脑卒中后焦虑障碍

脑卒中后焦虑障碍(post-stroke anxiety disorder,PSAD)是一种发生于脑卒中后以焦虑为主要临床表现的一种情绪障碍,其发生率在脑卒中后情绪障碍中列第2位,居于脑卒中后抑郁障碍之后。1 分类归属 目前三大精神障碍诊断分类标准中虽没有“脑卒中后焦     

脑卒中后情感失禁相关危险因素分析

目的探讨脑卒中后情感失禁(PESI)的发生率及其相关危险因素。方法记录162例脑卒中患者性别、年龄、体重指数、受教育程度、婚姻状况、既往史(高血压、心脏病、糖尿病、高脂血症,吸烟史、饮酒史)、脑卒中家族史,检测血清同型半胱氨酸水平,行头部CT和(或)MRI检查明确脑卒中类型、病灶部位和病灶数目;采用美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第5版中文版和汉密尔顿抑郁量表17项评价抑郁程度,House诊断标准诊断脑卒中后情感失禁。单因素和多因素后退法Logistic回归分析筛查脑卒中后情感失禁的相关危险因素,Spearman秩相关分析探讨脑卒中后情感失禁与脑卒中后抑郁的相关性。结果 162例患者中12例诊断为脑卒中后情感失禁,发生率为7.41%。脑卒中后情感失禁组年龄60岁比例高于(P=0.045)、吸烟比例低于(P=0.036)非PESI组。单因素和多因素后退法Logistic回归分析显示,年龄60岁是脑卒中后情感失禁的独立危险因素(OR=4.000,95%CI:1.149~13.924;P=0.029)。12例脑卒中后情感失禁患者中10例并发脑卒中后抑郁,共病率为83.33%;Spearman秩相关分析显示,脑卒中后情感失禁与脑卒中后抑郁呈正相关(rs=0.305,P=0.000)。结论脑卒中后情感失禁是脑卒中患者的常见情感障碍,易发生于年龄60岁的患者。     

脑卒中后抑郁的神经康复治疗

1924年Bleuler提出脑血管病变后患者常伴有行为和心理功能障碍。1977年,Folstein等首次报道抑郁是脑卒中后常见的伴随症状,称脑卒中后抑郁(post—stroke depression,PSD),其发生率为30％-40％。PSD与情感性精神障碍抑郁症的临床表现基本相似,但在哈密尔顿抑郁(HAMD)量表的各项目中,更集中表现在焦虑／躯体化、睡眠障碍、迟滞和绝望感等四个方面,     

儿童青少年脑外伤所致精神障碍远期调查及其与成年人的比较分析

目的探讨儿童青少年脑外伤后4～10年远期器质性精神障碍的发生率及其与成年人的差异。方法对深圳市39家医院的脑外伤病例进行系统抽样,采用自编的《颅脑外伤后精神障碍状况调查手册》对抽样的105例脑外伤儿童青少年患者的精神障碍进行随访调查,并与同期调查的570例成人脑外伤患者进行比较。由二名副主任及以上职称的精神科医师面检筛查阳性者,并按照CCMD-3脑外伤所致精神障碍的诊断标准明确诊断。结果 20.0%(21/105)儿童青少年在调查时符合脑外伤所致精神障碍的诊断,包括:行为(人格)改变12.38%(13/105),智能损害8.57%(9/105),脑外伤后综合征6.67%(7/105),抑郁综合征1.90%(2/105)。重型脑外伤所致精神障碍发生率显著高于中型和轻型(2=8.08,P0.05;2=20.43,P0.01)。儿童青少年组颅脑外伤所致远期精神障碍总发生率明显较成人组低(2=6.49,P0.05),主要是智能损害和抑郁综合征发生率低于成人组(2=6.84,P0.05;2=6.02,P0.05)。结论儿童青少年脑外伤对精神损伤的远期影响较成人好。     

脑卒中后抑郁——42例临床分析(摘要)

脑卒中时精神障碍发生率高达77％。本文对脑卒中住院病人用Hamilton抑郁量表检查42例,以探讨脑卒中后抑郁的有关问题。观察对象为本院1990年度经颅脑CT检查证实为脑卒中,均为发病后7天以内的住院病人。既往无精神病史。凡失语、昏迷,不配合检查及有其他明显躯体疾病者不入组。男性26例(61.90％),女性16例(38.10％)。年龄21～30岁1例(2.38％),31～40岁0例,41～50岁10例(23.09％),51～60岁12例     

脑卒中后抑郁症临床探讨

目的对脑卒中后并发抑郁症的临床资料进行分析,探讨脑卒中后抑郁的发生率及相关致病因素。方法对181例明确诊断为脑卒中的住院患者,采用抑郁自评量表(SDS)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、改良的爱丁堡斯堪的那维亚神经功能缺损评分表(MESSS)进行评定。结果脑卒中后抑郁的发生率45.9%。抑郁的发生与性别、年龄、神经功能缺损有显著相关性,与额叶、丘脑、左侧大脑半球有关(P<0.05),合并高血压、糖尿病、大动脉粥样硬化的卒中患者PSD发病率明显高于无危险因素患者(P<0.05)。结论脑卒中后抑郁发生率较高,其发生与多种因素相关。     

脑卒中患者急性期发生抑郁的相关因素分析

目的探讨脑卒中患者急性期发生抑郁的相关因素。方法采用神经功能缺损评分(SSS)、日常生活能力评分(ADL)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HADM)及Zung’s抑郁自评量表(SDS)对134例急性脑卒中患者1月内进行测试,并进行相关性分析。结果卒中后抑郁(PSD)的发生率与卒中类型、年龄及性别无关;与患者运动功能障碍程度、病变部位呈正相关。结论脑卒中患者急性期抑郁发病率偏高,可能主要与内在因素、大脑功能及皮质下结构的损害有关。     

脑卒中后抑郁症的诊断和治疗

目的：探讨脑卒中后抑郁症的发生率及诊断和治疗。方法：对158例脑卒中患的抑郁障碍用抑郁自评量表（SDS）和汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）进行评定分析。根据中国精神疾病分类方案与认断标准第2版修订本（CCMD－2－R）的抑郁诊断标准诊断抑郁。结果：脑卒中后抑郁症发生率高，与脑卒中后肢体瘫痪或久治不恢复以及脑卒中反复发作有关。结论：脑卒中后抑郁症的发生率高，应重视脑卒中后抑郁症的诊断和治疗。     

百忧解治疗脑卒中后抑郁症的对照分析

本研究对百忧解(氟西汀)与阿米替林治疗脑卒中后抑郁症(PSD)进行随机对照观察,现报道如下。1临床资料1·1病例来源驻马店市中医院神经内科和驻马店市精神病院神经内科2000-01~2003-01住院的脑卒中伴有抑郁症状患者共68例。1·2诊断标准脑卒中诊断符合1995年全国第四届脑血管疾病会议提出的诊断标准〔1〕并经脑CT证实。抑郁症状符合ICD-10抑郁障碍诊断标准Hamilton抑郁量表(HAMD)21项总分≥18分〔2〕。1·3排除标准(1)药物过敏者;(2)有精神障碍史;(3)严重心、肺、肝、肾病变者。1·4分组按入院先后顺序随机分为百忧解组和阿米替林组,每…     

脑卒中后抑郁患者CT表现及其临床特征的相关研究

目的探讨脑卒中后抑郁患者的CT表现和临床特征及其相关因素。方法选择98例CT确诊脑梗死的患者,进行颅脑CT扫描确定脑部异常病变,根据抑郁自评量表(SDS)、汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD)分值分为有无抑郁症状两组:卒中后抑郁组(PSD组,n=42)和对照组(n=56)。结果抑郁的发生率为42.8%。两组患者的年龄、性别构成、受教育程度、病程等差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组患者颅脑CT比较,结果显示PSD组损害更易发生于左侧半球、皮质、额叶和小脑。PSD组内抑郁量表分值与左侧半球、双侧皮质损害容积成正相关(P<0.05)。结论脑卒中后抑郁发生率较高,CT表现和临床特征有一定特点,额叶、皮质的损害可能是PSD发生的生物学基础。     

Current comorbidity of psychiatric disorders among DSM-IV major depressive disorder patients in psychiatric care in the Vantaa Depression Study

BACKGROUND: While numerous studies have documented the high comorbidity of major depressive disorder (MDD) with individual mental disorders, no published study has reported overall current comorbidity with all Axis I and II disorders among psychiatric patients with MDD, nor systematically investigated variations in current comorbidity by sociodemographic factors, inpatient versus outpatient status, and number of lifetime depressive episodes. METHOD: Psychiatric outpatients and inpatients in Vantaa, Finland, were prospectively screened for an episode of DSM-IV MDD, and 269 patients with a new episode of MDD were enrolled in the Vantaa Depression MDD Cohort Study. Axis I and II comorbidity was assessed via semistructured Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry, version 2.0, and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-II-R personality disorders interviews. RESULTS: The great majority (79%) of patients with MDD suffered from 1 or more current comorbid mental disorders, including anxiety disorder (57%), alcohol use disorder (25%), and personality disorder (44%). Several anxiety disorders were associated with specific Axis II clusters, and panic disorder with agoraphobia was associated with inpatient status. The prevalence of personality disorders varied with inpatient versus outpatient status, number of lifetime depressive episodes, and type of residential area, and the prevalence of substance use disorders varied with gender and inpatient versus outpatient status. CONCLUSION: Most psychiatric patients with MDD have at least 1 current comorbid disorder. Comorbid disorders are associated not only with other comorbid disorders, but also with sociodemographic factors, inpatient versus outpatient status, and lifetime number of depressive episodes. The influence of these variations on current comorbidity patterns among MDD patients needs to be taken account of in treatment facilities.     

福建省精神障碍流行病学调查

目的 了解福建省年龄≥15岁人群各类精神障碍的患病率、分布特点和规律,为制定全省精神卫生规划提供科学依据.方法 2009年2-6月,采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法,抽取10个县(市)中1万名年龄≥15岁的个体为调查对象,先由护士用扩展的一般健康问卷12项将调查对象分为患精神疾病高危险人群、中危险人群、低危险人群,然后由精神科医生以美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-IV)轴I障碍临床定式检查患者版,依次对100%高危险人群、40%中危险人群、10%低危险人群进行调查,使用DSM-IV对各类精神障碍进行诊断.结果 (1)共有9986人完成调查,精神障碍的总时点患病率为17.44%(95%可信区间为16.70%～18.19%);最常见的特定精神障碍为重性抑郁障碍(major depressive disorder,3.35%)、酒精依赖性和滥用性障碍(2.93%)、未特定抑郁障碍(2.29%).(2)女性精神障碍总时点患病率高于男性(17.60%vs 17.32%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);农村精神障碍总时点患病率与城市之间的差异无统计学意义(17.72%vs17.01%,P>0.05).结论 福建省精神障碍患病率较高,女性高于男性,其中重性抑郁障碍、酒精依赖性和滥用性障碍以及未特定抑郁障碍是我省最常见的精神障碍;加强对常见精神障碍的防治,关注女性精神障碍患者,应成为福建省精神卫生工作的重点.

Abstract：

Objective To determine the prevalence and distribution of mental disorders in adults 15 years of age and older in Fujian province.Methods From Feb.2009 to June 2009,stratified multistage cluster randomization sampling was used to identify 10 000 individuals≥15 years of age from 10 counties (cities).Subjects were classified as high,moderate or low risk of having a mental disorder based on assessment with the expanded version of the General Health Questionnaire(GHQ)(as administered by psychiatric nurses),and then psychiatrists determined their diagnoses by administering the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV(SCID)to 100%of the high-,40% of moderate-,and 10% of low-risk subjects.Results Among the 9986 who completed the screening,the prevalence of any current mental disorder wes 17.44%(95% CI:16.70%-18.19%).The current prevalence rates of the most common specific disorders were as follows:3.35%(major depressive disorder),2.93%(alcohol dependence and abuse disorders),2.29%[the non-specific(NOS)depressive disorder].(2)The prevalence of any mental disorder was higher in females than in males(17.60%VS.17.32%,P<0.05).There was no significant difference in the prevalence of any mental disorder between urban and rural residents(17.72%vs 17.01%,P>0.05).Conclusions The prevalence of any mental disorders in Fujian province is high,and higher in the female than the male.Major depressive disorder,alcohol dependence and abuse disorders,as well as the non-specific depressive disorder are the most common mental disorders.Strengthening the prevention and treatment of common mental disorders,especially in women,should be the focus of the mental health work in Fujian province.     

山东省18岁及以上人群精神障碍流行病学调查

目的调查山东省18岁及以上人群精神障碍的患病率及其分布特点。方法于2015年在山东省49个县(市、区)开展精神障碍流行病学调查,采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法,抽取山东省≥18岁人群28 000人,利用修订的一般健康问卷进行筛查,将调查对象分为精神障碍高危和低危人群,采用DSM-Ⅳ、SCID-Ⅰ/P或MMSE对高危人群进行疾病诊断,随机抽取10%的低危人群进行有无精神障碍的诊断。计算患病率并根据研究设计和抽样人口的特征调整患病率和95%的可信区间。采用χ²检验和Fisher确切概率法对组间患病率差异进行比较。结果完成调查27 489人,调整后精神障碍患病率为17.46% (95%CI 17.02%~17.89%)。各类精神障碍中患病率排在前五位的分别是物质使用障碍(5.29%)、心境障碍(4.47%)、焦虑障碍(4.46%)、智力及缘于躯体和物质的障碍(1.91%)和精神病性障碍(1.12%),其中最常见的是酒精使用障碍(5.27%)和重性抑郁障碍(2.14%)。男性精神障碍患病率高于女性(23.37%与13.89%;χ²=408.91,P<0.01)。农村居民精神障碍的患病率与城市居民之间的差异无统计学意义(17.69%与17.20%;χ²=1.05,P=0.305)。26.12%(1 047/4 008)的精神障碍患者有中等到严重的功能损害,仅有10.98%(428/3 898)曾经寻求过专业帮助。结论山东省18岁及以上人群精神障碍患病率与国内同类研究结果基本一致,男性高于女性,城乡无差异;常见的精神障碍为酒精使用障碍、重性抑郁障碍、未特定焦虑障碍、未特定抑郁障碍。     

Non-traditional lifestyles and prevalence of mental disorders in adolescents in Goa, India

BACKGROUND: Adolescents comprise a fifth of the population of India, but there is little research on their mental health. We conducted an epidemiological study in the state of Goa to describe the current prevalence of mental disorders and its correlates among adolescents aged between 12 and 16 years. AIMS: To estimate the prevalence and correlates of mental disorders in adolescents. METHOD: Population-based survey of all eligible adolescents from six urban wards and four rural communities which were randomly selected. We used a Konkani translation of the Development and Well-Being Assessment to diagnose current DSM-IV emotional and behavioural disorders. All adolescents were also interviewed on socio-economic factors, education, neighbourhood, parental relations, peer and sexual relationships, violence and substance use. RESULTS: Out of 2,684 eligible adolescents, 2,048 completed the study. The current prevalence of any DSM-IV diagnosis was 1.81%; 95% CI 1.27-2.48. The most common diagnoses were anxiety disorders (1.0%), depressive disorder (0.5%), behavioural disorder (0.4%) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (0.2%). Adolescents from urban areas and girls who faced gender discrimination had higher prevalence. The final multivariate model found an independent association of mental disorders with an outgoing 'non-traditional' lifestyle (frequent partying, going to the cinema, shopping for fun and having a boyfriend or girlfriend), difficulties with studies, lack of safety in the neighbourhood, a history of physical or verbal abuse and tobacco use. Having one's family as the primary source of social support was associated with lower prevalence of mental disorders. CONCLUSIONS: The current prevalence of mental disorders in adolescents in our study was very low compared with studies in other countries. Strong family support was a critical factor associated with low prevalence of mental disorders, while factors indicative of adoption of a non-traditional lifestyle were associated with an increased prevalence.     

Prevalence and course of depressive disorders in hospitalized stroke patients

In a sample of ninety-nine patients seen two months post-stroke, 18 percent were diagnosed as having minor depression and 14 percent major depression. At follow-up, fifteen months later, the prevalence of depressive disorder had declined substantially, to 12 percent overall. Major depression was characterized by an average duration of thirty-nine weeks, a mortality rate of 23 percent and was associated with positive family history of affective or anxiety disorder. Among patients with left hemisphere lesions, major depression was associated with cognitive impairment. Minor depression had a shorter average duration (twelve weeks) and was more common in males. These two syndromes may define distinct types of post-stroke depression with implications for treatment interventions.     

Mortality associated with incident mental health disorders after stroke

OBJECTIVE: Sparse information is currently available about the incidence of the major psychiatric syndromes following a stroke and their long-term contribution to morbidity and mortality. This study was designed to determine: (1) the incidence of first ever mental health disorder in amongst stroke patients; (2) the 10-year mortality associated with incident post-stroke mental health disorders. METHODS: Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: Entire Western Australian community. Participants: First-ever stroke in 1990. Subjects with a prior recorded history of any mental health disorder were excluded from the study. Main outcomes of interest: Incident mental health diagnoses and 10-year mortality. RESULTS: 1,129 hospital stroke contacts were recorded in 1990, with 21 people dying on the same day of contact. Between 1990-2002 36.6% of the survivors received a mental health diagnosis (6.1 per 1,000 person-years): alcohol-related disorders (16.2%), dementia (12.1%), delirium (7.6%), psychotic disorders (6.7%), and depression (5.5%). Mental health disorder onset was usually within 6 months of the stroke. Patients with an incident psychotic disorder were twice as likely to die during the subsequent 10 years as post-stroke controls with no mental health disorder (risk ratio = 2.03, 95%CI = 1.39-2.95). Being a widow (HR = 1.61, 95%CI = 1.13-2.30) or having been born in 'other countries' as opposed to Australia (HR = 1.56, 95%CI = 1.15-2.11) was also associated with increased death hazard. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 1 in 3 patients develop a mental health disorder after stroke, although incidence estimates are relatively low. Post-stroke psychosis is associated with greater 10-year mortality, but the mechanisms underlying such an association are yet to be determined.     

抑郁障碍与人格障碍的共病研究

目的　了解抑郁障碍患者中人格障碍的发生率,探讨抑郁障碍与人格障碍的共病情况。方法　使用SCID- Ⅱ对102例抑郁障碍患者进行人格障碍的评估,并与102例正常人群对照,对抑郁障碍组进行汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评定。结果　抑郁障碍组人格障碍的发生率为51.9%,31.4%的患者被诊断为两种或以上的人格障碍,显著高于对照组的14.7%;女性抑郁障碍患者人格障碍的发生率(63.5%)显著多于男性患者(40.0%);重性抑郁症与心境恶劣患者人格障碍的共病率则无统计学差异(P>0.05);抑郁障碍患者中最常见的人格障碍类型为回避型、强迫型、消极型以及偏执型。结论　抑郁障碍患者中具有较高的人格障碍患病率,对抑郁障碍和人格障碍的共病应引起临床高度重视。     

Panic disorder in patients with chronic heart failure

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to assess the prevalence of panic disorder, its influence on quality of life (QoL), and the presence of further anxiety and depressive comorbid disorders in outpatients with chronic heart failure (CHF). METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, anxiety and depressive disorders were diagnosed according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition diagnostic criteria in patients with CHF who were aged > or =18 years and had New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Classes I-IV, using the Patient Health Questionnaire. Health-related QoL was evaluated using the Short-Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36). RESULTS: Of the 258 participating patients, 24 (9.3%) fulfilled diagnostic criteria for panic disorder. Seven of these (29.2%) were diagnosed with comorbid anxiety disorders, 11 (47.3%) were diagnosed with comorbid depressive disorder, and 5 (20.8%) were diagnosed with other anxiety disorders and any depressive disorder. Female gender [odds ratio (OR)=3.1; 95% confidence interval (95% CI)=1.2-7.8; P=.02] and a lower level of education (OR=0.3; 95% CI=0.1-0.9; P=.04) were associated with the presence of panic disorder. In patients with panic disorder, QoL was significantly more restricted on all subscales of the SF-36 as compared to those without panic disorder, even when age, gender, and NYHA functional class were controlled for (P=.05 to <.01). CONCLUSION: Approximately 1 of 10 patients with CHF suffers from panic disorder, many of whom also have additional anxiety or depressive comorbid disorders. Female gender and a low level of education are positively associated with the presence of panic disorder. QoL is severely limited by the presence of panic disorder. Diagnosis of mental disorders and treatment offers for affected patients should be available in patient care.     

Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset of mental disorders in adults from the Argentinean Study of Mental Health Epidemiology

Purpose

Although the Global Burden of Disease Study estimated that depressive disorders and anxiety disorders are the second and fifth leading causes of disability in Argentina, these estimates were based on imputations rather than epidemiological data. The policy implications of these results for the necessary expansion of mental health services in Argentina are sufficiently great that more direct estimates of the population burdens of common mental disorders are needed. Therefore, the purpose is to present the first results regarding lifetime prevalence, projected lifetime risk up to age 75, age-of-onset, cohort effects and socio-demographic correlates of DSM-IV mental disorders among adults (18+) from the general population of urban areas of Argentina.

Method

A multistage clustered area probability household survey was administered to 3927 individuals using the World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview.

Results

Lifetime prevalence of any disorder was 29.1% and projected lifetime risk at age 75 was 37.1%. Median age-of-onset of any disorder was 20 years of age. Disorders with highest lifetime prevalence were major depressive disorder (8.7%), alcohol abuse (8.1%), and specific phobia (6.8%). Anxiety disorders were the most prevalent group of disorder (16.4%) followed by mood (12.3%), substance (10.4%), and disruptive behavior disorders (2.5%). Women had greater odds of anxiety and mood disorders; men had greater odds of substance disorders. Age-at-interview was inversely associated with lifetime risk of any disorder.

Discussion

The results provide direct evidence for high lifetime societal burdens of common mental disorders in Argentina due to a combination of high prevalence and early age-of-onset.

     

重型颅脑损伤患者精神障碍的临床分析

目的 探讨重型颅脑损伤后精神障碍的发生率、表现形式及影响因素。方法 以深圳市1999年10月1日至2000年9月30日因交通事故所致重型颅脑损伤的183例幸存者为研究对象,在颅脑损伤治疗后（平均6个月）,由2名精神科副主任医师根据中国精神疾病分类方案与诊断标准第2版修订本对这些伤者的精神状态进行评估。结果 （1）在183例中,罹患各类精神障碍者共165例,发生率为90．2％,其中智能障碍者为142例（77．6％）。（2）在183例,中度及其以上智力损伤者为29例（15．8％）。（3）有智力损伤组的脑干损伤、颅内血肿及≥3个脑叶损伤的比例高于无智力损伤组（P＜0．01）;伴有精神障碍组的平均年龄（P＜0．05）、脑干损伤（P＜0．05）及≥3个脑中损伤（P＜0．01）的比例高于无精神病性障碍组;有人格改变组额叶损伤、开颅清除血肿并减压治疗的比例高于无人格改变组（P＜0．01）。结论 重型颅脑损伤后精神障碍的发生率较高,应引起有关临床学科的重视。