血浆同型半胱氨酸与脑梗死的相关性研究

目的探讨血浆同型半胱氨酸水平对脑梗死的影响。方法采用高效液相色谱仪HPLC-FD法检测40例急性脑梗死患者的血浆Hcy,采用离子捕获法测定患者叶酸（Fol）、维生素B12（VitB12）等指标,与40名健康对照者比较。结果 脑梗死组血浆Hcy水平和甘油三酯（TG）明显高于对照组,而Fol及VitB12水平则低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。高Hcy血症与脑梗死相关,相对危险度OR为8.921（95%CI 2.16～30.32）,脑梗死组和对照组血浆Hcy水平与血Fol、VitB12水平均呈显著负相关。结论 高同型半胱氨酸血症是脑梗死的独立危险因素。     

高同型半胱氨酸血症与脑梗死危险因素的相关性研究

目的探讨高同型半胱氨酸血症与脑梗死危险因素的相关性。方法选取82例脑梗死患者为观察组,选取同期体检中心健康体检者80例为对照组,比较2组血浆同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、叶酸(FA)、颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)等,探讨血浆Hcy与脑梗死危险因素的相关性。结果2组Hcy、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、IMT、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、FA、维生素B12(VitB12)差异有统计学意义(P0.05);相关性分析发现,Hcy与FA、VitB12呈负相关,与IMT呈正相关(P0.05)。结论高同型半胱氨酸血症与脑梗死显著相关,且导致患者高同型半胱氨酸血症与叶酸及维生素B12含量下降有关。     

脑梗死与高同型半胱氨酸血症的相关性研究

目的探讨脑梗死与血浆同型半胱氨酸（HCY）水平的关系。方法120例脑梗死患者测定血浆HCY、叶酸、维生素B12、颈动脉内膜中层厚度、欧洲脑卒中量表评分等指标，并与60例健康对照者相比较。结果①脑梗死组的血浆HCY水平、颈动脉内膜中层厚度和甘油三酯明显高于对照组，而叶酸及维生素B12水平则低于对照组（P均〈0.01）。②脑梗死与HCY水平之间存在危险性的水平梯度，当HCY〉15μmol／L时，患者发生脑梗死的危险为正常人的5.909倍，而HCY≥20μmol／L时，惠者发生脑梗死的危险为正常人的10．545倍。③从各项监测指标的相对危险度来看，与脑梗死有关的因素分别为HCY、叶酸、维生素B12、甘油三酯、颈动脉内膜中层厚度和收缩压、舒张压。条件Logistic回归模型检验发现HCY、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白、颈动脉内膜中层厚度和收缩压为脑梗死的独立致病因素。④脑梗死组和对照组血浆HCY水平与血叶酸、维生素B12水平、欧洲脑卒中量表评分均呈显著负相关性；HCY水平与颈动脉内膜中层厚度呈显著正相关性。结论高同型半胱氨酸血症是脑梗死的独立致病因素，导致高同型半胱氨酸血症的原因可能是血浆内叶酸和维生素B12的降低。     

血浆同型半胱氨酸水平与动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死的关系

目的探讨血浆同型半胱氨酸水平与动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死的关系,为动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死的预防提供指导依据。方法选择107例动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死患者为脑梗死组,同时选择同期本院健康体检者76例为对照组。所有研究对象均记录年龄、性别,吸烟、饮酒、高血压、糖尿病等既往史,测定血浆同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine,HCY)水平及空腹血糖(FBG)、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C),应用彩色超声多普勒检查患者颈动脉内膜中层厚度(intimal-medial wall thickness,IMT)。根据颈动脉彩色超声多普勒检查结果将脑梗死组分为脑梗死伴颈动脉粥样硬化斑块组和脑梗死无斑块组,将对照组分为对照有颈动脉粥样硬化斑块组和对照无斑块组;脑梗死有斑块组和对照有斑块合并为斑块组,脑梗死无斑块组和对照无斑块组合并无斑块组。结果脑梗死组男性、高龄、吸烟、高血压患者较对照组增多,FBG、血浆TC、LDL-C、HCY水平均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。多元Logistic回归分析显示吸烟、高血压、糖尿病、高血浆TC、LDL-C、HCY水平均是动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死的危险因素。Sperman秩相关显示HCY与吸烟、饮酒、高血压、糖尿病、TC、TG、LDL-C均无相关性。脑梗死组血浆HCY水平、IMT均高于对照组,斑块组血浆HCY、IMT水平均高于无斑块组,脑梗死有斑块组血浆HCY、IMT水平均高于脑梗死无斑块组,对照有斑块组血浆HCY、IMT水平均高于对照无斑块组,且差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);直线相关分析显示血浆HCY水平与IMT水平呈正相关(r=0.86,P0.05)。结论血浆HCY水平与脑梗死关系密切,高血浆HCY水平是动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死的独立危险因素,高血浆HCY水平主要通过加速动脉粥样硬化影响脑梗死的发病。     

高同型半胱氨酸血症与血管性痴呆相关性研究

目的:探讨血浆同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平与血管性痴呆(VD)的相关性。方法:应用全自动生化分析仪用循环酶法检测37例VD患者的血浆Hcy浓度,并与39例非痴呆脑梗死患者作为同龄对照组血浆Hcy浓度进行比较,同时测定血浆叶酸及VitB12浓度,根据简易精神状态检查量表(MMSE)评分划分VD患者严重程度,分为轻度(20～24分),中度(10～19分),重度(10分以下)。结果:VD组血浆Hcy水平显著高于非痴呆脑梗死组(P<0.05),VD组血浆叶酸水平显著低于非痴呆脑梗死组(P<0.05),两组间VitB12水平无显著性差异(P>0.05),不同程度VD患者血浆Hcy、叶酸水平有显著性差异(p<0.05),VitB12水平无显著性差异(p>0.05)。结论:高同型半胱氨酸血症可能是VD发病的一个新的危险因素。     

丙戊酸钠对癫痫患者血同型半胱氨酸、叶酸、维生素B_(12)水平的影响

目的探讨丙戊酸钠(VPA)对血同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、叶酸(Fol)、维生素B12(VitB12)浓度的影响。方法分别检测VPA单药治疗癫痫患者的血Hcy、Fol、VitB12浓度,并与未服用抗癫痫药的癫痫患者组及健康对照组比较。结果 VPA组患者血Hcy浓度明显高于癫痫对照组和正常对照组(P<0.01),Fol浓度低于癫痫对照组和正常对照组(P<0.05),VitB12浓度在VPA组有升高趋势。结论 VPA可引起癫痫患者血Hcy水平升高和Fol水平降低,长期服用VPA的癫痫患者应监测血Hcy、Fol、VitB12浓度,及时补充B族维生素、Fol有利于减少血栓事件的发生。     

青年脑梗死患者血浆脂联素及同型半胱氨酸的水平

目的研究青年脑梗死患者的血清脂联素(ADPN)和血浆同型半胱氨酸(HCY)水平。方法选取30例体检健康者(对照组)及30例青年脑梗死患者(病例组),应用放射免疫技术检测其空腹血清脂联素和血浆同型半胱氨酸水平并进行比较。结果青年脑梗死患者血清脂联素水平较对照组明显降低(P0.01),血浆同型半胱氨酸水平较对照组明显增高(P0.01)。结论血清脂联素、血浆同型半胱氨酸水平可能与青年脑梗死的发生有关,低脂联素血症及高同型半胱氨酸血症可能是青年脑梗死的危险因素。     

血浆同型半胱氨酸水平与急性脑梗死关系探讨

目的 探讨血浆同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平与急性脑梗死的关系.方法 选择急性脑梗死患者80例为观察组,选取与之年龄、性别相匹配的同期我院健康体检者60例为对照组.所有入选者均清晨空腹抽取静脉血8 mL,分别送检血生化、叶酸(FA)、维生素B12 (VitB12)及血浆Hcy水平.结果 观察组血浆Hcy水平显著高于对照组(P＜0.01).观察组血浆Hcy水平与FA及VitB12水平均呈负相关.条件Logistic回归模型检验发现高Hcy血症的OR值5.268(95％ CI2.405～11.542).结论 高Hcy血症可能是急性脑梗死的独立危险因素.     

脑梗死患者同型半胱氨酸水平与传统危险因素的相关性分析

目的分析脑梗死患者的同型半胱氨酸水平的变化,研究高同型半胱氨酸水平是否为脑梗死的独立危险因素,同时分析其与脑梗死其他传统危险因素之间的关系。方法选取于我院接受治疗的脑梗死患者200例为病例组,选取90例健康体检者为正常对照组,测定2组血清同型半胱氨酸水平,测定病例组传统危险因素水平:血压、甘油三酯、空腹血糖、总胆固醇、脂蛋白(a)、尿酸,评价脑梗死患者血清同型半胱氨酸水平与传统危险因素的相关性。结果病例组血清同型半胱氨酸水平显著高于正常对照组(P0.05),高同型半胱氨酸发病率显著高于正常对照组(P0.05)。脑梗死的传统危险因素中尿酸、脂蛋白(a)与血清同型半胱氨酸水平呈正相关(r=0.201,0.106,P0.05)。年龄、舒张压、空腹血糖、甘油三酯、总胆固醇与血清同型半胱氨酸水平无相关性(P0.05)。结论高同型半胱氨酸血症是脑梗死发生的独立危险因素,同型半胱氨酸水平与传统危险因素尿酸、脂蛋白(a)有相关性。     

血浆同型半胱氨酸与脑梗死及颈动脉粥样硬化相关性的研究

目的探讨同型半胱氨酸水平与脑梗死、颈动脉粥样硬化的关系。方法将508例分为脑梗死组368例和对照组140例,测定血浆同型半胱氨酸水平与糖尿病、高血压、年龄、性别、血脂等各指标间的关系;同时做颈动脉彩色多普勒超声检查,比较脑梗死组与对照组、颈动脉硬化组与颈动脉正常组同型半胱氨酸水平变化。结果脑梗死组与对照组血浆同型半胱氨酸水平升高分别为309例和23例,各占84.2%和16.4%,同型半胱氨酸水平分别为(25.33±5.66)umol/L和(12.52±3.16)umol/L,两组比较有统计学意义(P<0.001)。脑梗死组中伴颈动脉粥样硬化的患者血浆同型半胱氨酸水平明显高于颈动脉正常者(P<0.001)。结论高同型半胱氨酸血症是脑梗死独立的危险因素,与颈动脉粥样硬化及斑块形成有关。     

Treatment Considerations in Anticonvulsant Monotherapy

Summary: The long-standing practice of polypharmacy in treating epilepsy is giving way to use of monotherapy. Monotherapy can improve seizure control as well as reduce the risk of serious idiosyncratic reactions, dose-related side effects, and complex drug interactions. Monotherapy also offers improved compliance and cost-effectiveness. The basis of monotherapy is accurate diagnosis and assessment of the patient's seizure type(s), followed by selection of a single appropriate anticonvulsant drug. Many patients currently treated with multiple anticonvulsants can be successfully converted to monotherapy with a carefully monitored program in which troublesome and redundant drugs are gradually withdrawn from the therapeutic regimen.     

Dextromethorphan: Cellular Effects Reducing Neuronal Hyperactivity

Summary: Dextromethorphan is a dextrorotary morphinan without affinity for opioid receptors, commonly used as an antitussive medication. During the past 5 years, interest in the compound and its demethylated derivative, dextrorphan, has been revived because additional neuroprotective and an-tiepileptic properties were found in in vitro studies, animal experiments, and a few clinical cases. Both morphinans are able to inhibit N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channels and voltage-operated calcium and sodium channels with different potencies. The inhibition of the NMDA receptor is believed to be the predominant mechanism of action responsible for the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties of the compounds.     

Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery

Summary: The use of implantable arrays of epidural electrodes has made it possible to carry out extraoperative electrocorticography (ECoG) and functional localization in the awake child. This has permitted cortical excisions that are determined by criteria similar to those obtained during surgical procedures performed under local anesthesia in adults. In addition, the method also permits simultaneous ECoG and video monitoring during the child's symptomatic seizures, providing additional important localizing information that is impractical to obtain in operations under local anesthesia. We report our experience with 75 children, ages 5 months to 15 years, whom we have managed with epidural electrode arrays. The method of extraoperative ECoG is described and illustrative cases are presented to demonstrate its feasibility and utility in children. In addition, we call attention to gliomas as a common cause of chronic focal seizures in children. Of 49 children undergoing resection and followed for from 1 to 14 years (mean of 5.8 years), 32 (65%) are either seizure free or have had a significant reduction in seizure frequency that has unambiguously improved their quality of life. The results are analyzed further by relating the surgical outcome to each of the pathologic entities that caused the seizures. This analysis reveals the variety of neurological conditions that commonly cause intractable focal seizure disorder in children and distinguishes those pathologic entities in which the seizure disorder is apt to respond to surgical intervention from those that will not.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour une psychiatrie revisitée ? Introduction à deux articles de E. Kandel

In two articles which appeared in the American Journal of Psychiatry and that were subsequently translated for Évolution Psychiatrique, E. Kandel examines the bases for a reinterpreted psychiatry that is prepared to confront the major challenge of the 3rd millenium: that of insight into the mind and brain. This requires a major reorganization of the discipline, which involves a reinvestment of the scientific approach and a critical  assessment of the data provided by psychoanalytical psychiatry and cognitive neurosciences. Seven concepts have therefore been proposed for interactive re-examination: consciousness, the unconscious, memory, emotion, development, desire, impulse. The dynamic relations existing between genetics and the environment allow one to see how evolutions are possible from actions at different levels, both psychotherapeutic and pharmacological. Imaging and other techniques provide additional objective information to the process of human interaction which remains the basis of psychiatry. A common framework for psychiatry and the neurosciences, a reconsideration and renewal of the psychoanalytical approach are both possible and necessary.     

Opioids and the developing organism: A comprehensive bibliography, 1984–1988

A comprehensive bibliography of the literature concerned with opioids and the developing organism for 1984-1988 is presented. Utilized with companion papers (Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 6:439-479; 1982; 8:387-403; 1984), these articles cover the clinical and laboratory references beginning in 1875. For the years 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, and 1988, a total of 877 citations were recorded. A series of indexes accompanies the citations in order to make the literature more accessible. These indexes are divided into clinical and laboratory topics, and subdivided into such topics as the type of opioid explored and the general area of biological interest (e.g., physiology).     

La biologie et le futur de la psychanalyse : un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour une psychiatrie revisitée

The American Journal of Psychiatry has received a number of letters in response to my earlier “Framework” article (1). Some of these are reprinted elsewhere in this issue, and I have answered them briefly there. However, one issue raised by some letters deserves a more detailed answer, and that relates to whether biology is at all relevant to psychoanalysis. To my mind, this issue is so central to the future of psychoanalysis that it cannot be addressed with a brief comment. I therefore have written this article in an attempt to outline the importance of biology for the future of psychoanalysis.     

Facteurs de risque environnementaux à la schizophrénie

Schizophrenia is currently a major concern, its prevalence being estimated at around 1% and its social consequences being severe. The elucidation of the pathophysiology of the disease is difficult due to the great variability of clinical expressions, the instability of the clinical symptoms during the evolution and the absence of reliable biological markers. The existence of a familial aggregation in schizophrenia is well known, the risk of presenting the disease for first-degree relatives of patients being 5 to 10 times higher than the risk observed in the general population. The genetic component was further confirmed by twin and adoption studies. Although the concordance for the disease is higher (40 to 70%) among monozygotic twins as compared with dizygotic twins (15%) it does not reach 100%, which implies that environmental factors modulate the effects of the genotype. However, the role of these factors and especially their interaction with genetic factors remain unclear but the implications of some specific environmental factors are well documented by recent research data. The current literature on sex differences in schizophrenia is consistent. Several studies have suggested that male and female patients may differ in age at the onset and expression of clinical symptoms. Complications during pregnancy or birth-giving may increase the risk of developing schizophrenia later in life. The major complications are oxygen deprivation during pregnancy, bleeding, maternal malnutrition or infection (exposure to influenza, for example). A low birth weight is associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia. Psychoses are more common among people living in an urban environment and among those born during winter months. Schizophrenia is probably more prevalent in people who are living promiscuously, are subject to toxic abuse, poor nutrition and stress but here more precise data are needed. Moreover, immigrants have a higher risk of developing psychotic disorders. In addition, head traumas are associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia. Though they are contentious, some studies suggest that substance abuse (cannabis use in European countries) is related to the development of schizophrenia, especially in people with genetic vulnerability. Moreover, substance misuse may worsen the symptoms. If the environment is sufficiently stressful, people with a high genetic vulnerability will develop some degree of mental illness, including schizophrenia. Conversely, a less stressful or a protective environment may decrease the risk of its onset in persons with a predisposition to schizophrenia.