老年人主观幸福感的影响因素

研究老年人主观幸福感(subjective well—being,SWD)有助于认识和改善老年人的生活质量。针对老年人群体,阐述属于主观范畴的人格因素以及属于客观范畴的生活事件(社会关系、收入、健康状况)对老年人主观幸福感的影响。     

1191例上海地区中学生主观幸福感调查及影响因素分析

目的调查上海地区中学生主观幸福感,分析其可能的影响因素,提出可提高该群体幸福感的可行的干预措施。方法2007年9月对上海地区初二、高二学生进行分层抽样调查,共抽取1204名中学生,进行＂总体幸福感量表及相关影响因素＂的问卷调查。结果上海地区中学生主观幸福感平均分为78.08±15.09;可能与幸福感相关的12项影响因素中,除性别以外,其余11项与中学生主观幸福感显著相关,5项进入多元逐步回归方程。结论年级、成绩、父母关心的程度、与老师的关系、朋友的多少等5项对中学生的主观幸福感有影响。通过干预其中的部分影响因素可能有助于提高中学生幸福感。     

复员退伍精神分裂症患者的幸福感及相关因素

目的探讨复员退伍精神分裂症患者幸福感的相关因素。方法选取河北省荣军医院180例复员退伍精神分裂症患者,采用一般情况调查表、总体幸福感量表（GwB）、阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、自知力与治疗态度问卷（ITAQ）、不良反应量表（TESS）进行评定,并进行相关性分析。结果不同病程、家族史、婚姻状况、TESS评分的复员退伍精神分裂症患者幸福感差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;31～40岁患者的幸福感显著高于51～60岁者（P=0．022）;初中组精力、愉快或-比郁心境因子分高于高中及以上组（P分别为0．012,0．003）,小学组愉快或忧郁心境因子分亦高于高中及以上组（P=0．047）,而小学组松弛与紧张因子分高于高中以上组（P=0．045）;住院时间≥6年组GwB总分低于〈6年组（P=0．037）;不伴躯体疾病者的愉快或忧郁心境分显著高于伴有者（P=0．001）。PANss量表阴性症状因子分与愉快或忧郁心境呈负相关（r=-0．148,P=0．048）;ITAQ评分与精力及愉快或忧郁心境呈正相关（r分别为0．149,0．155;P分别为0．045,0．037）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示长期住院是影响患者幸福感的主要因素（B=-0．031）。结论复员退伍精神分裂症患者幸福感的影响因素是多方面的,提高其幸福感需要给予综合康复措施。     

军校研究生抑郁情绪及相关因素调查

目的调查某军校研究生抑郁状况及其相关因素,为对其提供有针对性的心理健康教育、开展高危人群识别工作提供参考。方法采取分层抽样方式,按照性别、年级因素选取某军校硕士和博士研究生共236名,采用抑郁自评量表(SDS)、症状自评量表(SCL-90)、简易应对方式量表(SCSQ)、艾森克人格问卷简式量表中国版(EPQ-RSC)和社会支持评定量表(SSRS)进行调查。结果军校研究生抑郁情绪总体检出率为25.42%。Logistic回归分析显示,积极应对方式(waldχ~2=5.54,P=0.019)、消极应对方式(waldχ~2=5.98,P=0.014)和神经质N维度(waldχ~2=4.23,P=0.04)进入预测军校研究生是否存在抑郁情绪的回归模型。结论军校研究生抑郁情绪检出率较高,积极应对方式、消极应对方式和神经质N维度是军校研究生抑郁情绪产生的危险因素。     

大学生应对方式与主观幸福感的相关研究

目的考查江西省大学生的应封方式与主观幸福感现状及二者的关系。方法采用总体幸福感量表(CWB)和简易应封方式问卷封江西省300名大学生进行调查。结果①大学生的主观幸福感的总体水平较高,男女没有显着差异,而且大多数采取积极应对方式;②消极应对与幸福感有非常明显的负相关,积极应对与幸福感有正相关但不显著。     

高职学生主观幸福感及与自尊的关系

目的探讨高职院校学生主观幸福感的特点及与自尊的关系。方法采取整群随机抽样方法抽取江苏省三所高等职业院校2063名高职生,采用总体幸福感量表(GWB)和自尊量表(SES)调查高职生主观幸福感状况及其与自尊的关系。结果高职女生主观幸福感评分高于男生,差异有统计学意义(t=2.97,P<0.01);母亲是大学文化的高职生主观幸福感评分高于母亲是小学文化的高职生(t=3.88,P<0.01);人文艺术类与理工科类高职生的主观幸福感评分差异有统计学意义(t=3.13,P<0.01);高职生主观幸福感和自尊之间有正相关关系(r=0.17,P<0.01),自尊对主观幸福感有预测作用。结论性别、母亲受教育程度和专业类别对高职生主观幸福感有影响,尤以男生、母亲是小学受教育程度及理工类高职生主观幸福感较低,加强高职生的自尊有助于提高其主观幸福感。     

主观幸福感研究综述

主观幸福感是反映生活质量的一个重要指标,是指人们对自身生活满意程度的认知评价,国内外学者对其影响因素的研究一般涉及个体的主、客观因素,其中客观因素主要包括人口统计学变量、经济状况、文化、健康、生活事件、社会支持,主观因素包括人格、应对方式、自尊。对主观幸福感的主要研究方法是自陈报告法。今后将更加注重主观幸福感的心理机制和干预的研究,而且研究方法将更加多样化。     

首发抑郁症治疗前后主观认知功能的差异及相关因素

目的:探讨首发抑郁症治疗前后主观认知功能的差异及相关因素,为改善抑郁症疗效和康复提供可能的新视角.方法:收集首发抑郁症门诊或住院患者100例,采用选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(SSRIs)类抗抑郁药治疗.搜集一般资料、治疗前和治疗24周临床量表、认知量表、生化指标、电生理指标.结果:完成研究80例,首发抑郁症患者治疗后...     

抑郁症患者主观幸福感的对照研究

目的探讨抑郁症患者与正常人在主观幸福感上的差异,以及不同性别的抑郁症患者在主观幸福感上的差异。方法应用总体幸福感量表(GWB)对60名抑郁症患者和60名正常人进行主观幸福感的测定。结果正常被试与抑郁症被试在总体幸福感及各分量表分数上均存在显著的差别(P<0.05)。不同性别的抑郁症患者在正性情绪、负性情绪、总体幸福感的差别具有显著性(P<0.05),女性在幸福感体验和情感体验上都比男性高。结论抑郁症患者的主观幸福感相对正常人较低,女性抑郁症患者在幸福感体验和情感体验上都比男性高。     

主观幸福感的研究进展

主观幸福感(SWB)是反映某一社会中个体生活质量的重要心理学参数,是反映心理健康水平的重要指标之一,包括了生活满意感、正性情感和负性情感三个维度的主观体验。它的研究涉及了众多的学科范畴,形成了各种流派的观点。本文综述了SWB的最近研究进展情况。     

Subjective well-being: gender differences in Holocaust survivors-specific and cross-national effects

Objectives: Subjective well-being (SWB) has become an important concept in evaluating older adults’ quality of life. The cognitive and emotional evaluations which are used to appraise it differ in structure, characteristics, and effects on life. The purpose of this study was to support hypotheses regarding expected Holocaust survivors-specific effects and cross-cultural differences on three indicators of SWB.

Method: We recruited samples of 50 male and female Israeli Holocaust survivors, other older Israelis, and older Canadians (N = 300) for allowing us to distinguish survivors-specific effects from cross-national differences. State anxiety, depressive symptoms, and life-satisfaction were compared across groups of men and women. Where univariate differences were detected, post hoc comparisons were computed to determine which of the groups significantly differed.

Results: In general, a higher level of SWB was found among Canadians in comparison to both comparative Israeli groups. Level of depressive symptoms was significantly higher among women survivors than in the other two groups. Both groups of Israeli women had higher scores on anxiety than Canadian Women; less apparent were differences across groups of men. Life-satisfaction did not differ among the groups.

Conclusions: Our findings regarding depression support the survivor-specific effect hypothesis for women, and a national effect on anxiety, but not any effect on life-satisfaction. These findings suggest significant differences in impacts of traumatic life events on cognitive versus emotional indicators of SWB. This issue should be further investigated due to its practical implications in use of various measures of SWB with people who experienced traumatic events.     

北京市西城区老人的主观幸福度

Background

In 2010 the Beijing Municipal Government promulgated a policy aimed at improving the quality of life and subjective well-being of elderly residents that included a component focused on mental health.

Aim

Identify factors associated with subjective well-being in a representative sample of elderly residents of Xi Cheng District in Beijing.

Methods

This cross-sectional study administered a self-completion survey to a stratified random sample of 2342 residents of Xi Cheng District who were 60 to 80 years of age. The level of well-being was assessed using a validated Chinese version of the Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale of Happiness (MUNSH). Detailed socioeconomic variables were obtained using a questionnaire developed by the authors. Social support, anxiety, and depression were assessed using validated Chinese versions of the Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS), Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS).

Results

Among the 2342 respondents, 1616 (69.0%) had a total MUNSH score of 32 or above, indicating a high level of happiness; 423 (18.1%) has a total SSRS score 32 or below, indicating poor social support; 201 (8.6%) had a total SDS score of 53 or above, indicating significant depression; and 126 (5.3%) had a total SAS score of 50 or above, indicating significant anxiety. In the multivariate regression analysis the self-reported level of depression was the most important factor related to well-being. Anxiety, social support, income level, the quality of family relationships, the ability to self-regulate emotions, and regular exercise were also significantly related to well-being; but gender, marital status, age and educational level were not associated with well-being.

Conclusion

Among elderly urban residents in Beijing, self-reports of poor subjective well-being are closely associated with self-reports of depressive and anxiety symptoms and also associated with social factors such as social support, income level and family relationships. Prospective studies are needed to identify the causal relationships of these variables and, based on the findings, to develop targeted interventions aimed at improving the quality of life and well-being of elderly community members.     

Subjective well-being of visually impaired older adults living in the community

ABSTRACT

Objectives: Vision impairment is one of the most common disabilities among older adults, and it has a substantial impact on well-being. The present study constructs an integrative model to identify which variables derived from four dimensions of life (physical/functional, social, psychological and environmental) combined with sociodemographic variables explain the overall subjective well-being (SWB) visually impaired older adults living in the community.

Method: A total of 121 severe visually impaired persons, aged 60 and over (M = 77.4, range 60–95), participated in the study. Personal, face-to-face interviews were conducted with participants at social centers or at their homes. Research tools consisted of valid and reliable questionnaires.

Results: Five variables explained the older adults' variability in SWB: self-rated health, sense of meaning in life, functional independence in activity of daily living (ADL), sense of control of one's environment (Mastery) and the participant's age. The explained variance percentage was found to be high (61%). In contrast to expectations, social-environmental variables proved to be only of secondary significance in explaining SWB variability.

Discussion: Variables derived from the psychological dimension appear more significant than the social-environmental variables in explaining SWB among visually impaired older adults. These variables should be considered when developing intervention programs intended to increase SWB within this unique population group.     

Subjective well-being in centenarians: a comparison of Japan and the United States

ABSTRACT

Objective: The present study examined the cultural differences and similarities in the levels and predictors of subjective well-being in Japanese and American centenarians.

Method: We analyzed data on cognitively intact Japanese (N = 59) and American (N = 125) participants from the Tokyo and Georgia Centenarian Studies, respectively. The Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale was used to measure subjective well-being, while sociodemographic, social, and health resources were assessed as potential predictors.

Results: The American participants reported higher scores on well-being (satisfaction with social relations and psychological comfort). However, cultural differences in the levels of well-being disappeared after we controlled for its predictors. The regression models revealed that health resources (cognitive function, hearing problems, and activities of daily living) were strong predictors of well-being in both countries. Social resources (living with others) were strongly associated with one dimension of well-being (attitude toward one's aging) among the Japanese participants.

Discussion: The findings support the existing lifespan and cross-cultural literature, indicating that declines in health impose certain limitations on adaptive capacity in oldest-old age irrespective of cultures, and that social embeddedness is valued in Eastern cultures. The authors speculate that cultural values, i.e. personal autonomy versus relational harmony, play an important role for well-being in oldest-old age.     

Subjective well-being and self-regulation in risk taking behaviors. The case of scuba-diving

Nowadays, risk-taking behaviors category is a very fast growing domain, yet not well known. Recent studies point out the importance of emotional phenomenons in subjective risk-taking behaviors. According to this axis, on scuba-diving empirical field, we aim to depict the size and the role of psychological process in the realization of the behavior; our research links personality variables and emotional ones. The observation of scuba-Divers behavior lead us to construct a fitting of conceptual positions to give an account of that behavior and its subjective function. The self-regulation concept has been dimensioned through several factors and the scales in respect of: Thrill and Adventure Seeking (Zuckerman, 1980), Anhedonia (Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale, 1995), Subjective Well-being (Diener, 1992) and Differential Emotions (Izard, 1972). The population of this study is composed of 74 subjects. They are grouped in 2 categories depending of the risk-taking behavior, injured or injured less. The data have been statistically treated by classic methods (c2, Student t test) and logistic regression. It appears that Thrill and Adventure Seeking discriminate risk-taking in scuba-diving. The results especially support the weight of emotional variables. It turns out that risk-taking subjects are particularly sensitive to negative emotions. Negative well-being seems to be a central characteristic of the emotional functioning of these subjects. Moreover injured subjects tend to overestimate emotions linked to the behavior. Anhedonia is not a characteristic factor. So it introduces the notion of emotionality and sublines the interactions between risk-taking behavior and emotions through the self-regulation concept.     

Subjective well-being and academic performance among middle schoolers: A two-wave longitudinal study

IntroductionPrevious studies have suggested that present subjective well-being promotes students’ academic achievement. However, adolescents’ subjective well-being tends to be future-oriented; for example, when adolescents think about the future, they have hopeful expectations, feel energized, or confused. Therefore, this 14-month follow-up study conducted in China aimed to establish the longitudinal relationships between present- and future-oriented well-being and academic achievement.MethodsUsing two waves of data, this longitudinal study explored the bidirectional relationships between present- and future-oriented well-being and academic achievement among 189 Chinese middle school students (102 girls, 82 boys, 5 unknown) whose mean age was 13.76 at Time 1 and 14.78 at Time 2. The Adolescent Well-being Scale, which has six dimensions (present life satisfaction, present positive affect, present negative affect, hopeful future expectations, positive affect toward future life, and negative affect toward future life) was administered to all students at Time1 and Time 2, and academic scores were collected two weeks later. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data.ResultsCross-lagged analyses revealed that present life satisfaction, present positive affect, and positive affect toward future life at Time 1 were positively correlated with academic achievement at Time 2.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that both present- and future-oriented well-being are associated with later academic achievement. Teachers and parents should cultivate students’ well-being by targeting not only present life satisfaction and positive affect but also positive feelings toward the future.     

Subjective well-being, hope, and needs of individuals with serious mental illness

Hope, as a basic resource in human life, may affect individuals' perceptions of subjective well-being (SWB). Further, understanding individuals' needs is essential to improving their SWB. It is unclear how the impact of hope on SWB may be mediated by needs. The current study aimed to examine a mediation model for the relation between hope and SWB among individuals with serious mental illness (SMI). Face-to-face structured interviews were conducted with 172 individuals with SMI. Instruments included the Personal Wellbeing Index, the Hope Scale, and the Camberwell Assessment of Needs. Hope and needs were predictive of 40% of the variability in SWB, with hope being a stronger predictor. Having no needs was positively predictive of SWB, while total number of needs was negatively predictive of SWB. Path analyses revealed a strong direct effect of hope on SWB and a weaker, though still strong, indirect effect mediated through needs. The results underscore the importance of hope in improving SWB and, consequently, enhancing the recovery process of individuals with SMI. Therefore, mental health services should focus on hope-building.