妥泰加用治疗成人难治性部分性癫痫的疗效观察

目的：观察妥泰（TPM）加用治疗成人难治性部分性伴或不伴随继发身性发作（GTCS）的疗效,安全性及耐受性。方法：56例在不动原用抗癫痫药（AEDs)的基础上加用TPM治疗20周、前8周为加量期,后12周为维持治疗的稳定期,治疗前（基础期）记录好作频率,用药情况。体重等作为自身对照。TPM自25mg/d开始,逐渐加量,目标剂量为200mg/d,治疗及治疗结束各查基础AEDs血药浓度进行比较,治疗结束行全面疗效分析。结果：TPM加用治疗20周后,与基础期发作频率比较,64．29％患者发作频率降低≥50％;25．00％,患者发生频率降低≥75％＜100％;16．07％完全不发。不良反应轻至中度,但与合AEDs的多少有关。50％患者体重可有不同程度的下降。TPM对止痛民西平及丙戊酸钠血药浓度影响不大。结论：TMP是治疗难治性部分性伴或不伴继发GTCS的表效的药物。     

妥泰单药治疗部分性癫痫的疗效观察

目的 观察妥泰单药治疗部分性癫痫病人的疗效及安全性。方法 对30例部分性癫痫患者应用妥泰单药治疗20周，于治疗前观察并记录基础发作频率，剂量从25mg/d开始，每周增加25mg,共8周，达有效剂量或200mg/d后维持治疗12周，并观察癫痫发作频率变化及不良反应等。结果 发作完全控制16例（53．3％），发作减少≥75％6例（20％），发作减少≥50％2例（6．7％），发作减少＜50％6例（20％）。病程短者治疗效果较好。首次接受抗癫痫药物治疗者发作完全控制比例明显高于经治过的病人。治疗过程中无严重不良反应。结论 妥泰单药治疗对控制单纯部分发作及复杂部分性发作均有良好的效果，且耐受性、安全性好。     

卒中继发癫(癎)的临床分析

目的探讨卒中继发癫痫的发生率、发作临床特点（发生时间、发作形式与病灶部位的关系）、发病机制、治疗措施等有关问题。方法选择经头CT或MRI确诊的急性卒中患者共564例．随访1～2年观察所有病人癫病发生率、发作临床特点．探讨继发性癫痫发病机制，总结治疗措施。结果本组病人继发癫病者66例，癫痫发生率11．7％（66／564）。其中脑血栓形成发生率为10．2％（30／294）．脑栓塞为12．7％（14／110），脑出血为12．9％（16／124）．蛛网模下腔出血16．6％（6／36）；69．7％的继发癫痫发生在脑血管病发病的2周内；出血性卒中多表现大发作，缺血性卒中多表现为部分性发作；治疗上以抗癫痫药物为主，大多数患者不需长期服药。结论卒中继发癫痫的发生率为11．7％．以蛛网模下腔出血最易发生，出血性卒中多表现为全面性发作，缺血性卒中多表现部分性发作．其中早发性癫痫（2周内发作）占69．7％，抗癫痫药物有效．一般不需长期服药。     

托吡酯治疗难治性癫疒间部分性发作的疗效观察

本研究应用托吡酯单药治疗 4 0例难治性癫疒间 部分性发作的患者 ,取得了较好的疗效 ,现将结果报告如下。1　资料与方法1.1　一般资料　本组男 2 6例 ,女 14例 ;年龄 14～ 6 3岁 ,平均(18.76± 13.5 4 )岁 ;病程 2～ 34年 ,平均 (10 .4 6± 8.37)年。诊断符合 1981年国际抗癫疒间 联盟所制定的癫疒间 分类的标准 ,其中单纯部分性发作 11例 ,复杂部分性发作 17例 ,部分性发作继发全身性发作 12例。1.2　方法　治疗前基础期记录病人癫疒间 发作频率、体温、血压等。托吡酯治疗 2 0周 ,目标剂量为 2 0 0mg/d ,前 8周为加量期 ,后 12周为稳定期 …     

妥泰治疗难治性癫痫的临床疗效观察

目的：观察妥泰（TPM）单药对难治性癫痫（RE）的临床疗效和安全性。方法：RE41例，添加TPM治疗后逐渐撤去原服用的抗癫痫药物，而用TPM单药治疗。以添加TPM前12周平均每4周发作频率为基线，与评价前12周平均每4周发作频率进行个体自身比较。按常规计算完全控制率和有效率。并进行临床观察和实验室检查。结果：完全控制率34．1％，有效率65．9％。不良反应25例次, 但绝大部分轻微，可自行消失。结论：TPM对RE疗效显著，安全性好。     

托吡酯加用治疗难治性部分性癫癎发作的临床研究

目的:观察托吡酯加用治疗癫（疒间）难治性部分性发作的疗效.方法:32例难治性部分性发作或继发性全身性发作癫（疒间）患者,病程1年以上,一直服用一种或两种基础抗癫（疒间）药物每月仍有≥4次以上的发作.托吡酯采用加量法,加量期8周,目标剂量为200mg@d-1,观察12周后进入延长期.结果:32例病人经过治疗后,发作100%消失者5例(15.62%),发作≤75%13例(40.62%),发作≤50%11例(34.37%),无改善2例(6.25%),因不良反应而中断1例(3.13%).结论:托吡酯是一种非常有效的新型抗癫（疒间）药物.     

托吡酯添加治疗儿童难治性癫痫的开放性自身对照临床研究

目的 评价托吡酯添加治疗儿童难治性癫痫的疗效及安全性。方法 应用托吡酯对44例难治性癫痫患儿进行开放性自身对照临床研究,其中单纯部分性发作患儿14例次,复杂部分性发作患儿23例次,部分性发作继发全面性发作患儿16例次。于服药后6个月评价托吡酯的疗效和安全性,以及临床疗效与药物剂量关系。结果 托吡酯治疗总有效率为58.14％(25/43例次),以发作次数减少≥50％为界,单纯部分性发作患儿治疗总有效率为57.14％(8/14例次),复杂部分性发作63.64％(14/22例次),部分性发作继发全面性发作68.75％(11/16例次)。6例Lennox-Gastaut综合征患儿中仅2例有效。托吡酯治疗后的不良反应发生率为46.51％(20/43例次),主要为厌食(37.21％)和体重下降(27.91％)。托吡酯所致不良反应较轻微,部分患儿继续接受治疗可自行缓解。结论 尽管在服用托吡酯期间须行不良反应监测,但其作为添加剂治疗儿童难治性癫痫安全有效,且对患儿血尿常规、肝肾功能均无明显影响。     

托吡酯治疗难治性癫痫的疗效观察

目的　评价托吡酯 (TPM)单药治疗难治性癫痫 (IE)的疗效及其不良反应。方法　选择 5 6例各种类型发作的 IE患者给予 TPM单药治疗 ,前 8周为调整期 ,后 8周为稳定期 ,总观察期 16周。每 2周观察 1次 ,疗效评估每 4周 1次。并对不同时期 TPM剂量与癫痫发作次数作相关分析以及观察不良反应。结果　 5 6例患者 (15例因多种原因中途退出者不含在内 ) TPM剂量 2 41.6 7± 75 .6 6 m g/ d(15 0～ 6 0 0 m g/ d)。调整期随着 TPM剂量增加患者癫痫发作频率逐渐减少 ,呈显著相关性 (r=0 .6 32 7,P<0 .0 0 0 1) ;稳定期 TPM剂量不增加而患者癫痫发作次数继续减少 ,相关性呈现下降趋势 (r=0 .5 92 1,P<0 .0 0 1;r=0 .40 44 ,P<0 .0 1)。全组有效率为 73.2 1% ,包括 6例完全不发作者。治疗初期 18例患者出现一过性轻度不良反应 ,治疗中未见病情恶化者。结论　托吡酯能有效减少难治性癫痫临床发作 ,较佳疗效时间窗在第 12～ 16周。     

托吡酯添加治疗儿童难治性癫痫的开放性自身对照临床研究

目的：评价托吡酯添加治疗儿童难治性癫痫的疗效及安全性。方法：应用托吡酯对44例难治性癫痫患儿进行开放性自身对照临床研究，其中单纯部分性发作患儿14例次，复杂部分性发作患儿23例次，部分性发作继发全面性发作患儿16例次。于服药后6个月评价托吡酯的疗效和安全性，以及临床疗效与药物剂量关系。结果：托吡酯治疗总有效率为58.14%（25/43例次）。以发作次数减少≥50%为界，单纯部分性发作患儿治疗总有效率为57.14%(8/14例次），复杂部分性发作63.64%(14/22你次），部分性发作继发全面性发作68.75%(11/16例次）。6例Lennox-Gastaut综合征患儿中仅2例有效。托吡酯治疗后的不良反应发生率为46.51%(20/43例次），主要为厌食（37.21%）和体重下降（27.91%）。托吡酯所致不良反应较轻微，部分患儿继续接受治疗可行自行缓解。结论：尽管在服务托吡酯期间须行不良反应监测，但其作为添加剂治疗儿童难治性癫痫安全有效，且对患儿血尿常规、肝肾功能均无明显影响。     

老年人脑出血急性期继发癫痫发作

目的 探讨老年人脑出血急性期继发癫痫发作的临床特点及预后。方法 回顾性分析48例老年脑出血急性期继发癫痫发作患的临床资料。结果 癫痫发作在脑出血后1周内较多(70．8％)，以全身性强立一阵孪发作形式多见；癫痫发作部位在脑叶占64．6％，其次为基底节区(25％)；死亡率为52．08％。结论 老年人脑出血继发癫痫发作与脑出血部位有关，死亡率较高。     

Treatment Considerations in Anticonvulsant Monotherapy

Summary: The long-standing practice of polypharmacy in treating epilepsy is giving way to use of monotherapy. Monotherapy can improve seizure control as well as reduce the risk of serious idiosyncratic reactions, dose-related side effects, and complex drug interactions. Monotherapy also offers improved compliance and cost-effectiveness. The basis of monotherapy is accurate diagnosis and assessment of the patient's seizure type(s), followed by selection of a single appropriate anticonvulsant drug. Many patients currently treated with multiple anticonvulsants can be successfully converted to monotherapy with a carefully monitored program in which troublesome and redundant drugs are gradually withdrawn from the therapeutic regimen.     

Dextromethorphan: Cellular Effects Reducing Neuronal Hyperactivity

Summary: Dextromethorphan is a dextrorotary morphinan without affinity for opioid receptors, commonly used as an antitussive medication. During the past 5 years, interest in the compound and its demethylated derivative, dextrorphan, has been revived because additional neuroprotective and an-tiepileptic properties were found in in vitro studies, animal experiments, and a few clinical cases. Both morphinans are able to inhibit N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channels and voltage-operated calcium and sodium channels with different potencies. The inhibition of the NMDA receptor is believed to be the predominant mechanism of action responsible for the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties of the compounds.     

Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery

Summary: The use of implantable arrays of epidural electrodes has made it possible to carry out extraoperative electrocorticography (ECoG) and functional localization in the awake child. This has permitted cortical excisions that are determined by criteria similar to those obtained during surgical procedures performed under local anesthesia in adults. In addition, the method also permits simultaneous ECoG and video monitoring during the child's symptomatic seizures, providing additional important localizing information that is impractical to obtain in operations under local anesthesia. We report our experience with 75 children, ages 5 months to 15 years, whom we have managed with epidural electrode arrays. The method of extraoperative ECoG is described and illustrative cases are presented to demonstrate its feasibility and utility in children. In addition, we call attention to gliomas as a common cause of chronic focal seizures in children. Of 49 children undergoing resection and followed for from 1 to 14 years (mean of 5.8 years), 32 (65%) are either seizure free or have had a significant reduction in seizure frequency that has unambiguously improved their quality of life. The results are analyzed further by relating the surgical outcome to each of the pathologic entities that caused the seizures. This analysis reveals the variety of neurological conditions that commonly cause intractable focal seizure disorder in children and distinguishes those pathologic entities in which the seizure disorder is apt to respond to surgical intervention from those that will not.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour une psychiatrie revisitée ? Introduction à deux articles de E. Kandel

In two articles which appeared in the American Journal of Psychiatry and that were subsequently translated for Évolution Psychiatrique, E. Kandel examines the bases for a reinterpreted psychiatry that is prepared to confront the major challenge of the 3rd millenium: that of insight into the mind and brain. This requires a major reorganization of the discipline, which involves a reinvestment of the scientific approach and a critical  assessment of the data provided by psychoanalytical psychiatry and cognitive neurosciences. Seven concepts have therefore been proposed for interactive re-examination: consciousness, the unconscious, memory, emotion, development, desire, impulse. The dynamic relations existing between genetics and the environment allow one to see how evolutions are possible from actions at different levels, both psychotherapeutic and pharmacological. Imaging and other techniques provide additional objective information to the process of human interaction which remains the basis of psychiatry. A common framework for psychiatry and the neurosciences, a reconsideration and renewal of the psychoanalytical approach are both possible and necessary.     

Opioids and the developing organism: A comprehensive bibliography, 1984–1988

A comprehensive bibliography of the literature concerned with opioids and the developing organism for 1984-1988 is presented. Utilized with companion papers (Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 6:439-479; 1982; 8:387-403; 1984), these articles cover the clinical and laboratory references beginning in 1875. For the years 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, and 1988, a total of 877 citations were recorded. A series of indexes accompanies the citations in order to make the literature more accessible. These indexes are divided into clinical and laboratory topics, and subdivided into such topics as the type of opioid explored and the general area of biological interest (e.g., physiology).     

La biologie et le futur de la psychanalyse : un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour une psychiatrie revisitée

The American Journal of Psychiatry has received a number of letters in response to my earlier “Framework” article (1). Some of these are reprinted elsewhere in this issue, and I have answered them briefly there. However, one issue raised by some letters deserves a more detailed answer, and that relates to whether biology is at all relevant to psychoanalysis. To my mind, this issue is so central to the future of psychoanalysis that it cannot be addressed with a brief comment. I therefore have written this article in an attempt to outline the importance of biology for the future of psychoanalysis.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Facteurs de risque environnementaux à la schizophrénie

Schizophrenia is currently a major concern, its prevalence being estimated at around 1% and its social consequences being severe. The elucidation of the pathophysiology of the disease is difficult due to the great variability of clinical expressions, the instability of the clinical symptoms during the evolution and the absence of reliable biological markers. The existence of a familial aggregation in schizophrenia is well known, the risk of presenting the disease for first-degree relatives of patients being 5 to 10 times higher than the risk observed in the general population. The genetic component was further confirmed by twin and adoption studies. Although the concordance for the disease is higher (40 to 70%) among monozygotic twins as compared with dizygotic twins (15%) it does not reach 100%, which implies that environmental factors modulate the effects of the genotype. However, the role of these factors and especially their interaction with genetic factors remain unclear but the implications of some specific environmental factors are well documented by recent research data. The current literature on sex differences in schizophrenia is consistent. Several studies have suggested that male and female patients may differ in age at the onset and expression of clinical symptoms. Complications during pregnancy or birth-giving may increase the risk of developing schizophrenia later in life. The major complications are oxygen deprivation during pregnancy, bleeding, maternal malnutrition or infection (exposure to influenza, for example). A low birth weight is associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia. Psychoses are more common among people living in an urban environment and among those born during winter months. Schizophrenia is probably more prevalent in people who are living promiscuously, are subject to toxic abuse, poor nutrition and stress but here more precise data are needed. Moreover, immigrants have a higher risk of developing psychotic disorders. In addition, head traumas are associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia. Though they are contentious, some studies suggest that substance abuse (cannabis use in European countries) is related to the development of schizophrenia, especially in people with genetic vulnerability. Moreover, substance misuse may worsen the symptoms. If the environment is sufficiently stressful, people with a high genetic vulnerability will develop some degree of mental illness, including schizophrenia. Conversely, a less stressful or a protective environment may decrease the risk of its onset in persons with a predisposition to schizophrenia.