带平衡及关节稳定,额面上控制应力下膝内外翻在±3°以内,下肢力线(180±3)°以内,适当地假体旋转对位后行假体固定。 主要观察指标：根据相关的临床体检、影像学和导航系统资料,对术中假体旋转对位测量值、置换后3个月膝关节活动度、膝关节松弛度和髌骨稳定性进行观察分析。 结果：在保证下肢力线与膝关节额面松弛度于正常范围内,术中股骨假体旋转对位内旋1°~外旋5°,胫骨假体旋转对位内旋0°~外旋5°。其中14例膝内翻患者,股骨假体旋转对位内旋1°~外旋5°,胫骨假体旋转对位内旋2°~外旋5°;7例膝外翻患者,股骨假体旋转对位内旋1°~外旋4°,胫骨假体旋转对位内旋0°~外旋 4°。置换后3个月时,膝关节最大屈膝度为105°~130°,平均115°,无膝痛、髌骨失稳和脱位等并发症,膝关节额面松弛度无异常。 结论：应用以三维骨建模为基础的人工全膝关节置换计算机辅助手术系统,可针对患者个体精确三维截骨和假体旋转对位,获得良好的膝关节屈伸位下关节等距间隙,保证良好的膝关节韧带张力与平衡稳定, 避免髌-股并发症,可在手术中常规使用。     

复合抗肿瘤珊瑚羟基磷灰石人工骨的体内成骨

摘要 背景：复合抗肿瘤珊瑚羟基磷灰石人工骨在体内外有良好的缓释效果及抗肿瘤作用,但由于其所复合药物量较大,植入体内骨缺损处较高的局部药物浓度是否影响骨的正常诱导、传导及生长？ 目的：建立复合抗肿瘤珊瑚羟基磷灰石人工骨成骨模型,进一步分析复合抗肿瘤珊瑚羟基磷灰石人工骨的体内成骨效应及规律。 方法：分别将珊瑚羟基磷灰石人工骨及复合抗肿瘤珊瑚羟基磷灰石人工骨植入兔股骨两干骺端骨缺损模型,定期观察股骨X射线影像,并取材行组织病理切片,观察材料降解和被新骨替代的速度、骨与材料界面的结合情况,材料内部新骨生长情况。 结果与结论：珊瑚羟基磷灰石人工骨植入后与周围骨形成组织及骨桥连接较复合抗肿瘤珊瑚羟基磷灰石人工骨快,植入4周后X射线片影像及组织切片示珊瑚羟基磷灰石人工骨边缘开始逐渐不清,并逐步与动物骨形成骨愈合。复合抗肿瘤珊瑚羟基磷灰石人工骨植入后早期8周内局部以抑制组织细胞生长为主,6~12周逐渐有组织结构向材料孔隙内生长且逐渐出现成骨细胞、骨基质及骨细胞,新生骨逐渐生长替代融合,26周左右与周围骨形成骨愈合。说明复合抗肿瘤珊瑚羟基磷灰石人工骨植入早期虽对骨愈合有一定的抑制作用,但最终仍可自行与周围骨缺损达到骨愈合。     

钛质松质骨螺钉内固定置入治疗Hoffa骨折16例

2001-01/2005-06河南省洛阳正骨医院采用膝关节前正中切口髌旁入路松质骨螺钉固定治疗16例Hoffa骨折，术中直视下复位骨折，根据骨块大小及骨折线的走行方向，应用三四枚钛合金与骨折面垂直前后位固定。要求钉尾尽量位于股骨髁前侧关节面近端，如必须经过关节面，钉尾应沉于软骨下。螺纹应过骨折线，位于后髁骨块内。钉尖不能穿过后髁关节面。16例患者均获随访，随访时间6个月~3年，骨折均愈合，平均愈合时间3.7个月，无骨坏死发生。按Hohl膝关节功能评分标准评定疗效，优13例，良3例。结果提示Hoffa骨折只要得到及时的诊断，采用适宜的手术入路及良好的骨折复位、固定技术，完全可以避免或减少骨坏死、创伤性关节炎的发生，获得膝关节功能的良好恢复。     

钙磷骨水泥/复合脱蛋白骨关节移植修复兔股骨远端关节缺损

背景：研制有生物活性的人工关节是当前的重要课题,而载体+骨诱导因子+生长因子模式人工骨已被证实是理想的人工骨材料。 目的：课题组创新性地采用钙磷骨水泥为载体,将其与骨形态发生蛋白及生长因子复合,并观察新型钙磷骨水泥/复合脱蛋白骨关节移植修复兔股骨远端关节缺损模型的成骨及血供重建能力。 设计、时间及地点：随机对照动物实验,于2003-01/2006-06在重庆医科大学动物实验室完成。 材料：取新鲜新西兰大白兔股骨远端(15 mm)制作脱蛋白骨关节,将人重组肿瘤坏死因子α、人重组骨形态发生蛋白2分别与钙磷骨水泥和脱蛋白骨关节复合,冷冻干燥,环氧乙烷消毒备用。 方法：手术造成兔股骨远端15 mm关节缺损实验模型,将40只新西兰大白兔随机均分成两组：实验组将混合有人重组骨形态发生蛋白2、人重组肿瘤坏死因子α的钙磷骨水泥在异体脱蛋白骨关节表面涂层和髓腔内填塞后,置换一侧股骨远端;对照组进行单纯异体脱蛋白关节股骨远端移植。 主要观察指标：植入后4,8,12,16周分别行X射线摄片以及组织学检查,观察骨缺损愈合情况、移植关节端成骨与成软骨情况;并于16周行血管造影,了解局部血供重建情况。 结果：实验组在移植后第4周可观察到大量新生血管出现,网织状骨形成。至第12~16周时,复合脱蛋白骨关节完全存活,断端愈合。光镜下各时期的成骨面积实验组均大于对照组。股动脉血管造影示实验组移植部位周围血管数量明显多于对照组。 结论：钙磷骨水泥/复合脱蛋白骨关节具有良好的成骨能力,在体内能促进股骨远端关节缺损的血供重建、愈合和替代。 关键词：骨移植;脱蛋白骨;骨形态发生蛋白;生长因子     

纳米羟基磷灰石/羧甲基壳聚糖-海藻酸钠复合骨水泥的性能

背景：目前普遍使用的黏合剂对粉碎骨折块进行黏合复位或多或少都存在一些缺陷。 目的：研制具有黏接骨骼作用的生物活性骨水泥。 方法：应用共沉淀法制备纳米羟基磷灰石/羧甲基壳聚糖-海藻酸钠复合材料作为骨水泥的固相粉体,将柠檬酸衍生物配制成溶液作为液相。通过优化实验,从骨水泥的固化时间、抗压强度、抗拉强度、抗稀散性等方面确定最佳配比。 结果与结论：纳米羟基磷灰石/羧甲基壳聚糖-海藻酸钠质量比为65/35,其中羧甲基壳聚糖和海藻酸钠质量比为4∶1时复合成粉体,并按固液比为1.0∶0.5(g∶mL)调拌后形成的骨水泥呈膏状,塑形性和抗稀散性能良好,固化时间12~18 min,抗压强度为(4.5±2.1) MPa。体外黏接猪股骨头抗拉强度在不同室温下无显著性差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05),固化后2 h的抗拉强度达到24 h的94%。骨水泥为多孔状结构,孔径为100~300 μm,纳米羟基磷灰石分布较均匀。提示制备的纳米羟基磷灰石/羧甲基壳聚糖-海藻酸钠复合骨水泥具有良好的生物活性、适当的力学强度以及较好的黏合强度。     

颌面缺损结构光三维测量与螺旋CT扫描图像的配准

背景：目前尚无一种数字化信息采集技术能完全满足颌面缺损赝复的需要。因此,如能将光学三维测量与CT扫描数据的配准应用于颌面缺损,将为该疾病的诊断、治疗计划和赝复提供足够的软硬组织形态信息。 目的：通过结构光三维测量与螺旋CT扫描重建模型的配准,构建一个高象素、复合内部骨结构的三维虚拟颌面缺损模型,并评估配准的精确度。 方法：对上海第九人民医院口腔颌面外科收治的1名大面积复杂颌面缺损患者,分别使用自主研发的结构光三维光学测量系统和螺旋CT进行颌面部扫描和信息采集。分别使用Geomagic studio与自主研发的CAD-FacePros软件重建三维模型。使用CAD-FacePros软件,先通过面部解剖标志进行初配定位,再经迭代近邻点算法进行精确配准,将结构光测量获得的面部三维模型与CT重建后的颌面软组织模型进行匹配。使用CAD-FacePros软件计算两个匹配后模型间的最近点间距,获得模型配准误差。 结果与结论：通过配准构建了一个高象素、复合内部骨结构的三维虚拟颌面缺损模型。平均配准误差为0.5 mm,颌面部大部分区域的配准误差在1.0 mm以内,颊部配准误差稍大。提示通过结构光三维测量与螺旋CT扫描重建模型的配准,构建高象素、复合内部骨结构的三维虚拟颌面缺损模型是可行的。     

Treatment Considerations in Anticonvulsant Monotherapy

Summary: The long-standing practice of polypharmacy in treating epilepsy is giving way to use of monotherapy. Monotherapy can improve seizure control as well as reduce the risk of serious idiosyncratic reactions, dose-related side effects, and complex drug interactions. Monotherapy also offers improved compliance and cost-effectiveness. The basis of monotherapy is accurate diagnosis and assessment of the patient's seizure type(s), followed by selection of a single appropriate anticonvulsant drug. Many patients currently treated with multiple anticonvulsants can be successfully converted to monotherapy with a carefully monitored program in which troublesome and redundant drugs are gradually withdrawn from the therapeutic regimen.     

Dextromethorphan: Cellular Effects Reducing Neuronal Hyperactivity

Summary: Dextromethorphan is a dextrorotary morphinan without affinity for opioid receptors, commonly used as an antitussive medication. During the past 5 years, interest in the compound and its demethylated derivative, dextrorphan, has been revived because additional neuroprotective and an-tiepileptic properties were found in in vitro studies, animal experiments, and a few clinical cases. Both morphinans are able to inhibit N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channels and voltage-operated calcium and sodium channels with different potencies. The inhibition of the NMDA receptor is believed to be the predominant mechanism of action responsible for the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties of the compounds.     

Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery

Summary: The use of implantable arrays of epidural electrodes has made it possible to carry out extraoperative electrocorticography (ECoG) and functional localization in the awake child. This has permitted cortical excisions that are determined by criteria similar to those obtained during surgical procedures performed under local anesthesia in adults. In addition, the method also permits simultaneous ECoG and video monitoring during the child's symptomatic seizures, providing additional important localizing information that is impractical to obtain in operations under local anesthesia. We report our experience with 75 children, ages 5 months to 15 years, whom we have managed with epidural electrode arrays. The method of extraoperative ECoG is described and illustrative cases are presented to demonstrate its feasibility and utility in children. In addition, we call attention to gliomas as a common cause of chronic focal seizures in children. Of 49 children undergoing resection and followed for from 1 to 14 years (mean of 5.8 years), 32 (65%) are either seizure free or have had a significant reduction in seizure frequency that has unambiguously improved their quality of life. The results are analyzed further by relating the surgical outcome to each of the pathologic entities that caused the seizures. This analysis reveals the variety of neurological conditions that commonly cause intractable focal seizure disorder in children and distinguishes those pathologic entities in which the seizure disorder is apt to respond to surgical intervention from those that will not.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour une psychiatrie revisitée ? Introduction à deux articles de E. Kandel

In two articles which appeared in the American Journal of Psychiatry and that were subsequently translated for Évolution Psychiatrique, E. Kandel examines the bases for a reinterpreted psychiatry that is prepared to confront the major challenge of the 3rd millenium: that of insight into the mind and brain. This requires a major reorganization of the discipline, which involves a reinvestment of the scientific approach and a critical  assessment of the data provided by psychoanalytical psychiatry and cognitive neurosciences. Seven concepts have therefore been proposed for interactive re-examination: consciousness, the unconscious, memory, emotion, development, desire, impulse. The dynamic relations existing between genetics and the environment allow one to see how evolutions are possible from actions at different levels, both psychotherapeutic and pharmacological. Imaging and other techniques provide additional objective information to the process of human interaction which remains the basis of psychiatry. A common framework for psychiatry and the neurosciences, a reconsideration and renewal of the psychoanalytical approach are both possible and necessary.     

Opioids and the developing organism: A comprehensive bibliography, 1984–1988

A comprehensive bibliography of the literature concerned with opioids and the developing organism for 1984-1988 is presented. Utilized with companion papers (Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 6:439-479; 1982; 8:387-403; 1984), these articles cover the clinical and laboratory references beginning in 1875. For the years 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, and 1988, a total of 877 citations were recorded. A series of indexes accompanies the citations in order to make the literature more accessible. These indexes are divided into clinical and laboratory topics, and subdivided into such topics as the type of opioid explored and the general area of biological interest (e.g., physiology).     

La biologie et le futur de la psychanalyse : un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour une psychiatrie revisitée

The American Journal of Psychiatry has received a number of letters in response to my earlier “Framework” article (1). Some of these are reprinted elsewhere in this issue, and I have answered them briefly there. However, one issue raised by some letters deserves a more detailed answer, and that relates to whether biology is at all relevant to psychoanalysis. To my mind, this issue is so central to the future of psychoanalysis that it cannot be addressed with a brief comment. I therefore have written this article in an attempt to outline the importance of biology for the future of psychoanalysis.     

Facteurs de risque environnementaux à la schizophrénie

Schizophrenia is currently a major concern, its prevalence being estimated at around 1% and its social consequences being severe. The elucidation of the pathophysiology of the disease is difficult due to the great variability of clinical expressions, the instability of the clinical symptoms during the evolution and the absence of reliable biological markers. The existence of a familial aggregation in schizophrenia is well known, the risk of presenting the disease for first-degree relatives of patients being 5 to 10 times higher than the risk observed in the general population. The genetic component was further confirmed by twin and adoption studies. Although the concordance for the disease is higher (40 to 70%) among monozygotic twins as compared with dizygotic twins (15%) it does not reach 100%, which implies that environmental factors modulate the effects of the genotype. However, the role of these factors and especially their interaction with genetic factors remain unclear but the implications of some specific environmental factors are well documented by recent research data. The current literature on sex differences in schizophrenia is consistent. Several studies have suggested that male and female patients may differ in age at the onset and expression of clinical symptoms. Complications during pregnancy or birth-giving may increase the risk of developing schizophrenia later in life. The major complications are oxygen deprivation during pregnancy, bleeding, maternal malnutrition or infection (exposure to influenza, for example). A low birth weight is associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia. Psychoses are more common among people living in an urban environment and among those born during winter months. Schizophrenia is probably more prevalent in people who are living promiscuously, are subject to toxic abuse, poor nutrition and stress but here more precise data are needed. Moreover, immigrants have a higher risk of developing psychotic disorders. In addition, head traumas are associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia. Though they are contentious, some studies suggest that substance abuse (cannabis use in European countries) is related to the development of schizophrenia, especially in people with genetic vulnerability. Moreover, substance misuse may worsen the symptoms. If the environment is sufficiently stressful, people with a high genetic vulnerability will develop some degree of mental illness, including schizophrenia. Conversely, a less stressful or a protective environment may decrease the risk of its onset in persons with a predisposition to schizophrenia.     

Introduction: Goals

Summary: Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent seizures. Many epilepsies with focal seizures as well as convulsive generalized seizures respond satisfactorily to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) that reduce repetitive firing (e.g., phenytoin, carbamazepine, and valproate) or that augment GABA_A-mediated inhibition (e.g., phenobarbital and benzodiazepines). A number of drugs presently under development, such as NMDA receptor antagonists, loreclezole, losigamone, meth-ysticine, and dextromethorphan, are promising in acute animal models of otherwise drug-resistant convulsant activity. As a result of recent studies in both experimental models and surgically resected human epileptic brain, the prospects for development of AEDs have significantly improved. Several new AEDs recently have reached the commercial market or are in experimental or clinical trials. A comparative presentation of the standing of the new AEDs with respect to their efficacy and side effects is necessary, but still very difficult. Because initial experience with new AEDs is restricted to populations with severe drug-resistant epilepsy, the crucial question whether potential new AEDs can alter prognosis is not yet definitively answered. There is a clear need to compare the effects of standard AEDs and new AEDs in naive patients and over longer follow-up periods. Moreover, because of the strong desire to develop antiepileptic therapy that directly treats the primary etiology of a given epileptic syndrome , or modifies the neurobiological processes that cause recurrent seizures, better experimental epilepsy models for chronic epilepsy and further clinical studies are necessary to increase the knowledge on the pathophysiology of distinct epileptic syndromes. In this respect, studies on the differences between responders and nonresponders to a given AED treatment are extremely valuable.