ERK通路对体外培养星形胶质细胞缺氧/复氧后TNF-α分泌的影响

目的 分析ERK通路对缺氧/复氧后反应性星形胶质细胞TNF-α分泌的影响,从而探讨ERK通路在星形胶质细胞反应性改变的可能作用机制,为临床研究提供理论支持.方法 参照McCarthy方法星形胶质细胞（AC）原代培养,传至第3代,细胞自然纯化.将AC分为正常对照组（C组）、缺氧/复氧组（H/R组）、缺氧/复氧阻滞剂组（H/R＋M组）.每组设缺氧4 h、缺氧8 h、复氧6 h、12 h、24 h、48 h 6个时间点,建立AC缺氧/复氧模型.Western-blot法半定量分析T-ERK,P-ERK的表达情况,TNF-α ELISA试剂盒测定细胞凋亡情况.采用SPSS18.0统计软件包进行数据分析.结果 （1）Western-blot：缺氧组较正常组相比ERK表达明显升高（P＜0.05）,阻滞剂组较无阻滞剂组p-ERK蛋白表达量显著下降（P＜0.05）.（2）TNF-α ELISA：缺氧后TNF逐渐升高,复氧48 h时达高峰（P＜0.05）,加入ERK阻滞剂后升高更明显（P＜0.05）.结论 星形胶质细胞缺氧复氧后存在ERK通路的激活,ERK通路在星形胶质细胞缺氧损伤后反应中发挥生物学作用与TNF-α有关.     

TLR4-P38MAPK信号通路在LPS诱导BV2细胞中的表达及意义

目的观察LPS诱导小胶质细胞后信号通路Toll样受体4(TLR4)-p38蛋白激酶(p38MAPK)的表达及意义。方法体外培养BV2小胶质细胞,分为对照组、LPS诱导组(LPS刺激12h及24h)及SB203580干预组(LPS+SB203580诱导12h及24h),应用ELISA法检测各组TNF-α、IL-6水平,RT-PCR法检测各组TLR4mRNA和p38MAPK mRNA的表达变化。结果 LPS诱导组细胞分泌TNF-α、IL-6水平显著提高,诱导24h后细胞上清液含量分别为(513.67±14.05)pg/mg和(396.84±15.41)pg/mg。给予SB203580抑制剂后TLR4mRNA和p38MAPK mRNA表达明显减弱,细胞分泌TNF-α、IL-6含量表达与感染组比较也明显降低。结论 LPS刺激小胶质细胞可引起TLR4-p38MAPK信号通路的活化并释放炎性细胞因子,而SB203580则对其有明显的抑制作用,证明TLR4-p38MAPK信号通路与小胶质细胞的炎性活化密切相关。     

SH-SY5Y细胞α7尼古丁受体蛋白抑制对tau蛋白及p38 MAPK通路的影响及其与AD发病机制的关系

目的研究α7尼古丁受体(nAChR)蛋白抑制对SH-SY5Y细胞tau蛋白磷酸化水平的影响及其与p38 MAPK通路的关系,探讨α7 nAChR调节tau蛋白磷酸化的相关机制。方法用α7 nAChR阻断剂MLA阻断SH-SY5Y细胞α7 nAChR蛋白的活化及其表达,用p38 MAPK阻断剂SB203580阻断SH-SY5Y细胞p38 MAPK信号通路蛋白的活化及其表达,Western blotting方法测定tau蛋白、p-tau(S404)、p-tau(S214)、α7 nAChR、p38 MAPK及p-p38 MAPK(Thr180/Tyr182)蛋白表达水平。结果细胞经MLA处理后,p-tau(S404)和p-tau(S214)蛋白水平明显升高(P0.01),p-p38 MAPK和α7 nAChR蛋白水平明显降低(P0.01),tau蛋白和p38 MAPK蛋白水平保持不变;经SB203580处理后,SB203580及MLA共同处理后均引起p-tau(S404)、p-tau(S214)、p-p38 MAPK和α7nAChR蛋白水平显著降低(P0.01),tau蛋白和p38 MAPK蛋白水平无变化。结论α7 nAChR可通过阻断p38MAPK信号传导通路抑制tau蛋白过度磷酸化。     

精氨酸加压素对星形胶质细胞凋亡的影响

目的 探讨不同浓度精氨酸加压素(arginine vasopressin,AVP)对原代培养大鼠星形胶质细胞凋亡的影响,以及p38 MAPK途径在该过程中的作用.方法 采用大鼠大脑皮质分离星形胶质细胞,以500 nmol/LAVP处理星形胶质细胞1、6、12、24 h,以及500 nmol/L AVP分别与V1a受体(V1.R)拮抗剂、SB 203580共同处理星形胶质细胞1、6、12、24 h,采用MTT法测定星形胶质细胞存活率变化;以50、100、500 nmol/L AVP对星形胶质细胞分别处理1、6、12、24 h,以及500 nmol/L AVP分别与V1a受体(V1aR)拮抗剂、SB 203580共同处理星形胶质细胞1、6、12、24 h,采用TUNEL法检测星形胶质凋亡情况.结果 以500 nmol/L AVP干预6、12、24 h后,星形胶质细胞存活率下降(P＜0.01),而V1aR拮抗剂、SB 203580与500 nmol/L AVP共同干预星形胶质细胞后,各时间点存活率与对照组比较无统计学差异(P＞0.05).以50、100 nmol/L AVP分别干预1、6、12、24 h未发现星形胶质细胞凋亡数增加(P＞0.05),而500 nmol/L AVP干预6、12、24 h后,星形胶质细胞凋亡细胞增多,24 h达高峰(P＜0.01).V1aR拮抗剂、SB 203580与500 nmol/L AVP共同干预后,各时间点细胞凋亡数未见显著增加(P＞0.05).结论 高浓度AVP能导致星形胶质存活率下降,细胞凋亡增多;V1aR拮抗剂及p38MAPK抑制剂能抑制高浓度AVP诱导的星形胶质细胞凋亡,可能对减轻脑损伤过程中AVP造成的继发损害具有一定作用.     

缺氧/复氧对体外培养星形胶质细胞脑源性神经营养因子合成及释放的影响

目的观察缺氧/复氧条件下体外培养星形胶质细胞活力变化及脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)释放和表达的变化。方法采用原代培养的大鼠皮质星形胶质细胞,实验分为正常组(N)及缺氧/复氧组(H/R)。在缺氧/复氧各个时间点,应用MTT法检测缺氧/复氧时培养星形胶质细胞的活力变化,应用Western blot检测BDNF的表达水平;ELISA检测星形胶质细胞条件培养液上清中BDNF的含量。结果与对照组相比,在缺氧6 h、复氧72 h以内体外培养星形胶质细胞,细胞活力不会发生明显改变,BDNF的释放量无明显变化,但是缺氧/复氧可诱导体外培养星形胶质细胞BDNF表达量的增加。结论单纯的缺氧/复氧条件可影响体外培养星形胶质细胞BDNF的合成,但不足以引起BNDF的释放改变以及细胞的活力变化。     

p38MAPK信号通路与应力介导成肌细胞的凋亡*

背景：在体内条件下,细胞力学的功能研究因其所处生理环境的复杂性、实验条件的不易控制而很难得到满意结果。 目的：在成功构建成肌细胞体外培养-力学刺激模型的基础上,研究p38MAPK信号通路在成肌细胞凋亡中的作用及其机制。 方法：将体外培养的C2C12细胞分为对照组和SB203580组,SB203580组中加入 20 mmol/L的p38MAPK抑制剂SB203580。应用细胞应力加载装置Flecell Strain Unit-5000T给细胞提供15%的力值,分别施加0,6,12,24 h的周期性张应力。每分钟10个循环,每循环包括3 s牵张,3 s松弛。Hoechst 33258染色观察细胞的形态学变化;流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡情况;RT-PCR法检测促凋亡基因bax mRNA的表达;Western blot检测信号通路中p38MAPK和p-p38MAPK蛋白的表达。 结果与结论：随着加力时间的延长,细胞逐渐出现核固缩及凋亡小体,凋亡率增加(P < 0.05),bax mRNA表达增多(P < 0.05);细胞p38MAPK和p-p38MAPK蛋白均在加力6 h达到最低,此后逐渐升高。p38MAPK抑制剂SB203580可抑制加力引起的细胞凋亡,减少bax mRNA及p38MAPK和p-p38MAPK蛋白的表达(P < 0.05)。说明p38MAPK信号通路在应力介导的成肌细胞凋亡中起到重要的作用。     

p38 MAPK信号通路在小胶质细胞激活介导多巴胺能神经元变性中的作用研究

目的:研究p38丝裂原激活蛋白激酶(p38MAPK)在脂多糖(LPS)诱导小胶质细胞激活介导多巴胺(DA)能神经元变性中的作用。方法:脑立体定位注射LPS于大鼠脑黑质,Western blot印记法检测不同时间点(0、0.5h、1h、6h、12h)黑质p38磷酸化水平。酪氨酸羟化酶(Tyrosine hydroxylase,TH)免疫组织化学染色观察蛋白激酶(MAPK)特异性抑制剂SB203580预处理后LPS对DA能神经元变性的影响。结果:黑质注射LPS后,Western blot结果显示p38MAPK总体蛋白水平在各组均存在表达,无显著性差异(P>0.05),而其磷酸化p-p38MAPK却发生了明显变化。正常对照组和PBS注射侧几乎无p-p38的表达,LPS注射后30min,p-p38即有少量的表达;1h表达量增加;6h表达量达高峰;12h后表达量逐渐下降。与PBS对照侧相比,LPS注入黑质导致TH阳性细胞数下降至38%;SB203580预处理可以显著增加TH+细胞数达63%(P<0.05)。结论:p38MAPK信号通路参与了LPS诱导小胶质细胞激活介导DA能神经元变性,可通过阻断信号通路来减轻LPS诱导DA能神经元变性,为PD治疗提供新的思路。     

精氨酸加压素对星形胶质细胞水孔蛋白-4表达的调节及脑水肿形成影响的研究

目的研究精氨酸加压素(AVP)对星形胶质细胞水孔蛋白-4(AQP4)表达的调节,以及p38 MAPK信号通路在AQP4表达过程的作用,明确AVP及AQP4在脑水肿发生过程中的作用。方法大鼠大脑皮质分离星形胶质细胞,星形胶质细胞经分别用AVP、V1a受体(V1aR)拮抗剂和SB 203580进行处理,采用免疫组织化学技术及RT-PCR对AQP4 mRNA进行检测,Western blot检测p38 MAPK信号通路在AVP诱导AQP4表达中的活化程度。结果500nmol/L的AVP处理6h后,AQP4 mRNA表达开始升高(P<0.01),到12h达高峰(P<0.01),24h后仍维持在较高的水平(P<0.05)。加入p38 MAPK抑制剂SB 203580干预后,AQP4 mRNA表达水平与对照组比较差异不显著(P>0.05);AVP处理15min后p38 MAPK磷酸化水平开始增加,30min达高峰,持续到60min开始下降。V1aR拮抗剂处理后p38 MAPK磷酸化水平整个时间段均未出现明显变化。结论AVP通过激活V1aR引起p38MAPK信号通路活化从而诱导AQP4 mRNA高表达,从基因水平对AQP4进行调节,可能在脑水肿发生中,尤其是在星形胶质细胞水肿形成中起重要作用。V1aR拮抗剂及p38 MAPK抑制剂能抑制AQP4 mRNA的表达,避免星形胶质细胞肿胀。     

P~(38)激酶在PC12细胞缺氧/再给氧损伤中的作用

目的:探讨PC12细胞缺氧/再给氧损伤的信号转导机理。方法:培养的PC12细胞先缺氧(95％N2/5％CO2)6h,然后重新给氧,观测不同时间点细胞的存活率和caspase-3的活性;用MTT法测存活率,caspase-3检测试剂盒测caspase-3活性。用p38拮抗剂SB203580孵育细胞2h,之后缺氧/再给氧,观察SB203580对细胞存活率和caspase-3活性的影响。结果:PC12细胞缺氧/再给氧后caspase-3活性明显增加并使细胞存活率下降,SB203580明显降低缺氧/复氧后caspase-3的活性并使细胞死亡减少。结论:PC12细胞缺氧/再给氧后至少可以通过激活p38、caspase-3信号分子诱导PC12细胞死亡。     

SB203580对液化石油气中毒大鼠神经元的保护作用

目的研究p38MAPK通路抑制剂SB203580在液化石油气中毒大鼠模型中对神经元的保护作用。方法采用大鼠液化石油气中毒模型,72只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、中毒组和SB203580干预组,干预组在中毒前1h腹腔注射SB203580(10mg/kg,溶于5mg/ml DMSO),动物分别于中毒后1d、3d、7d处死,观察脑组织神经元的形态变化,免疫组化方法检测脑组织p38MAPK的表达水平。结果中毒组大鼠脑组织神经元坏死,p-p38MAPK阳性细胞大量表达,干预组大鼠上述变化明显减轻(P<0.05)。结论在液化石油气中毒大鼠模型中,SB203580通过抑制p38MAPK通路减少神经元坏死,发挥神经保护作用。     

Src/p38 MAPK pathway in spinal microglia is involved in mechanical allodynia induced by peri-sciatic administration of recombinant rat TNF-α

Our previous work has shown that peri-sciatic administration of recombinant rat TNF-α (rrTNF) induces mechanical allodynia and up-regulation of TNF-α in the spinal dorsal horn of rats; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. In the current study, we found that the levels of phosphorylated Src-family kinases (p-SFKs) and phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p-p38 MAPK) were significantly increased in bilateral lumbar spinal dorsal horn on day 3 after rrTNF administration. Double immunofluorescence staining revealed that p-SFKs and p-p38 MAPK were nearly restricted to the microglia. Intrathecal delivery of SFKs inhibitor PP2 or p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580, started 30 min before rrTNF administration and given once daily thereafter for 7 days, blocked mechanical allodynia in bilateral hind paws and increase of TNF-α expression in the spinal dorsal horn. Moreover, PP2 inhibited the up-regulation of p-p38 MAPK induced by rrTNF. We also found that intrathecal injection of TNF-α neutralization antibody alleviated mechanical allodynia in bilateral hind paws and suppressed up-regulation of p-SFKs and p-p38 MAPK. These results suggest that activation of the SFKs/p38 MAPK pathway in microglia and subsequent TNF-α expression in the spinal dorsal horn may contribute to the mechanical hyperalgesic state induced by peri-sciatic administered rrTNF.     

Intracisternal administration of SB203580, a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor,attenuates cerebral vasospasm via inhibition of tumor-necrosis factor-α

Tumor-necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is critical to the development of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Hence, therapeutic strategies targeting TNF-α can attenuate cerebral vasospasm. This study investigated the effects of SB203580, a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor, on TNF-α concentration in the cerebral arteries and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after SAH and on subsequent cerebral vasospasm. Twenty-three rabbits were divided into four groups: (i) control (without SAH), (ii) SAH (SAH only), (iii) dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO, vehicle), and (iv) SB203580. The severity of vasospasm and the immunoreactivities of TNF-α and phosphorylated p38 MAPK in the brain vessels were determined in all animals, and the concentrations of TNF-α in the CSF were also assessed. Severe vasospasm was observed in the rabbits from the SAH and DMSO groups. SB203580 reversed vasospasm after SAH. Lower immunoreactivities of TNF-α and phosphorylated p38 MAPK were found in the basilar artery in the SB203580 group than in the DMSO group. The concentration of TNF-α in the CSF increased after SAH, but treatment with SB203080 after SAH suppressed this increase. Our data show that SB203580 reversed cerebral vasospasm by inhibiting the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK in the basilar artery and by suppressing the increase in TNF-α in the basilar artery and CSF after SAH. SB203580 could therefore potentially be used for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm after SAH.     

Melanocortin 4 receptor induces hyperalgesia and allodynia after chronic constriction injury by activation of p38 MAPK in DRG

Melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) is implicated in the initiation and maintenance of neuropathic pain. Although the effect of MC4R on neuropathic pain is known, it remains unclear how MC4R mediates neuropathic pain. In vitro MC4R activates mitogen-activated kinase (MAPK). Accordingly, we investigate whether MC4R activates the p38MAPK cascade in vivo to trigger pain behavior of Wistar rats after chronic constriction injury (CCI). Intrathecal injection of MC4R antagonist HS014 (5 μg/day) at the moment of CCI for seven days attenuated thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia. Similarly, intrathecal injection of a p38 inhibitor (SB203580, 10 mg/day) at the moment of CCI for seven days was also effective. To assess whether the effects of HS014 were mediated via increased p38MAPK activation, ipsilateral L4 and L5 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) were analyzed for MC4R and phosphorylated p38MAPK (p-p38MAPK) after CCI alone or CCI combined with HS014 treatment or SB203580 treatment. After CCI, DRG p-p38MAPK and MC4R were elevated by three, seven, and 14 days. Treatment with SB203580 blocked p38 activation. Both MC4R and phosphorylated p38 localized in DRG neurons. These data suggest a sequential role for MC4R and p38 in the induction and maintenance of neuropathic pain. MC4R plays an important role in the establishment of neuropathic pain following CCI, seemingly dependent on p38 activation.     

NF-κB,ERK, p38 MAPK and JNK contribute to the initiation and/or maintenance of mechanical allodynia induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the red nucleus

Previous studies have demonstrated that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in the red nucleus (RN) plays facilitated roles in the development of abnormal pain. Here, the roles of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in TNF-α-evoked mechanical allodynia were investigated. Repeated microinjection of recombinant rat TNF-α (20 ng daily for 3 days) into the unilateral RN of normal rats induced a significant mechanical allodynia in the contralateral but not ipsilateral hind paw at the fifth day and disappeared 24 h later. Re-injection of a single bolus of 20 ng TNF-α into the same RN reproduced this mechanical allodynia within 30 min, which was used as a pain model for further experiments. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that NF-κB, phospho-ERK (p-ERK) and p-p38 MAPK in the RN were significantly up-regulated at 1 h after TNF-α microinjection, the up-regulations of NF-κB and p-ERK but not p-p38 MAPK remained at high levels till 4 h later. A significant up-regulation of p-JNK occurred at 4 h (but not 1 h) after TNF-α microinjection, which was later than those of NF-κB, p-ERK and p-p38 MAPK. Pre-treatment with NF-κB inhibitor PDTC, ERK inhibitor PD98059 or p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 at 30 min before TNF-α microinjected into the RN completely prevented TNF-α-evoked mechanical allodynia. Pre-treatment with JNK inhibitor SP600125 did not prevent but reversed TNF-α-evoked mechanical allodynia during the subsequent detection time. Post-treatment with PDTC, PD98059 or SP600125 (but not SB203580) at 4 h after TNF-α microinjected into the RN significantly reversed TNF-α-evoked mechanical allodynia. These results further prove that TNF-α in the RN plays a crucial role in the development of abnormal pain, and the algesic effect of TNF-α is initiated through activating NF-κB, ERK and p38 MAPK. The later maintenance of TNF-α-evoked mechanical allodynia mainly relies on the activation of NF-κB, ERK and JNK, but not p38 MAPK.     

缺氧/复氧条件下星形胶质细胞水通道蛋白4和5表达变化的研究

目的：观察缺氧/复氧条件下星形胶质细胞水通道蛋白（AQP）4和5表达的变化,探讨脑缺血再灌注后脑水肿与AQP4和AQP5的关系。方法：取新生24h内的SD大鼠皮质新鲜脑组织,进行原代和传代培养。以95%N2和5%CO2造成细胞缺氧,用倒置相差显微镜对细胞进行形态学观察,用锥虫蓝染色法测定缺氧及复氧后不同时间点星形胶质细胞的死亡数以反映星形胶质细胞的存活能力,应用细胞免疫化学技术测定星形胶质细胞缺氧及复氧后各个时间点AQP4、AQP5表达的变化。结果：缺氧4及8h后细胞形态变化不明显,随着复氧时间的延长出现细胞损伤的表现。与对照组比较,缺氧后4及8h有少量细胞死亡（P〈0.05）,随着复氧时间延长细胞死亡数亦逐渐增多（P〈0.01）;缺氧4及8h后,AQP4、AQP5阳性表达细胞数均减少（P〈0.01）,而复氧后AQP4、AQP5阳性表达细胞数逐渐升高并随时间延长呈增高趋势（P〈0.01）。结论：星形胶质细胞对缺氧的耐受能力较强,但复氧时出现明显损伤;AQP4、AQP5表达的变化与缺血-再灌注损伤后脑水肿存在相关性。     

Possible involvement of p38 MAP kinase in HSP70 expression induced by hypoxia in rat primary astrocytes

The aim of this study was to elucidate the possible mechanism of HSP induction in response to hypoxia in rat primary astrocytes. Treatment with SB203580, a selective p38 MAP kinase (p38 MAPK) inhibitor, attenuated the increase in HSP70 in a concentration-dependent manner. p38 MAPK was activated in response to hypoxic treatment. These results suggest that p38 MAPK positively regulates hypoxia-induced HSP70 expression in astrocytes.     

Activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in spinal microglia mediates morphine antinociceptive tolerance

Compelling evidence has suggested that spinal glial cells were activated by chronic morphine treatment and involved in the development of morphine tolerance. However, the mechanisms of glial activation were still largely unknown in morphine tolerance. In present study, we investigated the role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) in the spinal cord in the development of chronic morphine antinociceptive tolerance. We found that intrathecal administration of morphine (15 microg) daily for 7 consecutive days significantly induced an increase in number of phospho-p38 (p-p38) immunoreactive cells in the spinal cord compared with chronic saline or acute morphine treated rats. Double immunofluorescence staining revealed that p-p38 immunoreactivity was exclusively restricted in the activated spinal microglia, not in astrocytes or neurons. Repeated intrathecal administration of 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-methylsulfonylphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)-1H-imidazole (SB203580) (10 microg or 2 microg), a specific p38 inhibitor, 30 min before each morphine injection for 7 consecutive days significantly attenuated tolerance to morphine analgesia assessed by tail flick test. However, a single intrathecal administration of SB203580 (10 microg) did not antagonize the established tolerance to morphine analgesia. Taken together, these findings suggested that p38 MAPK activation in the spinal microglia was involved in the development of morphine antinociceptive tolerance. Inhibition of p38 MAPK by SB203580 in the spinal cord attenuated but not reversed the tolerance to morphine analgesia. The present study provides the first evidence that p38 activation in spinal microglia played an important role in the development of tolerance to morphine analgesia.