脑深部电刺激术治疗震颤

目的探讨脑深部电刺激术（brain deep stimulation,DBS）治疗各种震颤的疗效、术中手术靶点确定以及术后程控策略.方法采用微电极记录下丘脑腹中间核和丘脑底核电刺激术,对4例原发性震颤（essentialtremor,ET）（其中1例合并帕金森病患者靶点选择丘脑底核）和1例窒息后震颤症患者进行治疗.结果4例ET患者经过2～4次调试,双侧上肢症状控制满意（改善率在75%～90%）,其中1例头部震颤和发音震颤患者症状显著改善（改善率分别为82%和84%）.1例缺氧后震颤患者经多次调试症状改善不明显.其中1例行双侧DBS治疗的ET患者,手术后2个月出现慢性硬膜下血肿,经手术清除后痊愈,且开启DBS后症状控制满意.5例患者均没有出现永久性并发症.结论DBS是治疗ET双侧症状的首选方法,相对于丘脑毁损术（尤其是双侧）有较高的安全性.     

脑深部电刺激对帕金森病非运动症状的疗效(附102例病例分析)

目的 探讨丘脑底核(STN)脑深部电刺激(DBS)对帕金森病(PD)非运动症状的治疗作用.方法 102例PD病人接受STN-DBS手术,手术前后分别进行非运动症状(NMS)量表评估,随访时间6个月至6年.结果 PD患者术前有NMS症状3～18项,平均7.1项.NMS评分与患者的Hoehn-Yahr分级明显相关(相关系数r=0.49,P<0.01).手术后频数明显下降的NMS症状是:疼痛、感觉异常、失眠、多梦、不安腿、体质量下降.结论 所有PD患者都具有NMS症状,出现在PD病程的各个时期.随疾病严重程度的进展,PD患者平均NMS评分明显提高.DBS手术不能改善PD患者的所有NMS症状,但可以减少疼痛、感觉异常、失眠、多梦、不安腿、体质量下降等症状.     

原发性震颤患者的非运动症状

目的 研究原发性震颤(essential tremor,ET)患者嗅觉障碍等非运动症状的发生情况.方法 对62例ET患者应用震颤评分量表(Falm-Tolosa-Matin Tremor Rating Scale,TRS)、帕金森病非运动症状30问卷量表(Parkinson's disease non-motor symptoms questionnaire,NMS Quest)和MMSE进行评分,T&T标准嗅觉测试液检测嗅觉功能,并与60名健康体检者进行对照.结果 ET患者的嗅觉障碍发生率为51.6%(32/62),明显高于健康对照组(30.0%,18/60,x~2=12.371,P<0.05);平均每例ET患者出现5项左右不同的非运动症状,以对近期发生的事情记忆有困难或忘记做一些事情、嗅觉障碍、令人紧张或害怕的梦或生动梦境的发生率较高.嗅觉障碍等非运动症状的发生与ET患者的病程、病情严重程度、治疗与否没有明显的相关性.结论 除姿势性震颤或动作性震颤外,ET患者还会出现嗅觉障碍等非运动症状,需要全面认识和及时干预.     

同期丘脑和苍白球切开术治疗合并原发性震颤的帕

目的本文旨在研究合并原发性震颤(ET)的帕金森病手术治疗的最佳术式,评估同期丘脑和苍白球切开术的手术必要性、临床治疗效果、安全性及其适应证.方法应用微电极导向立体定向技术,对16例合并ET的PD患者实施了同期单侧丘脑和苍白球切开术.用UPDRS方法对所有患者进行术前和术后的病情评分.结果所有16例患者症状均有明显改善,手术对侧和躯干尤为明显.手术对侧各种形式的震颤在“开、关”两种状态下均完全消失,改善率为100%,对震颤的治疗效果优于单纯苍白球切开术.无严重并发症发生.随访结果表明,患者的自理能力明显提高,UPDRS各项评估指标稳定,反映了持续改善的手术效果.结论同期丘脑和苍白球切开术治疗合并ET的PD患者是一种安全而有效的治疗方案,适应证的合理选择和微电极导向技术的应用是手术成功的关键.     

脑深部电刺激治疗帕金森病的疗效分析

目的分析脑深部电刺激(DBS)对帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状,包括震颤、强直、少动、步态/姿势不稳的疗效。方法采用回顾性、自身前后对照研究方法,对45例PD患者的情绪、运动、生活质量和不良反应4个维度进行评估,并对运动症状亚群即震颤、强直、少动、步态/姿势不稳症状进行比较。结果与术前药物"关"期比较,术后单纯DBS治疗(DBS-ON/Med-OFF)患者UPDRSⅢ总评分为(14. 75±11. 41)分(95%CI:-3. 41～32. 91,P 0. 001),改善率为(32. 6±26. 8)%,术后DBS刺激+药物治疗(DBS-ON/Med-ON)患者UPDRSⅢ总评分为(28. 00±4. 08)分(95%CI:21. 50～34. 50,P 0. 001),改善率为(43. 19±27. 42)%。与Med-OFF患者比较,DBS-ON/Med-OFF患者震颤(2. 4±5. 3,P 0. 05)、强直(5. 3±3. 3,P 0. 01)、少动(8. 2±9. 7,P 0. 001)、步态/姿势不稳(1. 7±2. 9,P 0. 01)均有显著改善。结论 DBS治疗可整体改善PD患者的生活质量及活动能力,对震颤、强直、少动、步态/姿势不稳症状都有改善,对震颤及强直的改善尤为显著;对情绪无明显影响。本研究患者术后常见不良反应为构音障碍和步态障碍。     

原发性震颤与特发性帕金森病嗅觉障碍的研究

目的检测原发性震颤(ET)与特发性帕金森病(PD)患者的嗅觉功能,并探讨ET与PD的关系.方法采用Bain等(国际震颤研究小组)提出的ET诊断标准及国际通用的PD诊断标准,收集80例ET 和96例PD患者,分别进行简易嗅觉检查,并随机选择两组年龄、性别分别与ET、PD患者相匹配的健康人作为对照.结果 PD患者嗅觉障碍远高于对照组,而ET患者与对照组相近.结论 ET与PD可能是两种不同性质的疾病.     

丘脑底核慢性电刺激与苍白球毁损术治疗帕金森病疗效比较

目的分别应用脑深部电刺激(deepbrainstimulation,DBS)和苍白球毁损术(posteroventralpallidot-omy,PVP)治疗原发性帕金森病(Parkinson'sdisease,PD),对照研究DBS和PVP对PD患者的震颤、肢体僵硬、运动迟缓的疗效。方法应用CT影像学与微电极电生理定位结合的方法进行靶点定位,为11例帕金森病患者进行同期双侧丘脑底核电极植入,26例患者进行分期双侧苍白球腹后部毁损术,经过至少6个月的随访并行UPDRS评分。结果11例同期进行双侧丘脑底核电极植入及26例分期进行双侧苍白球毁腹后部毁损术患者术后的震颤、肢体僵硬、运动迟缓症状均不同程度的改善,但以DBS手术的改善程度更为明显,两组患者手术前后的UPDRS评分下降程度差异显著(P<0.05)。结论双侧同期DBS是目前治疗PD相对较好的方法,双侧电极植入在改善肢体症状的同时可以明显控制、改善中轴症状,在治疗中晚期PD患者方面较PVP有较大的优势。     

脑深部电刺激苍白球内侧部和丘脑底核对帕金森病震颤改善的对比性研究

目的探讨苍白球内侧部(GPi)和丘脑底核(STN)作为脑深部电刺激(DBS)治疗帕金森病(PD)的靶点,对震颤改善的差异。方法本院2016年1月—2017年12月行双侧DBS术的56例PD患者,按照手术靶点的不同随机分为STN组和GPi组。其中STN组30例,男20例,女10例,平均年龄(59. 3±10. 7)岁; GPi组26例,男19例,女7例,平均年龄(61. 3±7. 2)岁。采用国际通用的UPDRS评分表中的震颤评分项目对患者术前、术后3个月震颤进行评分。结果 STN和GPi组术后开机未服药状态的震颤评分比术前均有明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 001,P=0. 001)。而两组间震颤改善率的差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。与术前比较,STN组术后开机服药状态的震颤评分改善有统计学意义(P 0. 05);而GPi组与术前开期比较,术后开期服药状态下的震颤评分改善无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。两组术后开机服药状态的震颤改善率比较,差异也无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论 DBS是治疗PD震颤症状的有效治疗手段,无论靶点是STN或GPi。STN和GPi作为治疗PD的靶点,在改善震颤程度方面没有明显的差别。     

视频抽动量表在脑深部电刺激术治疗抽动秽语综合征中的应用

目的 探讨视频抽动量表在脑深部电刺激术(deep Brain Stimulation,DBS)治疗抽动秽语综合征(Tourette syndrome,TS)效果评估中的应用价值.方法 7例成人,TS患者行双侧苍白球腹后内侧部(Globus Pallidus interna,Gpi)DBS术,分别于术前,术后应用耶鲁综合抽动严重程度评分量表(Yale Global Tic SeverityScale,YGTSS)及视频抽动量表进行症状评估.结果 患者随访时间1～23月.YGTSS评估症状改善16.67%～62.96%(平均51.47%±17.71%),视频抽动量表评估症状改善13.33%～66.67%(平均42.64%±17.53%),对视频抽动量表及YGTSS评估改善率结果行配对t经验,P=0.056>0.05.结论 视频抽动量表对TS症状评估与YGTSS接近,可作为评估TS症状的辅助方法.     

丘脑底核电刺激治疗帕金森病的临床应用

目的探讨丘脑底核(STN)脑深部电刺激术(DBS)治疗帕金森病(PD)的手术方法和脉冲发生器的程控调节。方法行STN DBS治疗PD61例,其中单侧30例,双侧31例。采用磁共振扫描结合微电极记录技术进行靶点定位。术后用UPDRS运动评分评价刺激效果。结果术后随访6～36个月,平均11.3个月。脉冲发生器开启时,在“关”状态下,UPDRS运动评分改善率5.2%;在“开”状态下,UPDRS运动评分改善率20.7%,未发现任何并发症。结论STN DBS能有效控制PD症状,手术并发症少,术后可调节参数,已成为治疗PD的重要手术方法。     

Deep brain stimulation in neurologic disorders

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective surgical therapy for well-selected patients with medically intractable Parkinson's disease (PD) and essential tremor (ET). The purpose of this review is to describe the success of DBS in these two disorders and its promising application in dystonia, Tourette Syndrome (TS) and epilepsy. In the last 10 years, numerous short- and intermediate-term outcome studies have demonstrated significant relief to patients with PD and ET. A few long-term follow-up studies have also reported sustained benefits. When successful, DBS greatly reduces most of parkinsonian motor symptoms and drug-induced dyskinesia, and it frequently improves patients' ability to perform activities of daily living with less encumbrance from motor fluctuations. Quality of life is enhanced and many patients are able to significantly reduce the amount of antiparkinsonian medications required to still get good pharmacological benefit. Overall, adverse effects associated with DBS tend to be transient, although device-related and other postoperative complications do occur. DBS should be considered the surgical procedure of choice for patients who meet strict criteria with medically intractable PD, ET and selected cases of dystonia.     

Psychiatric and Cognitive Effects of Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson’s Disease

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is effective for Parkinson’s disease (PD), dystonia, and essential tremor (ET). While motor benefits are well documented, cognitive and psychiatric side effects from the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and globus pallidus interna (GPi) DBS for PD are increasingly recognized. Underlying disease, medications, microlesions, and post-surgical stimulation likely all contribute to non-motor symptoms (NMS).     

Deep brain stimulation for dystonia.

Within the past few years, there has been a renaissance of functional neurosurgery for the treatment of dystonic movement disorders. In particular, deep brain stimulation (DBS) has widened the spectrum of therapeutical options for patients with otherwise intractable dystonia. It has been introduced only with a delay after DBS became an accepted treatment for advanced Parkinson' disease (PD). In this overview, the authors summarize the current status of its clinical application in dystonia. Deep brain stimulation for dystonia has been developed from radiofrequency lesioning, but it has replaced the latter largely in most centers. The main target used for primary dystonia is the posteroventral globus pallidus internus (GPi), and its efficacy has been shown in generalized dystonia, segmental dystonia, and complex cervical dystonia. The optimal target for secondary dystonias is still unclear, but some patients appear to benefit more from thalamic stimulation. The improvement of dystonia with chronic DBS frequently is delayed, in particular concerning tonic dystonic postures. Because more energy is needed for stimulation than in other movement disorders such as PD, more frequent battery replacements are necessary, which results in relatively higher costs for chronic DBS. The study of intraoperative microelectrode recordings and of local field potentials by the implanted DBS electrodes has yielded new insights in the pathophysiology of dystonia. Larger studies are underway presently to validate the observations being made.     

Deep brain stimulation of globus pallidus internus for dystonia

Neuromodulation is the functional modification of neural structures through the use of electrical stimulation. Its most clinically applicable use is deep brain stimulation (DBS) of basal ganglia structures in Parkinson's disease (PD) and essential tremor (ET). More recently, it has been used as a means of treating dystonic movement disorders. The main target of DBS for dystonia is the posteroventral globus pallidus internus (GPi), although the thalamus has been used as an alternate target in a minority of cases. In comparison to the effects seen in PD, the improvement in dystonic postures appear to differ in several ways--delay of clinical benefit, higher voltage requirements, and varied stimulator settings. In this review, the authors discuss the clinical characteristics, pathophysiology, microelectrode recording (MER) signatures, optimal surgical targets, programming parameters and outcomes in dystonia.     

Deep brain stimulation in dystonia

Renewed interest in stereotaxy for dystonia followed the introduction of deep brain stimulation (DBS) in Parkinson's disease and essential tremor in the 1990s. DBS evolved from ablative surgery, which was applied with varying results in the 1950s in patients with movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease, essential tremor and dystonia. The present review summarizes the current knowledge on clinical aspects of DBS in dystonia (Dec. 2002). Excellent results have been achieved in dystonic patients carrying a mutation in the DYT1 gene with improvements up to 90 %. Similar results may also be obtained in patients with idiopathic generalized dystonia, myoclonus-dystonia syndrome, and tardive dystonia. Substantial improvement has been observed in patients with focal dystonia (for instance cervical dystonia). Patients with secondary dystonia often display a lesser and more variable degree of improvement. Long-term studies are warranted to assess both motor and neuropsychological sequelae of DBS in dystonia. Furthermore, the optimal target for different dystonic disorders remains to be determined, although the globus pallidus internus has currently emerged as the most promising target for dystonia.     

The effect of deep brain stimulation on quality of life in movement disorders

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a viable treatment alternative for patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), essential tremor (ET), dystonia, and cerebellar outflow tremors. When poorly controlled, these disorders have detrimental effects on the patient's health related quality of life (HRQoL). Instruments that measure HRQoL are useful tools to assess burden of disease and the impact of therapeutic interventions on activities of daily living, employment, and other functions. We systematically and critically reviewed the literature on the effects of DBS on HRQoL in PD, ET, dystonia, and cerebellar outflow tremor related to multiple sclerosis.     

Effects of cerebellar neuromodulation in movement disorders: A systematic review

Background

The cerebellum is involved in the pathophysiology of many movement disorders and its importance in the field of neuromodulation is growing.

Deep brain stimulation for camptocormia in dystonia and Parkinson’s disease

Camptocormia, or “bent spine syndrome”, may occur in various movement disorders such as primary dystonia or idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (PD). Although deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established treatment in refractory primary dystonia and advanced PD, few data are available on the effect of DBS on camptocormia comparing these two conditions. Seven patients (4 with dystonia, 3 with PD; mean age 60.3 years at surgery, range 39–73 years) with camptocormia were included in the study. Five patients underwent bilateral GPi DBS and two patients underwent bilateral STN DBS guided by CT-stereotactic surgery and microelectrode recording. Pre- and postoperative motor assessment included the BFM in the dystonia patients and the UPDRS in the PD patients. Severity of camptocormia was assessed by the BFM subscore for the trunk at the last available follow-up at a mean of 17.3 months (range 9–36 months). There were no surgical complications. In the four patients with dystonia there was a mean improvement of 53% in the BFM motor score (range 41–79%) and of 63% (range 50–67%) in the BFM subscore for the trunk at the last available follow-up (mean 14.3 months, range 9–18 months). In the three patients with camptocormia in PD who underwent bilateral STN DBS (2 patients) or pallidal DBS (1 patient), the PD symptoms improved markedly (mean improvement in the UPDRS motor subscore stimulation on/medication off 55%, range 49–61%), but there was no or only mild improvement of camptocormia in the two patients who underwent STN DBS, and only moderate improvement in the patient with GPi DBS at the last available follow-up (mean 21 months, range 12–36 months). GPi DBS is an effective treatment for camptocormia in dystonia. The response of camptocormia to chronic STN or GPi DBS in PD is more heterogenous. The latter may be due to a variety of causes and needs further clarification.     

Deep brain stimulation in movement disorders. The applications reconsidered

In this study the role of DBS in advanced Parkinson disease (PD) is re-evaluated and new indications in the field of movement disorders are explored. The authors performed unilateral pallidal stimulation in 26 patients with advanced PD. At long-term follow-up review, the motor effect is unsatisfying. The authors conclude that unilateral pallidal stimulation is not a favourable treatment option for patients with advanced PD. Bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation was performed in twenty patients with advanced PD. After a minimum follow-up of 4 years, there was still a significant improvement in motor function and functional performance in all patients. One side-effect of the stimulation was however rather concerning: four patients presented with stimulation-induced hypomanic to manic characteristics. Bilateral subthalamic stimulation was performed in four patients with multiple system atrophy-parkinsonism. At long-term follow-up, the patients fared better with than without stimulation. The authors finally present a completely new indication for DBS: Tourette syndrome (TS). They review the literature on surgical procedures performed in TS, all of which consisted of making lesions. Three TS patients are presented on which bilateral thalamic stimulation was performed. At long-term follow-up, all major tics had disappeared, as well as associated behavioral disturbances.     

Micro lesion effect of the globus pallidus internus and outcome with deep brain stimulation in patients with Parkinson disease and dystonia

To determine whether the immediate response to electrode implantation (micro lesion effect, MLE) in the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi) predicts symptom improvement with deep brain stimulation (DBS) at 6 months in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) or generalized dystonia. Electrode implantation in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) prior to electrical stimulation has been reported to predict a beneficial effect of DBS in patients with PD, but whether this is also the case for the GPi in either PD or dystonia patients has not been established. We studied 20 patients (11 with PD and 9 with dystonia) who underwent electrode implantation in the GPi. Effects were assessed using standardized scales after 24 hours, weekly for 3 weeks prior to starting DBS, and after 6 months of DBS. 10 of 11 PD and 8 of 9 dystonia cases who benefited from electrode implantation also showed improvement in all motor and disability scores after 6 months of DBS of the GPi. One dystonia patient who did not show MLE benefited from DBS. The presence of MLE after electrode implantation in the GPi may help predict motor benefit from DBS in PD and generalized dystonia patients. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society