额叶癫痫的手术治疗

目的总结并分析顽固性额叶癫痫患者手术治疗的效果、手术方式和经验。方法回顾性分析2003年3月至2009年4月在我院接受手术治疗的116例顽固性额叶癫痫患者的临床及脑电图特征、手术方式和疗效。结果随访1～6年,平均2.6年。疗效根据Engel的标准进行评定,其中I级（癫痫发作消失）49例（42.2%）;Ⅱ级（癫痫发作频率减少≥90%）36例（31.0%）;Ⅲ级（癫痫发作频率减少≥75%）19例（16.4%）;Ⅳ级（癫痫发作频率减少〈75%或与术前相近）12例（10.3%）。本组总有效（Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级）率为89.7%;效果优良（Ⅰ、Ⅱ级）率为73.3%。此外,患者术前所伴有的精神和行为异常在术后多数患者有所改善。术后无严重并发症及手术死亡。结论对于顽固性额叶癫痫,准确定位原发致痫灶并采用合理的手术方式彻底处理痫灶是手术成功的关键。必要时应采用颅内埋藏电极来寻找原发致痫灶。     

结节性硬化症致难治性癫痫的手术处理

目的探讨手术治疗结节性硬化症所致难治性癫痫的适应证、方法和预后。方法回顾性分析了我院从2002年1月至2006年6月间,采用外科手术治疗10例结节性硬化症伴难治性癫痫的经验。术前评估和术中脑电检查显示为局灶性改变者行致痫灶切除、脑叶切除或多软膜下横纤维切断（MST）。检查提示一侧半球为主多灶性或弥漫性改变者,术中行多脑叶切除为主的联合手术方式。结果本组随访1～4年,平均2.5年。10例患者中有6例获得I级（Engel分级）,3例获得Ⅱ级,1例为III级。平均智商（IQ）从术前的59.6分提高到74.2分。本组3例患者出现暂时性的并发症,无手术死亡。结论外科手术是治疗结节性硬化症所致难治性癫痫的良好手段。表现为单致痫灶的患者预后较佳,虽有多结节,但临床资料、脑电图、影像学资料吻合的多致痫灶亦具有较好的手术效果。     

显微外科治疗颞叶癫痫的疗效分析

目的评价外科治疗难治性颞叶癫痫的手术疗效。方法回顾性分析外科的治疗236例难治性颞叶癫痫患者的临床资料。结果随访2-15年,疗效按Enge]的标准评定,236例中,Ⅰ级159例（67．4％）,Ⅱ级34例（14．4％）,Ⅲ级25例（10．6％）,Ⅳ级18例（7．6％）,总有效率为92.4％,效果优良率为81．8％。无严重并发症及手术死亡病例。结论应用显微外科技术治疗难治性颞叶癫痫是一种安全、有效的方法;对致痫灶的精确定位和正确处理及减少并发症是提高疗效的关键。     

颞叶癫痫的致痫灶定位评估和外科治疗：附27例报告

目的 探讨颞叶癫痫的致痫灶定位评估手段和外科治疗的疗效和安全性。方法 回顾性 分析27 例2016 年8 月至2018 年11 月在深圳市第二人民医院和深圳大学总医院开展难治性颞叶癫痫患 者的临床资料。致痫灶评估检查包括：详尽的发作症状学，癫痫序列颅脑MRI，发作间期正电子发射断 层扫描（PET），长程视频脑电图监测，癫痫神经心理评估资料和立体定向脑电图监测（SEEG），多学科团 队讨论完成致痫灶和功能区定位后完成外科手术。结果 13例患者经Ⅰ期评估后直接行手术切除，14 例 经SEEG 置入后手术切除。所有患者随访时间为6～34 个月，平均为（19.93±9.00）个月。手术疗效采用 ILAE 分级标准，ILAE Ⅰ级22 例（81.48%），ILAE Ⅱ级1 例（3.70%），ILAE Ⅲ级2 例（7.41%），ILAE Ⅳ级2 例 （7.41%）；SEEG 置入组的ILAE Ⅰ级比例（12/14）高于无SEEG 置入组（10/13），MRI 阳性组的ILAE Ⅰ级比 例（16/19）高于MRI阴性组（6/8），但两组比较差异无统计学意义。1例行SEEG置入术后颅内出血，1 例前颞 叶切除术后出现迟发性颅内血肿，2例患者出现一过性动眼神经热损伤，1例头皮切口愈合不良，4 例术后 颅内感染，无脑脊液漏，无视野缺损等并发症。结论 外科手术治疗难治性颞叶癫痫是安全有效的，详 尽的术前致痫灶定位评估和SEEG 置入可以提高手术疗效。     

中央区癫痫的唤醒手术及疗效观察

目的 探讨唤醒下手术治疗中央区癫痫的临床效果.方法 回顾性分析我科手术治疗的548例癫痫患者的临床资料,12例符合本研究标准.综合评估后在相应部位埋置颅内电极,经颅内电极脑电图（Intraeranial-EEG i-EEG）确定癫痫起始区（epileptic onset zone,EOZ）、皮层电刺激（cortical electro-stimulation,CES）描记脑功能区后,在麻醉唤醒状态下切除EOZ区及周围异常组织,以更好的保留脑功能.对切除组织进行病理学研究.结果 EOZ位于中央前-后回者3例（左侧1例、右侧2例）、中央前回者6例（左侧2例、右侧4例）、中央后回者3例（左侧1例、右侧2例）.病理学证实：皮质发育不良7例（ⅡA型3例、ⅡB型2例、灰质异位2例）、脑囊虫2例、脑软化灶（胶质增生）2例、海绵状血管瘤1例.随访2～5年,均系统服用抗癫痫药物（2例遵医嘱停服）,癫痫发作完全消失（Engel-Ⅰ级）7例、有发作先兆且偶有发作（Engel-Ⅱ级）3例、发作次数减少（Engel-Ⅲ级）2例.手术后早期出现运动-浅感觉功能障碍者2例、单纯运动功能下降者5例、出现深-浅感觉功能减退者1例.经半年的功能康复训练,6例患者运动功能恢复、感觉功能部分恢复,2例患者仍轻偏瘫,但肢体远端精细功能部分恢复.结论 EOZ位于中央区也可行切除性手术,术中唤醒能更好的保护脑功能.     

神经导航手术治疗难治性颞叶癫痫（附56例报告）

目的探讨神经导航结合皮层脑电监测在难治性颞叶癫痫（TLE）术中的应用价值,以及难治性TLE的可能发病原因。方法回顾性分析行前颞叶及海马切除术治疗的56例难治性TLE患者的临床资料。患者均采用神经导航手术,术前行视频脑电图（V—EEG）和MRI定位癫痫灶,术中行颞叶皮层电极描记（ECoG）异常脑电区。结果本组术前癫痫灶定位率为100％。术后随访2～3年,按En甜e标准评定疗效：I级50例,Ⅱ级4例,Ⅲ级1例,Ⅳ级1例;本组患者治愈率达到89．29％（50／56）,总有效率为98．21％（55／56）。无手术并发症及死亡病例。病理学确诊为海马硬化46例,占82．14％（46／56）;伴双重病理现象35例,占62．50％（35／56）。结论难治性TLE多因脑组织结构异常所致;应用神经导航和ECoG监测可提高手术治愈率,减少术后并发症。     

迷走神经刺激治疗药物难治性癫痫的随访研究（附62例分析）

目的研究迷走神经刺激治疗药物难治性癫痫的疗效。方法回顾性分析62例接受迷走神经刺激（vNs）治疗的药物难治性癫痫患者的临床资料。通过患者来院或电话对患者的发作频率、持续时间和生活质量等进行随访。结果62例患者,失访5例,1例患者刺激时间小于2个月未纳入统计范围,对接受迷走神经刺激治疗3～40个月的56例患者进行统计分析,McHughⅠ级22例（39．3％）,Ⅱ级16例（28．6％）,Ⅲ级13例（23．2％）,Ⅳ级＋Ⅴ级5例（8．9％）。其中3例（5．4％）术后无发作,38例（67．9％）发作减少50％以上。结论迷走神经刺激是治疗药物难治性癫痫安全、有效的方法。VNS刺激时间和刺激参数可能是影响其对药物难治性癫痫疗效的重要因素,随刺激时间延长疗效增加。     

难治性癫痫手术治疗15例的体会

目的探讨难治性癫痫手术治疗方面的相关问题。方法通过对15例难治性癫痫患者的发作症状学分析、视频脑电检查、头颅磁共振检查等手段进行综合分析及术前评估后定位致痫灶,实施手术。术中进行脑电监测直至异常放电明显减少或消失。其中13例患者一次手术完成,2例患者先行埋藏电极后二次手术完成。术后随访半年-2年,了解癫痫发作情况。结果按照Engel分级,Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级视为显效,Ⅲ级为好转,Ⅳ级为无效。本组显效14例(93.3%),好转1例(6.6%),无效0例。结论若选择癫痫病例得当,手术治疗是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

枕叶癫痫外科治疗的特点与疗效(附13例报道)

目的 探讨枕叶癫痫外科治疗的特点与手术疗效.方法 回顾分析13例枕叶癫痫患者完整的临床资料,总结其发作症状学、影像学、EEG、神经病理学及手术治疗等方面的特征与手术疗效.结果 局灶性皮质发育不良为最常见病理表现(6例).术后2周时6例患者原有视觉障碍加重或新出现视觉障碍.术后随访2～5年,Engel's I级7例(53.8%),II级1例,III级2例,IV级3例.结论 定位明确的枕叶癫痫可以通过适当的手术治疗获得较满意疗效,但常常加重视觉功能障碍.     

颞叶占位性病变伴癫痫患者的脑电图特征及手术疗效

目的探讨颞叶占位性病变伴癫痫患者的脑电图癫痫样放电的分布特征及手术疗效。方法回顾性分析31例颞叶占位性病变伴癫痫患者术前脑电图及术后随访资料,其中囊性占位7例,海绵状血管瘤6例,胶质瘤16例,其他病变2例;均行病变完全切除术,大部分包括前颞叶及内侧结构切除。结果术前癫痫发作间期脑电图癫痫样波分布与病变位置关系：仅出现在病变侧颞叶12例（38．7％）,超出病变侧颞叶14例（45．2％）,完全不在病变侧颞叶3例（9．7％）;脑电图正常2例（6．4％）。监测中出现癫痫发作的17例患者中,病变侧颞叶起源12例（70．6％）,双侧颞叶起源1例（5．9％）,对侧颞叶起源1例（5．9％）,不确定起源位置3例（17．6％）。术后随访12～56个月,平均28个月,按Engel分级,Ⅰ级25例,Ⅱ级2例,Ⅲ级2例;失随访2例。结论颞叶占位性病变伴癫痫患者发作间期癫痫样波不仅仅局限于同侧颞叶,发作期脑电与病变有很好的相关性,该类患者应尽早手术切除治疗,可取得很好的疗效。     

偏侧惊厥-偏瘫-癫痫综合征的外科治疗

目的 探讨偏侧惊厥-偏瘫-癫痫(HHE)综合征的临床特征及外科治疗效果.方法 对我院2004年-2009年收治的7例HHE综合征患者的临床资料进行分析,总结其临床、影像及脑电图特点,随访手术治疗后效果.结果 7例患者中2例为特发性HHE综合征,5例为症状性HHE综合征.其中4例患者行解剖性大脑半球切除术,2例患者行功能性大脑半球切除术,1例患者行颞前叶、颞叶内侧结构及顶后枕叶切除.术后随访5-32个月,Engel Ⅰ级4例,Engel Ⅱ级2例,Engel Ⅲ级1例.结论 HHE综合征在药物控制效果欠佳的情况下,可采用外科手术干预治疗,有助于改善患者的预后及生活质量.     

Extratemporal epilepsy in children: candidate selection and surgical treatment

From June 1988 to June 1998, 60 children with extratemporal epilepsies (EE), most of whom were symptomatic, underwent surgery. All patients were studied by means of CT scanning, MRI and scalp EEG. Video-telemetry was used in 40 cases. Intracranial electrodes were placed in 10. Intraoperative ECoG was used in the 35 children who underwent resective procedures and in the 25 in whom disconnection was performed. Surgical procedures were as follows: 24 lesionectomies, 25 disconnecting procedures, 7 polectomies and/or lobectomies, 3 corticectomies and 1 anatomical hemispherectomy. After at least 1 year’s follow-up in 48 children, to date 38 are in Engel class I, 7 in class II, 1 in class III and 2 in class IV. That is to say, in 46 of the 48, surgical outcomes ranges from very good to at least worthwhile, as reflected in their classification in Engel class III. Received: 30 May 1999 Revised: 4 November 1999     

大脑半球切除术治疗偏侧惊厥-偏瘫-癫痫综合征的疗效分析

目的分析大脑半球切除术对偏侧惊厥-偏瘫-癫痫（HHE）综合征的手术疗效。方法回顾性分析2008。2010年收治的7例HHE患者的临床资料。对7例患者均进行头颅MRI检查、长程视频脑电图监测、功能MRI功能区评估、脑干诱发电位、视力视野检查和神经心理功能测定综合评估。手术方式包括Adam改良式大脑半球切除术6例,多脑叶切除＋胼胝体切开术1例。结果治疗效果按Engel分级,Ⅰ级5例,Ⅲ级2例;患者肢体及神经心理功能均得到改善。结论大脑半球切除术可有效减少HHE患者癫痫的发作,同时能改善患者的肢体运动及神经心理功能。     

Epilepsy Surgery in Infants

Purpose: We report 12 infants who had frontal (n = 3), temporal (n = 2), or temporoparieto-occipital (n = 2) resection or functional hemispherectomies (n = 5) at age 2.5–29 (mean 15.3) months for catastrophic epilepsy due to focal cortical dysplasia (n = 5), Sturge-Weber syndrome (n = 3), ganglioglioma (n = 3), or hemimegalencephaly (n = 1). Seizures began at 1 day to 14 months (mean, 4.0 months) after birth, occurred frequently (often many times per day, and were refractory to antiepileptic drugs. Patients were evaluated for surgery at 2.5–24 (mean 12.4) months of age. Seven patients had hemiparesis and eight had slowed cognitive development. Seizures were characterized by arrest or marked reduction of behavioral motor activity with unclear level of consciousness (n = 4, with temporal or temporoparietal EEG seizures), focal clonic activity (n = 3, with perirolandic EEG seizures), generalized tonic stiffening (n = 3, with temporoparieto-occipital, parietal, or frontal EEG seizures), or infantile spasms and hypsarrhythmia (n = 2, with a frontal tumor or temporoparieto-occipital cortical dysplasia). Methods: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed the epileptogenic lesion in all but two patients, both with cortical dysplasia localized by interictal positron-emission tomography (PET) and other clinical or EEG features and confirmed on histopathologic examination of resected tissue. Results: At follow-up 4-86 (mean 32) months after surgery, six patients were seizure free (Engel outcome class I), three had rare seizures with none in at least the previous 6 months (Engel class II), and two had worthwhile improvement (Engel class III). Except for the severely developmentally delayed infant with hemimegalencephaly, several patients had marked “catch-up” developmental progress after class I, 11, or III outcome. Postoperative complications included subdural hematoma over the contralateral hemisphere (one patient) and entrapment and enlargement of the ipsilateral temporal horn (one patient) after hemispherectomy, both corrected uneventfully with a second surgical procedure. One patient died of unexplained causes several hours after frontal lobectomy. No patients had new neurologic deficits after surgery, and one patient had resolution of progressive fluctuating hemiparesis after resection of temporoparieto-occipital cortical dysplasia. Conclusions: Our results agree with previous reports that epilepsy surgery can provide relief from catastrophic epilepsy in carefully selected infants.     

药物难治性半球病变性癫痫手术治疗效果及手术方式比较的回顾性研究

目的探讨药物难治性半球病变性癫痫手术疗效,并对功能性大脑半球切除术和大脑半球离断术两种手术方式作比较。方法回顾性分析2005年至2017年在我科手术治疗的25例药物难治性半球病变性癫痫患者,根据所行手术方式分为功能性大脑半球切除术组(FH)15例,大脑半球离断术组(H)10例,对手术时间、术中出血、围手术期并发症、术后癫痫控制、神经功能作回顾性研究。结果术后随访1~12年,平均随访5.28±2.91年。除去失访2例总的癫痫发作控制率为Engel Ia 19例(82.60%)、Engel Id 3例(13.04%)、Engel IIa 1例(4.36%)。在癫痫控制率上,FH组与H组比无差异(p0.05)。在手术时间上,FH组手术时间较H组长,在术中失血上,FH组高于H组,且上述差异均有统计学意义(p0.05)。结论大脑半球切除术是一种有效的难治性半球病变性癫痫治疗措施,术后不仅能有效控制癫痫发作,且部分患者神经功能还得到改善,而大脑半球离断术作为一种创伤更小、疗效相当的手术方式,值得推广。     

半球性癫痫手术治疗的疗效分析

目的探讨外科手术治疗半球性癫痫的疗效,评价手术对患者的社会心理及认知功能的影响。方法 93例半球性癫痫患者经过综合评估后行手术治疗,其中Adams's术式30例,Rasmussen's术式7例,大脑半球切开术3例,多脑叶切除术24例,多脑叶切除联合胼胝体切开术29例。术后随访2.5年~6年3个月。手术疗效以Engel分级标准判定。结果术后癫痫控制情况:EngelⅠ级43例,Ⅱ级24例,Ⅲ级19例,Ⅳ7例。手术后早期患者的偏瘫无明显加重,肌张力及痉挛状态得到不同程度缓解,辅助系统康复训练后,肢体功能明显改善;高级皮层功能,生活自理能力和社会适应能力得到不同程度的提高。结论手术治疗半球性癫痫不仅可有效控制癫痫发作,患者的言语、肢体运动功能无恶化,神经心理功能和生活质量还有不同程度提高。而上述功能改善程度与年龄呈正相关。     

惊吓性癫痫的临床、脑电图特征及手术治疗

目的 探讨惊吓性癫痫的临床、脑电图(EEG)特征及手术治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析经抗癫痫药物或手术治疗的9例惊吓性癫痫的临床资料,总结发作症状学,头皮EEG,颅内EEG及头颅MRI特点,随访手术治疗效果.结果 所有患者的多数发作均由惊吓诱发,仅2例存在少量自发发作.8例MRI发现结构性病变,头皮EEG显示多灶性或局灶性癫痫样放电.2例行颅内电极监测,对致痫灶进行了较精确的定位.5例手术治疗,3例大脑半球切除术,2例局部癫痫灶切除.术后随访6-30个月(平均18.6个月),Engel Ⅰ级4例,Engel Ⅲ例1结论多数惊吓性癫痫患者存在脑的结构性损害,损害范围通常广泛,并均包含初级感觉运动区或辅助性感觉运动区.惊吓性癫痫多药物难治,手术治疗可取得较好的效果,明显改善患者的预后.

Abstract：

Objective To study the clinical, scalp and intracranial electroencephalogram (EEG) characteristics of startle epilepsy, and its outcome of surgical treatment. Methods The clinical data of 9 patients with startle epilepsy who were treated in our hospital were reviewed retrospectively. Their scalp and intracranial EEG, and MRI were investigated. Results All of the patients were diagnosed as startle epilepsy, and most of seizures were provoked by sudden unexpected stimuli. MRI showed extensive lesions in 8 cases, scalp EEC showed mulifocality or focal epilepsic discharge in all. Intracranial electrodes monitoring were performed in 2 patients to locate the epileptogenic zone. Five patients were treated surgically, 3 of them were operated with hemispherectomy, and 2 with focal cortex resection. During 6-30 months follow up, the seizure outcome were Engel I grade in 4,and Engel Ⅲ grade in 1. Conclusions Most of the patients with startle epilepsy has brain lesions involving the perisensorimotor or supplementary sensorimotor area, and were refractory. Resective surgery may get satisfactory outcome.     

难治性癫痫相关脑血管畸形15例临床病理分析

目的分析并比较因脑血管畸形导致难治性癫痫从而接受癫痫外科手术的15例患者的临床及病理学特点。方法回顾性分析接受脑病灶及致痫灶切除手术的15例脑血管畸形患者的临床资料及病理资料。结果 15例患者均表现为难治性癫痫,其中包括8例海绵状血管瘤,7例Sturge-Weber综合征(SWS)。男性8例,女性7例,发病年龄1月龄~29岁,病程2~24年。手术年龄2~31岁。2例行单脑叶切除,12例行多脑叶切除,1例行功能性大脑半球切除。脑标本镜下可见海绵状血管瘤并局灶性皮质发育不良(FCD)Ⅲc型;软脑膜血管瘤病、灰质中弥漫钙化,脑实质内小血管壁钙化,并伴发局灶性皮质发育不良(FCD)Ⅲc型。术后随访0.5~8年,EngelⅠ级11例,EngelⅡ级2例,EngelⅢ级1例,EngelⅣ级1例。结论脑海绵状血管瘤患者接受癫痫外科手术后随访效果良好;SWS患者颅内病变程度可能与遗传学相关,SWSⅠ型患儿应尽早手术,术后效果良好;SWSⅢ型患者接受血管瘤病病灶及致痫灶切除术后,随访效果良好。     

Seizure outcomes of lesionectomy in pediatric lesional epilepsy with brain tumor – Single institute experience

Purpose

To determine the clinical characteristics, surgical strategy, and outcome in pediatric lesional epilepsy patients younger than 5 years of age undergoing surgery in a single institute.

Method

Retrospective data were collected and analyzed on patients younger than 5 years of age who underwent lesionectomy for lesional epilepsy at single institute from January 2001 to August 2010. Fourteen pediatric lesional epilepsy patients were enrolled in this study. Engel classification was used to classify seizure outcome.

Results

Median preoperative seizure period was 1 month (range, 1–21). Median post-operative follow up period was 35 months (range 13–84). Ten patients who underwent gross total resection of tumor showed Engel class Ia seizure outcome without any antiepileptic drug (AED). Subtotal resection was performed in four patients to avoid eloquent area injury. Two of these four patients with subtotal removal became seizure-free (Engel class Ia) without AED, while two were in Engel class Ib with AED medication. There was no significant surgical morbidity or mortality.

Conclusion

Lesionectomy in children younger than 5 years of age is relatively safe and effective in controlling seizures. Short preoperative seizure periods and total removal of tumor might be associated with good outcome. Therefore, early and complete lesionectomy alone may help allow for seizure freedom and optimal brain development in pediatric patients.     

Surgical treatment for epilepsy in 17 children with tuberous sclerosis-related West syndrome

The efficacy of surgery for the treatment of epilepsy in patients with West syndrome secondary to tuberous sclerosis is unclear. The charts of 17 patients with tuberous sclerosis and secondary West syndrome who underwent a one-stage surgical resection with a combined palliative operative procedure were reviewed. Engel classification was used to classify the patients with regard to seizure status following surgery. After surgery, 11 patients were in Engel class I, 4 in class II, and 2 in class III. The EEG after surgery was normal in 8 patients, significantly improved in 8, and without significant improvement in 1 patient. Six patients had a recurrence of seizures after surgery, which included 3 patients with continuing spasms and 3 patients where the spasms had resolved but had developed either partial seizures or generalized tonic-clonic seizures. There were significant improvements in the Gesell Developmental Schedules for motor field (P=0.003), adaptive field (P=0.003), language field (P=0.033), and personal-social field (P=0.007). Thus, a one-stage surgical approach can be used to produce satisfactory outcomes in young children with tuberous sclerosis who have secondary West syndrome and seizures that do not respond to conventional antiepileptic therapy, even in when there are multiple epileptogenic foci.