氯氮平与氯丙嗪对精神分裂症患者听觉感觉门控的比较：前瞻性病例对照研究

背景精神分裂症患者听觉感觉门控（以下简称感觉门控）P50受损,各种抗精神病药物对该P50的作用仍有争议。假设第二代抗精神病药物氯氮平治疗的精神分裂症患者比氯丙嗪治疗患者的感觉门控P50的改善明显。方法前瞻性对照研究纳入刚住院的精神分裂症患者,由治疗医师决定氯氮平治疗者26例（研究组）,氯丙嗪治疗者30例（对照组）。氯氮平组有23例完成8周研究纳入分析,氯丙嗪组为20例。检测P50的方法为双短声刺激[听觉条件（S1）-测试刺激（S2）范式],检测时点为基线、治疗第4周和第8周。临床症状用阳性与阴性综合征量表（Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale,PANSS）评定。结果两组年龄、性别、教育程度、病程和基线PANSS总分差异均无统计学意义。氯丙嗪组平均（标准差）治疗剂量为389（96）mg/d,氯氮平组为345（117）mg/d。重复测量的方差分析显示,氯氮平组颅顶中央脑区（central zone,Cz）P50比值（S2/S1）的下降比氯丙嗪组明显[基线为108%比106%,第4周94%比102%,第8周84%比95%,F=4.91,P=0.029],而S1和S2波幅差异无统计学意义。两组间S1和S2的波幅无明显差异。氯氮平组治疗后P50比值较治疗前下降（F=4.39,P=0.014）,氯丙嗪组治疗前后P50比值没有明显变化。结论氯氮平治疗可以减轻精神分裂症患者感觉门控的受损程度;与氯丙嗪治疗相比,氯氮平治疗者的改善程度较明显。     

抗精神病药对精神分裂症患者体重的影响

目的 为了探讨抗精神病药对精神分裂症患者体重的影响。方法 295例服用抗精神病药的精神分裂症患者进行了临床调查。结果 67．12％患者出现体重增加；体重增加从多到少的药物依次是氯氮平、奥氮平、氯氮平合并利培酮、氯丙嗪、利培酮、氯氮平合并舒必利；氯氮平、氯丙嗪、利培酮体重增加较人组前有显著差异；女性患者、初次服抗精神病药者、合并心境稳定剂者体重增加亦明显。结论 大部分抗精神病药可导致体重增加，应在治疗前及治疗中定期进行体重监测。     

住院精神分裂症并发糖尿病患者与抗精神病药物应用的关系分析

目的探索抗精神病药物与精神分裂症伴发糖尿病的临床关系。方法观察445例住院精神分裂症患，将氯丙嗪、氯氮平、利培酮及氯氮平合并氯丙嗪分组比较，研究药物种类、住院治疗时间对血糖的影响程度。结果血糖增高和糖尿病的发生率分别为19．78％和12．13％，都以氯氮平合并氯丙嗪组最高，氯氮平次之；氯丙嗪组、氯氮平组及氯氮平合并氯丙嗪组末次血糖浓度明显高于首次血糖浓度。除利培酮组外，住院治疗1～10年的血糖浓度明显增高，但10年后氯氮平组仍有增高趋势。结论氯氮平合并氯丙嗪对血糖代谢影响最大，氯氮平具有更长远的不利影响，使用抗精神病药物时应定期监测血糖。     

抗精神病药对男性精神分裂症患者性功能与催乳素的影响

目的：探讨抗精神病药（APS）对恢复期精神分裂症患者性功能影响及其与催乳素相关性。方法：入组以氯丙嗪、氯氮平和利培酮单一治疗至少6个月各60例、具有稳定配偶的恢复期精神分裂症男性患者。以亚利桑那洲性经验量表（ASEX）进行总体性功能障碍（SD）评定,放免法检测血浆催乳素水平。结果：①氯丙嗪组ASEX总分以及5个分因子分均显著高于氯氮平组和利培酮组（P〈0.05或P〈0.001）,氯丙嗪组SD发生率也显著高于其他两组（P均〈0.05）。②利醅酮组血浆催乳素显著高于氯丙嗪组和氯氮平组（P均〈0.001）,血浆催乳素水平与全体患者（P=0.007）和利培酮组患者（P=0.006）ASEX总分呈显著正相关。结论：氯丙嗪较氯氮平和利培酮更易于发生SD,利培酮可能导致催乳素水平增高。     

首发青少年精神分裂症药物疗效的纵向比较

目的　了解利培酮、氯氮平、氯丙嗪、氟哌啶醇 4种抗精神病药物治疗首发青少年精神分裂症患者的近期和远期疗效。方法　将首发青少年精神分裂症 2 36例分成利培酮组、氯氮平组、氟哌啶醇组及氯丙嗪组 ,采用BPRS及TESS在患者首次住院治疗前及治疗后 2、4、6、8周进行评定 ,并观察 4组药物的副反应 ;对 4组患者出院后 3年内进行随访 ,并利用BPRS、TESS及SDSS每年评定 1次。结果　在首次住院中 ,4种抗精神病药物在治疗精神分裂症症状方面的近期疗效基本相同 ,但在药物副作用方面 4组患者有显著差异 ;在 3年随访中 ,4组患者在中断治疗、社会功能恢复等方面也有显著差异。结论　非典型抗精神药物的远期疗效优于典型抗精神病药物 ,提示在治疗青少年精神分裂症患者时可首选利培酮或氯氮平等非典型抗精神病药物     

抗精神病药物对嗜酸性粒细胞的影响

目的探讨几种抗精神病药物对精神分裂症患者嗜酸性粒细胞的影响。方法随机选取抗精神病药物治疗精神分裂症患者300例,分别在治疗前及治疗后每周测定血细胞计数与分类。结果患者经利培酮、氯氮平和氯丙嗪治疗后嗜酸性粒细胞增多有的60例(20%)。氯氮平组发生率(29.1%)显著高于利培酮组(14%)(P<0.01),氯丙嗪组与利培酮组无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论典型和非典型抗精神病药物对嗜酸性粒细胞均有影响,可能与免疫系统有关。     

舒血宁合并氯氮平治疗精神分裂症阴性症状36例临床分析

以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症对经典的抗精神病药物不敏感。作者对36例以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症病人,随机分成两组,分别用银杏叶提取物-舒血宁合并氯氮平及单用氯氮平治疗12周,经阴性症状量表（SANS）、简明精神病评定量表（BPRS）和副反应量表（TESS）评定,发现舒血宁合并氯氮平治疗以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症疗效优于单用氯氮平。认为舒血宁合并氯氮平是治疗以阴性症状为主的精神分裂的有效方法。     

抗精神病药对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响

目的：比较非经典抗精神病药奎硫平、奥氮平、氯氮平与经典抗精神病药氯丙嗪对精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响。方法：对160例住院精神分裂症患者随机开放分配接受奎硫平、奥氮平、氯氮平和氯丙嗪药物治疗。12周的急性期治疗后,获得临床稳定期的患者[阳性与阴性量表（PANSS）总分≤60或减分率／〉50％]进入固定剂量的24周治疗。分别在基线、治疗12周和24周进行威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）、言语流畅性测验、霍普金斯词语学习测验（HVLT-R）、持续操作功能测验（CPT）、韦克斯勒记忆测定（WMS）、韦克斯勒智能测定（WAIS）、连线试验测定、手指叩击试验测定。结果：奎硫平组、奥氮平组、氯氮平组治疗12周和24周后认知功能均有不同程度的改善（P均〈0．05）,明显优于氯丙嗪,而氯丙嗪组无显著改善。治疗12周后奎硫平组在改善执行功能、言语流畅性和警觉性显著优于奥氮平组和氯氮平组（P〈0．05）。奥氮平组在数字特征和连线测定上明显优于氯氮平组（P〈0．05）。3种非经典抗精神病药在认知功能总分的改善与PANSS总分、阴性症状分的改善有显著相关性（r=-0．32,P〈0．05）。结论：3种非经典抗精神病药奎硫平、奥氮平、氯氮平可不同程度改善精神分裂症患者的认知功能。     

低剂量氯氮平维持治疗稳定期精神分裂症5年的随访对照研究

目的探讨伊剖量氯氮平对稳定期精神分裂症维持治疗的临床疗效及安全性。方法对1141例稳定期精神分裂症患者随访5年（氯氮平组351例,剂量上限为250mg／d,对照组分别为氯丙嗪组260例、奥氮平组170例和利培酮组360例）：用阳性与阴性综合征量表（PANSS）、临床疗效总评量表病情严重程度项目（CCI—SI）、WHO／残疾评价量表一简化版（DAS—S）、副反应量表（TESS）、心电图、生化检验等评估疗效和不良反应。维持治疗期间要求单一用药,如出现脱落、换药、合并其他抗精神病药物者,作为中断治疗。随访时间5年。结果依据CGI—SI评分,氯氮平组症状恶化例次最低（7．4％）,低于氯丙嗪组（16．9％）、奥氮平组（8．8％）以及利培酮组（14．2％）。研究终点中断率由高到低的单药治疗依次为：奥氮平、氯丙嗪、利培酮、氯氮平。根据Cox模型回归分析的回归系数和相对危险度的估计值判断,影响氯氮平维持时间由短到长的因素依次为：PANSS中的兴奋、概念紊乱,TESS中的困倦、流涎以及心电图异常。结论低剂量氯氮平对稳定期精神分裂症长期维持治疗具有良好的疗效。     

氯氮平与氯丙嗪治疗精神分裂症的对照研究

为进一步验证氯氮平在治疗精神分裂症中的地位。方法对病程＜５年的１２２例首次住院的精神分裂症患者，采用分层随机法分为两组，分别首选氯氮平和氯丙嗪进行８周治疗。以ＢＰＲＳ、ＳＡＰＳ、ＳＡＮＳ评定疗效，以ＴＥＳＳ评定副反应。结果治疗前后比较，两组ＢＰＲＳ、ＳＡＰＳ分均显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０１），ＳＡＮＳ分氯氮平组显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０１），氯丙嗪组无明显差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）；疗后氯氮平组的ＢＰＲＳ、ＳＡＰＳ、ＳＡＮＳ总分均明显低于氯丙嗪组（Ｐ＜０．０１）；ＴＥＳＳ总分氯氮平组亦低于氯丙嗪组，且无锥体外系副反应。结论氯氮平确是一种十分有效且药物副反应并不多见的抗精神病药。在严密监测血象的情况下，氯氮平实际上可作为一个可供选择的治疗精神分裂症的第一线药使用。     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

广西农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量状况调查

目的研究农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者的生活质量及影响因素。方法前瞻性的队列研究。采用随机分层抽样法分为农村壮族妇女精神分裂症组、农村汉族妇女精神分裂症组、农村正常妇女对照组,应用“世界卫生组织生存质量测定报告”(WHOQOL-100)及PANSS量表调查其生活质量和疾病的严重程度。结果农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量明显低于农村汉族妇女精神分裂症患者,影响其生活质量的相关因素是生活环境及精神支柱/个人信仰。结论经济贫困、环境条件、缺乏有效的医疗服务和社会保障是农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量低的关键。因此,建立农村壮族社区精神卫生服务网络势在必行。     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

The origins of innervation of the esophagus of the dog

This study defined the origins of extrinsic efferent and afferent innervation of the normal canine esophagus. When all the layers of the wall of the 3 esophageal regions (cervical, thoracic and abdominal) were injected with horseradish peroxidase (HRP), labeled nerve cells were found in the nucleus ambiguus (NA) and parasympathetic nucleus of X (PX) of the brainstem. Most labeled cells in the NA were located in the compact column (retrofacial nucleus) while labeled cells in the PX were located in separate rostral and caudal areas. There was no somatotopic organization in either the NA or PX. Labeled sympathetic postganglionic neurons were found in the cranial cervical, middle cervical, cervicothoracic, thoracic sympathetic trunk and celiacomesenteric ganglia. The HRP injection of the esophageal wall labeled sensory cell bodies in the glossopharyngeal, proximal and distal vagal, and C2-T6 spinal ganglia. There was no discernible pattern of distribution of labeled cells in the autonomic or sensory ganglia. When the HRP injections were confined to the mucosa-submucosa layers of the thoracic esophagus, a small number of labeled cells were identified in the NA; however, no labeled cells were found in the NA when injections were confined to the mucosa-submucosa of either the cervical or abdominal esophageal regions. With these confined injections, the labeled nerve cells appeared in the rostral part of the PX. Thus, it appeared that the internal tunics of the esophagus (i.e., the mucosa and submucosa) were innervated by neurons in the rostral PX while the muscular tunic was innervated by neurons in the caudal PX and the rostral NA. After mucosa-submucosa injections, labeled sympathetic neurons appeared in the same ganglia that were identified after whole wall injections and these had a similar random distribution. These injections also labeled neurons in the glossopharyngeal, proximal vagal, and distal vagal ganglia, but unlike the whole wall injections there was no labeling in the spinal ganglia. This suggested that the labeled cells of the spinal ganglia seen after whole wall injections conveyed impulses from the tunica muscularis and serosa.     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。