精神分裂症患者探究性眼球轨迹运动的研究

目的探讨精神分裂症患者眼球轨迹运动功能障碍的特异性方法应用眼球轨迹运动标记记录仪测试精神分裂症偏执型患者２６例，抑郁症患者３６例，正常人３５名。经判别式分析获得正分为精神分裂症性障碍，获得负分为非精神分裂症性障碍。结果精神分裂症组平均获得２．０７６分，抑郁症组和正常人组平均分别获得０．２６７分和０．５３８分。该研究对精神分裂症患者诊断的敏感性为８４．６％，特异性为７１．１％。精神分裂症患者与正常人的眼球注视点和认知性探究分差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５），眼球注视总距离、眼球注视平均距离以及反应性探究分差异有非常显著性（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论眼球轨迹运动很可能是精神分裂症患者所具有的特定生物学指标     

强迫症、精神分裂症患者与正常人的探究性眼球轨迹运动的比较

目的探讨在强迫症患者、精神分裂症患者、正常对照人群中，眼球轨迹运动各指标的差异。方法应用眼球轨迹运动标记记录仪（MODELIV日本提供）对符合国际疾病分类第10版和中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准第3版（CCMD-3）的相应诊断标准的103例强迫症患者、81例精神分裂症患者及81例正常对照人群进行测试，用判别式分析结果，获得正分为精神分裂症患者，获得负分为非精神分裂症患者。比较眼球轨迹运动在强迫症患者、精神分裂症患者以及正常对照人群组的组间差异。结果103例强迫症患者获正分52例（50．5％），负分51例（49．5％），强迫症患者对D分值的特异性49．5％，81例正常人群对照组正分7例，负分74例，D分值特异性91．4％，精神分裂症患者组81例，正分67例（82．7％），负分14例（17．3％），对D分值敏感性82．7％，D分值、EETM在正常对照人群与精神分裂症组间比较其差异有非常显著性（P〈0．01）；D分值、EETM在强迫症与正常人对照组比较除MESL外，其它指标差异有非常显著性（P〈0．01），D分值、EETM在精神分裂症组与强迫症组比较除NEF外，其它指标差异有非常显著性（P〈0．01）。结论精神分裂症患者眼球轨迹运动的敏感性较高，探究性眼球轨迹运动检查不仅可作为对精神分裂症的辅助诊断工具，并为临床排除非精神分裂症性障碍提供重要的参考依据，探究性眼球轨迹运动异常可能反映部分强迫症生物学特征。     

探索性眼球轨迹运动对精神分裂症的诊断作用

目的：探讨探索性眼球轨迹运动检查在精神分裂症诊断中的作用。方法：应用眼球轨迹运动标记记录仪对81例精神分裂症患者，81名正常对照人群进行测试，比较眼球轨迹运动的组间差异。结果：81例精神分裂症患者的判别分析值结果获正分67例，负分14例，D分值敏感性82．7％；81名正常对照人群获正分7例，负分74例，D分值的特异性91．4％；眼球轨迹运动的各项指标在精神分裂症组与正常对照人群比较其差异有非常显著性（P〈0．01），且不受患者发病年龄、性别、受教育年限、不同病程及精神分裂症不同临床症状的影响（P〉0．05）。结论：精神分裂症患者眼球轨迹运动的敏感性较高，对精神分裂症辅助诊断有重要的价值，探究性眼球轨迹运动可能是精神分裂症的生物学指标。     

精神分裂症患者及其一级亲属的手纹研究

精神分裂症患者及其一级亲属的手纹研究郑士全王福席王兆梅有文献报告认为，精神分裂症患者存在手纹异常。作者随机选择符合ＣＣＭＤ—２—Ｒ及ＩＣＤ—１０诊断标准，ＢＰＲＳ＞４０分的精神分裂症患者６２例，及其一级亲属８８例作手纹检查，并以５０例健康者为对照。均...     

两种对精神分裂症患者检查方法对比分析

目的：探讨精神分裂症患者探究性眼球轨迹运动与事件相关电位P300的相关性及其差异性。方法：对50例精神分裂症患者分别使用眼球轨迹运动检查仪和事件相关电位检查仪进行测试。结果：50例精神分裂症患者D分值为正分;而P300潜伏期延长则与症状相关。结论：眼球轨迹运动和事件相关电位作为对精神分裂症患者的检测,前者有助于临床辅助诊断,后者则有助于精神分裂症患者病理心理研究和疗效的判断。     

缓解期精神分裂症患者及其一级非患病亲属神经系统软体征比较研究

目的探讨缓解期的精神分裂症患者及其非患病一级亲属神经系统软体征(neurological soft signs,NSS)的差异。方法使用中文版剑桥神经科检查(the Cambridge neurological inventory,CNI)软体征测试分量表对86例缓解期精神分裂症患者(患者组)、86名患者的非患病一级亲属(亲属组)和86名健康对照(对照组)进行NSS的评估。结果与亲属组比较,患者组NSS总分、运动协调因子及感觉整合因子得分更高(P0.01)。患者组与对照组比较,患者组的NSS总分、运动协调因子得分和感觉整合因子的得分更高(P0.01)。亲属组与对照组比较,亲属组的NSS总分和运动协调因子得分更高(P0.01)。结论缓解期的精神分裂症患者及其非患病一级亲属较正常对照有更多神经系统软体征,而患者的神经系统软体征多于其非患病一级亲属。神经系统软体征中的运动协调因子可能为精神分裂症潜在的内表型。     

精神分裂症患者及其一级亲属性格特征的对照研究

目的探讨精神分裂症患者及其一级亲属的性格特征。方法选取住我院治疗处于缓解期的精神分裂症患者48例和一级亲属与正常组各79人，进行MMPI测查分析。结果精神分裂症患者及其一级亲属Hs、D、Hy、Pd、Pa、Pt、Sc量表分高于正常人，而患者和一级亲属间各量表分接近。结论精神分裂症患者及一级亲属具有明显的分裂性人格，两者的性格特征可能有着共同的遗传学基础。     

50例精神分裂症亲属的MMPI测定及对照分析

为探索精神分裂症亲属的个性特征及心理卫生状况，作者对５０例住院的精神分裂症家属进行了ＭＭＰＩ测定，并以５０例正常人作为对照，现将结果报告如下。１对象与方法１．１对象选取在我院１９９９年１２月～２０００年１２月期间住院的精神分裂症患者家属５０例（患者亲属组），且入组的患者均符合ＣＣＭＤ－２－Ｒ精神分裂症的诊断标准；父母２６例，同胞１２例，子女７例，非一级亲属５例（尽可能选择一级亲属）；男性１２例，女性２８例；平均年龄３８．７岁；文化程度要求在中学以上（使用上海惠诚公司心理测试电脑软件，其ＭＭＰＩ只…     

首发精神分裂症患者及其一级亲属皮层兴奋性的对照研究

目的 了解首发（未用药）精神分裂症患者及其未患病的一级亲属的运动阈值（motor threshold，MT）与正常人的差异，以探讨首发精神分裂症患者及其一级亲属的皮层兴奋性变化。方法采用单脉冲经颅磁刺激（singnal—pulse Transeranial Magnetic Stimulation，sTMS）检测均为右利手的37例首发精神分裂症患者、37例患者未患病的一级亲属及39例正常对照的MT值。结果（1）首发精神分裂症患者及其未患病的一级亲属的MT值左右两侧间比较，均无显著性差异（P均〉0．05）；而正常对照的MT值为左侧低于右侧，差异有非常显著性（t=3．18，P〈0．01）。（2）左侧及右侧的MT值三组间比较均无显著性差异（P均〉0．05）。（3）首发精神分裂症患者左右侧的MT值与年龄、性别、精神分裂症分型及病程均无显著相关性（P均〉0．05）。结论首发精神分裂症患者及其一级亲属的皮层兴奋性与正常对照存在差异，具体表现为正常对照左、右两侧的皮层兴奋性存在不对称，而首发精神分裂症患者及其一级亲属这种不对称性消失，原因可能与优势半球神经元突触传递易化作用减弱或消失有关。     

早发型和晚发型情感性障碍的遗传效应比较

为了解早发型和晚发型情感性障碍间是否存在遗传效应的差异，对同时符合中国精神疾病分类方案与诊断标准第２版和美国精神障碍诊断和统计手册第４版情感性障碍诊断标准的１８０例患者，以３０岁为界，划分为早发组（１１３例）和晚发组（６７例）。所得资料行单因素分析，用多基因阈值理论进行遗传率的估算。结果显示，早发组有精神疾病家族史多，一级亲属中情感性障碍的发病风险率高，一级亲属的加权平均遗传率高，脑部ＣＴ显示有器质性改变者少，与晚发组比较，差异均有显著性。提示二者存在着遗传异质性。     

Eye movements in acute, chronic, and remitted schizophrenics

Eye movements in 10 acute schizophrenics, 50 chronic schizophrenics, 20 remitted schizophrenics, 25 methamphetamine psychotics, 21 temporal lobe epileptics with left-sided spike focus (l-focus), 12 temporal lobe epileptics with right-sided spike focus (r-focus), and 50 normal controls were examined with an eye mark recorder while they viewed geometric figures. The eye movements while viewing an original "S"-shaped figure for 15 sec were analyzed. Each schizophrenic group and methamphetamine psychotics had significantly less eye fixations than the normal controls and temporal lobe epileptics (r-focus and l-focus). The chronic schizophrenics had significantly shorter mean eye scanning length (MESL) than the other six groups. Each subject was then shown two other figures slightly different from the original and was requested to compare them with the original. After comparing them, the subjects were asked the question, "Are there any other differences?" The 5-sec eye movements during the response to this question were scored using the Responsive Search Score (RSS). The schizophrenic groups had a significantly lower RSS than the nonschizophrenic patient groups and the normal controls. In the chronic schizophrenics, there was a significant negative correlation between the RSS and negative symptoms. These results suggest that the MESL can be an indicator of a chronic process of schizophrenia, and that lowering of the RSS may be a nosologically specific indicator for schizophrenia.     

Eye movements in schizophrenia--relationships among eye movements under three experimental conditions; closed-eye, pursuit, and exploratory

In order to investigate the pathophysiology of schizophrenia using psychophysiological indicators of eye movements, this study was conducted to clarify relations among eye movements under three experimental conditions; closed-eye, pursuit, and exploratory eye movements. Thirty-five chronic schizophrenic patients diagnosed by DSM-III-R criteria and 32 normal controls were examined. Horizontal eye movements were recorded electrooculographically with the subjects under two experimental conditions; one with eyes closed ("Closed-eye Eye Movement," Closed-eye EM), and the other with visually tracking a moving pendulum ("Pursuit Eye Movement," Pursuit EM). The closed-eye condition was further divided into two sub-conditions; one with the subjects awake and at rest, and the other with the subjects in the presence of a repetitive sound. Exploratory eye movements were recorded with an eye-mark recording system while the subjects viewing "S"-shaped geometric figures ("Exploratory Eye Movement," Exploratory EM). Indicators of eye movements under the three experimental conditions described above were measured and the correlations among them were investigated. Clinical symptoms in schizophrenics were assessed by BPRS, SANS and SADS and studied with the Factor Analysis method. In the Closed-eye EM, rapid eye movements appeared significantly more frequently and slow ones were less frequent in schizophrenics than in normals under both sub-conditions. The results for schizophrenics did not change significantly with the addition of sound stimuli. In the Pursuit EM, both the number and amplitude ratio of saccades were significantly larger in schizophrenics than in normals, although these indicators gradually decreased in both groups when tasks requiring concentration were demanded. In the Exploratory EM, the number of eye fixations, the total eye scanning length, and the "Responsive Search Score (RSS)," which is the total number of sections on which the eyes fixed during the response to the confirmative question, were all significantly smaller in schizophrenics than in normals. In schizophrenics, there were significant negative correlations between the RSS of the Exploratory EM and the number of rapid eye movements of the Closed-eye EM, the RSS and the number, amplitude ratio of saccades of the Pursuit EM, respectively. On the contrary, in normals, significant positive correlations were found between the number of rapid eye movements and the number of saccades.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Normal eye tracking is associated with abnormal morphology of medial temporal lobe structures in schizophrenia.

Eye tracking and brain morphology assessed by magnetic resonance imaging were examined in 48 patients in their first episode of schizophrenia and in 15 normal controls. Schizophrenic patients showed higher rates of eye tracking dysfunction and more abnormal brain morphology involving the lateral ventricles, medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures and the frontal-parietal cortex than controls. Enlargement of the lateral ventricles and global rating of abnormal brain morphology were significantly more prevalent in male schizophrenics than female schizophrenics. These findings indicate that abnormalities in a variety of brain regions are present in some schizophrenics during the period shortly after the first hospitalization and could not be a function of treatment or chronic illness. We found no relation between abnormal eye tracking and any single feature of abnormal brain morphology. However, normal eye tracking was significantly associated with MTL abnormalities in schizophrenics, reflecting an inverse association between quality of eye tracking and degree of abnormality in MTL structures. These results suggest that abnormal eye tracking is not mediated by the same processes that lead to structural brain anomalies in schizophrenia.     

Visual search,EEG, and psychopathology in schizophrenic patients

Summary Twenty acutely admitted schizophrenic inpatients diagnosed according to RDC and 8 normal controls were instructed to search for a randomly located target letter (Z) in ten lists of 284 distractor letters of either rounded or angular shape projected on a screen (23° × 15°). Eye movements were recorded using infrared corneal reflection-pupil centre measurement. Search performance was defined as the search time in seconds from onset of the display until localization of the target. The EEG was recorded simultaneously in schizophrenics, in whom assessment took place shortly after admission and before discharge. The psychopathological status was assessed at the same time with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms. Search performance was not significantly different in schizophrenics and normal controls, but was heavily affected by target/distractor similarity in both groups. Moreover, search performance in schizophrenics was not significantly affected by illness severity. However, search performance was differently related to negative and positive symptoms. Schizophrenics and normal controls differed with respect to the relationship between search performance and visuomotor microbehaviour. Additionally, two relatively time-stable eye movement patterns in schizophrenics could be distinguished, which were differently related to psychopathology, performance measures and EEG.This article was presented in part at the Symposium on Eye Movements and Psychopathology, Berlin, 23–24 June 1988     

A single dominant gene can account for eye tracking dysfunctions and schizophrenia in offspring of discordant twins

Eye movement dysfunctions (EMDs), detectable during smooth pursuit, occur in a majority of schizophrenics and in 45% of their first-degree relatives. Previous data suggest that they represent a biologic marker for schizophrenia. To determine the mode of transmission of the schizophrenia-EMD complex, the eye movements of offspring of monozygotic and dizygotic twins were recorded. One group of twins was discordant for schizophrenia; the other group for manic depression or reactive psychosis. The data suggest that EMDs and at least some schizophrenias can be considered expressions of a single underlying trait that is transmitted by an autosomal dominant gene.     

Relatives of unipolar and bipolar patients have normal pursuit

Impaired smooth pursuit eye movements are significantly less prevalent among the first-degree relatives of patients who have major affective disorders than among the first-degree relatives of schizophrenics. The distribution of normal and abnormal smooth pursuit among the relatives of unipolar and bipolar patients does not differ from that of normal individuals having no family history of major psychosis. Smooth pursuit impairment is thus specific to relatives of schizophrenic patients and is not characteristic of relatives of patients with major affective disorders.     

Limited eye movement patterns in chronic schizophrenic patients

Eye movements of 29 chronic schizophrenic patients and 23 normal control subjects were measured by an eye mark recorder during viewing of stationary geometric figures. The results suggested that the eye movements of schizophrenic patients were more limited than those of normal control subjects and that the abnormal eye movement inspection patterns in schizophrenic patients may reflect a lack of visual investigation of novel stimuli in the environment. Our findings, together with Moriya's (1979) observation of similar eye movement pattern abnormalities in the relatives of schizophrenic patients, support the hypothesis that the limited eye movement patterns may be a biological marker for schizophrenia.     

Saccadic reaction times in acute and remitted schizophrenics

Summary Schizophrenics are known to have various disturbances of the visuomotor system. Whereas smooth pursuit eye movement disorders have been repeatedly confirmed, there are relatively few reports regarding possible disturbances of the saccadic system. In this study, the saccadic reaction times of 47 schizophrenic inpatients were investigated upon admission and later in the remitted state; 28 age- and sex-matched normal volunteers were tested as controls. Psychopathology and outcome were evaluated according to the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and the Prognostic Scale. Light stimuli were presented at random direction, location (ranging from 0° to 20°) and duration (800, 1000, and 1200 ms). The eye movements were recorded by electro-oculography. Compared with the control group, schizophrenics revealed prolonged saccadic reaction times, which correlated with pronounced negative symptoms and an unfavourable course of the illness. The saccadic reaction times remained prolonged in schizophrenic patients. These findings suggest attentional deficits in schizophrenics.This article was presented in part at the Symposium on Eye Movements and Psychopathology, Berlin, 23–24 June 1988     

精神分裂症患者及其亲属免疫学研究

目的 :了解散发性首发精神分裂症患者及其一级亲属免疫球蛋白及补体成份与正常人是否存在差异。　方法 :用免疫透射比浊法测精神分裂症患者及其一级亲属及健康者血清中免疫球蛋白及补体成份的含量 ,并相互比较。　结果 :精神分裂症患者及其一级亲属IgA、IgG及C4显著高于正常人(P <0 .0 5～ 0 0 1)。　结论 :精神分裂症患者及其一级亲属存在同样免疫学异常 ,遗传因素可能是构成精神分裂症免疫学异常的基础