A型肉毒毒素治疗双下肢痉挛型脑性瘫痪疗效观察

目的探讨A型肉毒毒素（BTXA）加位点注射治疗双下肢痉挛型脑性瘫痪的疗效。方法治疗组分别用A型肉毒毒素和VitB1、VitB12对32例双下肢痉挛型脑瘫患儿进行位点注射。对照组A型肉毒毒素对32例双下肢痉挛型脑瘫患儿进行位点注射结果以下肢内收肌、腘窝角、足背屈角的改善程度评定显示，总有效率为95．3％．6个月疗效评定，治疗组有效率为98％，疗效显著。结论A型肉毒毒素加VitB1、VitB1：位点注射治疗双下肢痉挛型脑瘫是一种极为有效的治疗方法。     

小剂量A型肉毒毒素治疗颜面部痉挛的临床分析

目的 探讨小剂量A型肉毒毒素(BTX-A)多点注射治疗颜面部痉挛的临床疗效及安全性.方法 回顾性分析BTX-A注射治疗颜面部痉挛患者的资料,评估疗效起止时间、症状缓解程度、不良反应发生率及其严重程度.结果 80例患者接受BTX-A注射治疗.平均起效时间(3.2±1.6)d,达高峰时间(7.2±2.2)d,疗效维持时间(19.6±6.1)周.达到完全缓解50例(62.5％)、明显缓解26例(32.5％)、部分缓解4例(5％).14例(17.5％)患者出现轻度不良反应.结论 小剂量BTX-A多点注射能够明显改善颜面部痉挛患者的症状,不良反应轻.     

重复局部注射A型肉毒毒素治疗局限性肌张力障碍长期疗效观察

目的研究重复局部注射A型肉毒毒素治疗偏侧面肌痉挛、眼睑痉挛、Meige's综合征、痉挛性斜颈的长期疗效及维持时间,有无剂量增加趋势。方法用A型肉毒毒素对241例患者重复小剂量局部多点注射,随访治疗10年,将6轮次治疗疗效以及剂量、疗效维持时间、不良反应进行比较分析。结果各轮次总有效率分别为98.7%、98.9%、99.3%、100%、100%、100%。作用持续(20±3)周,平均剂量40U,各轮间疗效、平均剂量、作用持续时间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论重复局部注射治疗局限性肌张力障碍长期疗效稳定,作用持续时间相似,维持疗效无需增加剂量,局部不良反应轻微短暂。     

A型肉毒毒素治疗111例面肌痉挛的疗效观察

目的探讨A型肉毒毒素治疗面肌痉挛的疗效及不良反应。方法对121例面肌痉挛患者进行面肌多点注射A型肉毒杆菌毒素,对治疗前后的病情分级进行比较,并随访3～12月。结果A型肉毒杆菌毒素治疗的总有效率为100％,绝大多数局部不良反应轻微、短暂,但极少数可能出现不可逆的局部面肌萎缩,偶见全身不良反应。3个月复发率为80％,药效作用时间平均为5月,重复注射仍然有效。结论局部注射A型肉毒杆菌毒素是治疗面肌痉挛的一种有效手段,准确定位、注射合适剂量是本治疗方法的关键所在,且注射剂量应遵循个体化原则。     

A型肉毒毒素治疗面肌痉挛500例临床研究

目的 探讨使用A型肉毒毒素针多点重复注射治疗面肌痉挛的临床疗效及安全性.方法 采用A型肉毒毒素局部多点重复注射治疗面肌痉挛500例,使用Cohen评分进行评估.观察疗效.结果 症状完全缓解301例（60.2％）,明显缓解者182例（36.4％）,部分缓解者15例（3.0％）,无效2例（0.4％）;总有效率99.8％.疗效持续2～7个月,复发者重复治疗仍有效,不良反应轻微.结论 局部注射A型肉毒毒素是治疗面肌痉挛一种简便、安全、有效的方法.     

A型肉毒毒素肌肉注射疗法在特发性眼睑、面肌痉挛中的应用

目的探讨A型肉毒毒素注射治疗特发性眼睑、面肌痉挛的疗效。方法应用A型肉毒毒素对按Cohen、Albert等分级为Ⅱ～Ⅳ级特发性眼睑、面肌痉挛的患者72例进行眼轮匝肌、口轮匝肌及面部肌肉多点注射治疗，对治疗前后的病情分级进行对比。结果应用A型肉毒毒素治疗特发性眼睑、面肌痉挛的短期有效率为97．2％，丰年的复发率为58．3％，未见过敏反应及严重全身不良反应。结论A型肉毒毒素为治疗特发性眼睑、面肌痉挛首选药物，尽管其疗效半年左右，但仍不失为一种简单有效的治疗方法。     

A型肉毒杆菌毒素治疗眼睑及面肌痉挛

目的 探讨A型肉毒杆菌毒素(BTXA)治疗眼睑及面肌痉挛的疗效.方法 选择眼睑及面肌痉挛患者36例,根据病情用2.5U/0.1ml的A型肉毒杆菌毒素做痉挛局部皮下或肌内注射,一次剂量不超过55U, 有残存痉挛者可追加注射.结果 一次注射痉挛完全缓解26例,明显缓解6例,部分缓解4例,10例重复2～3次注射均完全缓解.结论 BTXA治疗眼睑、面部肌痉挛安全、有效.     

A型肉毒毒素治疗睑肌痉挛伴发睁眼性失用的疗效观察

目的探讨A型肉毒毒素治疗睑肌痉挛伴发睁眼性失用的疗效及安全性。方法对11例睑肌痉挛伴发睁眼性失用患者行局部A型肉毒毒素注射治疗,每14周1次,共3次。观察每次注射后起效时间、疗效持续时间及不良反应,并在每次注射后第3周根据改良痉挛性斜颈量表Ⅰ(TWSTRSⅠ)由固定医师对患者进行功能性评定,依据TWSTRSⅡ由患者进行生活残疾自评。结果治疗后平均(3.21±1.88)d起效,疗效持续(11.55±2.11)周。3次治疗的功能改善率分别为89.09%、87.27%、88.18%;3次治疗前TWSTRSⅡ评分分别为22.36±4.03、20.27±3.77及20.77±3.77,治疗3周后分别为7.55±4.44、8.00±5.25、9.27±4.98,治疗前后比较差异有极显著性(均P<0.01)。主要不良反应为睑下垂、疼痛烧灼感,但程度轻,多在48h内自行缓解。结论A型肉毒毒素局部注射可以改善患者的痉挛症状及日常生活能力,治疗原发性睑肌痉挛伴发睁眼性失用安全有效。     

A型肉毒毒素治疗痉挛性斜颈及Meige''''s综合征的临床研究

目的　探讨A型肉毒毒素局部注射治疗痉挛性斜颈、Meige s综合征及职业性痉挛的疗效。方法　对 2 3例痉挛性斜颈、10例完全型Meige s综合征及 1例职业性痉挛患者进行A型肉毒毒素局部注射 ,观察其治疗效果以及副作用。结果　 2 3例痉挛性斜颈患者 ,治疗后Tsui量表评分明显下降 ;10例完全型Meige s综合征 ,8例明显好转 ,2例部分缓解 ;1例职业性痉挛患者完全缓解。所有患者均未见过敏反应和严重副反应。结论　A型肉毒毒素局部肌肉注射是治疗痉挛性斜颈等肌张力障碍的有效手段。     

12岁以下儿童不许应用肉毒毒素

美国FDA发布肉毒毒素A和肉毒毒素B的安全性评估数据的早期结果。声称这些产品所导致的系统性不良反应包括：呼吸窘迫及死亡和肉毒毒素中毒。报道的病例大多为儿童，这些儿童应用肉毒毒素治疗脑瘫而导致的肢体痉挛，在美国，这是未经批准的适应证。美国FDA认为，肉毒毒素用于治疗脑瘫导致的肢体痉挛，其有效性、安全性及剂量没有得到充分评估，所以肉毒毒素不允许用于12岁以下的儿童。对肉毒毒素的安全性数据评估结束后，美国FDA建议医生：     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.     

Sense of coherence as a predictor of subjective state of health: results of 4 years of follow-up of adults

A number of cross-sectional population studies have shown that a strong sense of coherence (SOC) is associated with various aspects of good perceived health. The association does not seem to be entirely attributable to underlying associations of SOC with other variables, such as age or level of education. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study reported here was to determine whether SOC predicted subjective state of health. METHODS: The study was carried out as a two-way panel mail survey of 1976 individuals with 4 years interval for two collections of data. The statistical method used was multivariate cumulative logistic modeling. Age, initial subjective state of health, initial occupational training level, and initial degree of social integration were included as potential explanatory variables. RESULTS: A strong SOC predicted good health in women and men. CONCLUSIONS: SOC can be interpreted as an autonomous internal resource contributing to a favorable development of subjective state of health. SOC data should, however, be regarded as complementary to and not a substitute for information already known to be associated with increased risk of future ill health.     

Bibliography of officers of department of mental hygiene

Psychiatric Quarterly -