三七总皂苷对高血压性脑出血患者血肿吸收及神经功能恢复的影响

目的 观察三七总皂苷(PNS)对高血压性脑出血(HICH )血肿吸收及神经功能恢复的影响。方法 将入选的HICH患者120例随机分为PNS组(常规药物治疗加三七总皂苷)58例和对照组(常规药物治疗)62例; 所有入选患者分别于入组第 1、4、10、17 d利用CT测量血肿体积,并进行神经功能缺损评分(NIHSS)和日常生活活动能力评定(ADL)。对照组采用内科常规脑出血治疗方法,PNS组先采用常规药物治疗3 d,并于第4 d开始加用血塞通注射液(主要成分为PNS)0.4 g静滴,1次/d,连用14 d,于第10 d和第17 d进行疗效判定。结果 PNS组第10、17 d血肿体积均小于对照组(P<0.01); 第10 d神经功能缺损评分低于对照组(P<0.05),第17 d神经功能缺损评分低于对照组(P<0.01),日常生活活动能力分值均高于对照组(P<0.01)。结论 三七总皂苷能明显促进高血压性脑出血血肿的吸收,促进神经功能的恢复。     

Electrocardiogram changes during hematoma enlargement in intracerebral hemorrhage patients**☆

BACKGROUND： It has been reported that cerebrovascular disease causes changes in electrocardiogram results. OBJECTIVE： To investigate changes in electrocardiogram results in patients with intracerebral bematoma enlargement. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： The present case-retrospective analysis study was performed at the Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology from January 2005 to October 2006. PARTICIPANTS： A total of 225 intracerebral hemorrhage patients （142 males and 83 females） that were hospitalized at the Department of Neurology were enrolled the present study. The patient selection was in accordance with diagnostic criteria from the Fourth National Cerebrovascular Disease Congress of China in 1995, and diagnosis was confirmed using computed tomography. All patients underwent computed tomography twice within 24 hours following intracerebral hemorrhage, and were subjected to electrocardiogram examination after admission. METHODS： According to hematoma enlargement following intracerebral hemorrhage, all patients were divided into hematoma enlargement （n = 20） and non-hematoma enlargement （n = 205） groups. Because of the large patient number difference between the two groups, the hematoma enlargement group was matched with the non-hematoma enlargement group. Patients meeting these conditions were included in the non-hematoma enlargement group. Finally, 75 patients were included in the final analysis, 19 in the hematoma enlargement group and 56 in the non-hematoma enlargement group. Clinical data from the two groups were statistically analyzed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The incidence of electrocardiographic abnormalities between the hematoma enlargement and non-hematoma enlargement groups. RESULTS： In the hematoma enlargement group, 15 patients （79%） developed electrocardiographic abnormafities. In the non-hematoma enlargement group, 24 patients （43%） presented with electrocardiographic abnormalities. There were sig     

Electrocardiogram changes during hematoma enlargement in intracerebral hemorrhage patients

BACKGROUND: It has been reported that cerebrovascular disease causes changes in electrocardiogram results. OBJECTIVE: To investigate changes in electrocardiogram results in patients with intracerebral hematoma enlargement. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: The present case-retrospective analysis study was performed at the Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology from January 2005 to October 2006. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 225 intracerebral hemorrhage patients (142 males and 83 females) that were hospitalized at the Department of Neurology were enrolled the present study. The patient selection was in accordance with diagnostic criteria from the Fourth National Cerebrovascular Disease Congress of China in 1995, and diagnosis was confLrrned using computed tomography. All patients underwent computed tomography twice within 24 hours following intracerebral hemorrhage, and were subjected to electrocardiogram examination after admission. METHODS: According to hematoma enlargement following intracerebral hemorrhage, all patients were divided into hematoma enlargement (n = 20) and non-hematoma enlargement (n = 205) groups. Because of the large patient number difference between the two groups, the hematoma enlargement group was matched with the non-hematoma enlargement group. Patients meeting these conditions were included in the non-hematoma enlargement group. Finally, 75 patients were included in the final analysis, 19 in the hematoma enlargement group and 56 in the non-hematoma enlargement group. Clinical data from the two groups were statistically analyzed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The incidence of electrocardiographic abnormalities between the hematoma enlargement and non-hematoma enlargement groups. RESULTS: In the hematoma enlargement group, 15 patients (79%) developed electrocardiographic abnormalities. In the non-hematoma enlargement group, 24 patients (43%) presented with electrocardiographic abnormalities. There were significant differences in electrocardiographic abnormalities between the groups (P < 0.01 ). CONCLUSION: Patients with electrocardiographic abnormalities suffered from hematoma enlargement following admission.     

高血压脑出血患者早期强化降压对血肿扩大的影响

目的 探讨高血压脑出血(ICH)患者早期强化降压治疗对血肿扩大的影响.方法 选择入院时血压＞180/110 mmHg的ICH患者256例,随机分为强化降压组(A组,128例)及指南标准降压组(B组,128例),分别给予强化降压及指南标准降压治疗;观察24 h后两组血肿体积的变化和入院时及21 d时美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)情况.结果 A组治疗前及24 h后血肿平均体积为(20.5±2.76)ml和(23.3±2.32)ml,血肿扩大11例(8.59%);B组血肿平均体积为(20.2±2.87)ml和(26.5±2.48)ml,血肿扩大29例(22.66%),两组血肿扩大率的比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);A组入院时及治疗21 d时NIH-SS评分分别为(26.5±7.42)分及(16.5±9.26)分;B组分别为(25.8±7.93)分及(19.7±10.40)分;两组发病21 d时比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 高血压ICH早期强化降压治疗对控制血肿扩大有益.     

血肿穿刺抽吸术治疗高血压性脑出血58例临床分析

目的 探讨超早期微创术治疗高血压性脑出血的疗效和影响疗效的主要因素。方法 回顾性分析微创术治疗58例高血压性脑出血患者的术后疗效。结果 58例患者完全康复8例,生活完全自理27例。部分自理11例,需他人照料5例,死亡7例。结论 微创术超早期治疗高血压性脑出血安全、有效、病死率低、致残率低、预后好。     

尿激酶在内镜血肿清除治疗幕上高血压脑出血患者中的作用研究

目的 探讨尿激酶结合内镜血肿清除在幕上高血压脑出血患者中的疗效,并对血清迁移率蛋白B1（HMGB-1）及肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体（TRAIL）表达的影响。方法 选取2018年8月—2020年6月新疆维吾尔自治区喀什地区第二人民医院收治110例的幕上高血压脑出血患,根据治疗方案分为对照组和观察组,每组55例。对照组给予常规治疗+内镜血肿清除,观察组在对照组的基础上给予尿激酶冲洗。比较两组患者治疗前后美国国立卫生院卒中量表（NIHSS）评分、局部脑血流量、血清炎症因子、临床疗效、血清HMGB-1及TRAIL表达情况。结果 治疗后,观察组临床总有效率高于对照组（P<0.05）。观察组周边远区和近区脑血流量均高于对照组（P<0.05）。观察组NIHSS评分低于对照组（P<0.05）。而观察组血清高敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）、白介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、HMGB-1及TRAIL浓度均低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论 尿激酶结合内镜血肿清除在幕上高血压脑出血患者中的应用效果好,可抑制HMGB-1及TRAIL表达,能有效改善患者局部脑血流、降低血清炎症因子水平。 [国际神经病学神经外科学杂志, 2022, 49(5): 18-22]     

108例自发性脑出血患者超早期手术治疗的体会

目的探讨自发性脑出血患者的手术疗效、治疗方式及其对预后生存质量的影响。方法108例脑内出血（幕上≥30ml、幕下≥15m1），发病6h内手术68例（62．97％），6—72h内手术30例（27．77％），72h后手术10例（9．25％）。血肿清除＋颞肌下减压（或去骨瓣）47例，血肿清除＋颞肌下减压（或去骨瓣）＋脑室外引流（尿激酶血肿溶解）16例；单纯一侧或双侧脑室穿刺引流尿激酶血肿溶解术45例。结果存活80例（74．18％），按ADL分级：Ⅰ级11例，Ⅱ级7例，Ⅲ级39例，Ⅳ级20例，Ⅴ级为3例。死亡28（25．92％）例。结论把握好手术时机，尽早手术清除血肿，能够有效缓解急性颅内压增高症状，阻断因血肿急性脑膨胀而形成的颅内高压、脑血流量下降、脑组织缺血缺氧等一系列恶性循环，是患者脑出血抢救治疗成功的关键。同时，提高手术质量，减少手术创伤，对于降低患者的死亡率、预防术后并发症、争取好的预后都具有重要意义。     

Acute hyperglycemia together with hematoma of high-glucose blood exacerbates neurological injury in a rat model of intracerebral hemorrhage

Recent evidence suggests that admission hyperglycemia has deleterious effects on the survival and functional outcome of patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). In this study, we first induced acute hyperglycemia in male adult Sprague-Dawley rats by intraperitoneal injection of 50% glucose (6 mL/kg), and created the ICH model thereafter by delivering autologous whole blood or homologous normalglucose blood into the right basal ganglia. Twentyfour hours later, we assessed the neurological injury, evaluated the hematoma and brain water content, and investigated autophagy. We found elevations of neurological deficit scores, brain water content, and microtubule-associated protein light chain-3 (LC3) and beclin-1 protein levels, and decreased SQSTM1/ p62 levels after ICH with normal-glucose blood (without hyperglycemia). Acute hyperglycemia with ICH of high-glucose blood hematoma was associated with significantly increased forelimb-use asymmetry test scores, brain water content and SQSTM1/p62 protein levels, and evident decreases in the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I and beclin-1 protein levels. On the other hand, acute hyperglycemia and ICH with normalglucose blood hematoma only slightly increased the neurological deficit scores and brain water content (P >0.05). In conclusion, the autophagy pathway was activated after ICH, and acute hyperglycemia with hematoma of high-glucose blood exacerbates the neurological injury, and reduces autophagy around the hematoma.     

脑出血继续出血患者血液纤溶活性的研究

目的探讨脑出血（ICH）继续出血与血液纤溶活性的关系。方法将107例ICH患者根据病情分为继续出血组（21例）和非继续出血组（86例）,利用发色底物法及酶联免疫吸附试验双抗体夹心法分别测定两组患者在发病后0-3d、4-9d、14-21d时血浆中组织型纤溶酶原激活物活性（tPAA）、纤溶酶原抑制物活性（PAIA）、纤溶酶原抑制物-1（PAI-1）及D-二聚体（D-D）的水平,并与同期健康体检者进行比较。结果ICH患者发病后0-3d及4-9d血中tPAA显著低于正常对照组（P〈0.05-0.01）,至14-21d与正常对照组差异无统计学意义;ICH后0-3d及4-9d血中PAIA及D-D显著高于正常对照组（P〈0.05-0.01）,至14-21d与正常对照组差异无统计学意义;ICH各期血中PAI-1水平与正常对照组差异无统计学意义;未继续出血组与继续出血组各期各纤溶指标间差异无统计学意义。结论ICH后血中不存在原发性纤溶活性亢进,ICH继续出血与血液纤溶活性无关。     

高血压性脑出血血肿周围脑组织白细胞介素-6的表达

目的探讨急性高血压性脑出血患者白细胞介素-6(IL-6)在血肿周围脑组织以及正常脑组织的表达及其意义。方法选择30例行开颅手术治疗的急性高血压性脑出血患者,采用免疫组织化学技术对手术过程中清除的或手术操作带出的血肿周围脑组织进行观察IL-6的表达。结果实验组的血肿周围脑组织可见IL-6表达,神经元和血管内皮细胞共同表达,神经元表达较明显。实验组IL-6的表达水平明显上调,并且明显高于对照组。结论IL-6在人类高血压性脑出血血肿周围脑组织的表达上调。IL-6的表达上调可能参与了血肿周围脑组织的白细胞浸润,最终引发炎性反应和继发性脑损伤。     

血肿密度异质性评分预测自发性脑出血患者早期显著血肿进展的临床研究

目的 评价血肿密度异质性评分对自发性脑出血(sICH)患者早期显著血肿进展的预测能力. 方法 回顾性分析自2011年11月至2014年12月浙江省湖州市南浔区人民医院急诊内科及普内科门诊就诊的62例sICH患者资料,通过非造影剂增强计算机断层扫描(NCCT)图像评估血肿密度异质性情况,以24 h后复查NCCT评估患者早期显著血肿进展情况.采用二元Logistic回归分析sICH患者早期显著血肿进展的影响因素,以受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)检验血肿密度异质性评分对早期显著血肿进展的预测能力. 结果 入组患者中23例(37％)发生显著血肿进展.二元Logistic回归提示,血肿密度异质性评分是sICH患者显著血肿进展的独立危险因素(OR=2.451,95％CI 1.345～4.468,P=0.003).血肿密度异质性评分针对显著血肿进展的ROC曲线分析提示曲线下面积为0.745(95％CI 0.625～0.865,P=0.001),预测切点为3分,敏感度87％,特异度59％. 结论 血肿密度异质性评分能够独立预测sICH患者早期显著血肿进展,判断患者预后.     

内镜下颅内血肿清除术与开颅血肿清除术在高血压脑出血中治疗的比较

目的探讨内镜下颅内血肿清除术与开颅血肿清除术在高血压脑出血（HICH）中的治疗效果。 方法回顾性分析绵阳市中心医院神经外科自2018年10月至2019年10月收治的HICH且符合纳入标准的患者共108例,根据手术方式不同分为内镜组与开颅组,每组54例。观察2组患者在手术过程中的手术时间与术中出血量,以及术后再出血、颅内感染、肺部感染等并发症情况。对比2组患者术后3周的GCS评分以及术后6个月的日常生活能力量表预后分级差异。 结果内镜组患者手术时间与术中出血量均低于开颅组,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。术后3周时内镜组中意识清醒及轻度意识障碍患者的数量多于开颅组,重度意识障碍及深昏迷或脑死亡的患者数量少于开颅组;且术后6个月时内镜组患者的预后良好率高于开颅组,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。内镜组患者术后并发症发生率低于开颅组,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论与传统的扩大翼点入路去大骨瓣颅内血肿清除术式相比,神经内镜技术提高减少了手术时间与术中出血量,改善了部分患者的预后,在手术治疗HICH的过程中具有更好的治疗效果。     

Real-time analysis of inflammatory cytokines and regulatory gene expression in tissues surrounding the hematoma after intracerebral hemorrhage

BACKGROUND: Secondary lesions can occur in tissues surrounding the hematoma following intracerebral hemorrhage, with the presence of inflammatory reactions, cytokine expression and apoptosis. These have been confirmed in animal studies. Our study sought to determine whether these could be detected in human tissues surrounding the hematoma following intracerebral hemorrhage. OBJECTIVE: To investigate expression of inflammatory cytokines, Bax and Bcl-x, and identify neural cell apoptosis in tissues surrounding the hematoma, and to analyze the correlation between them and pathological damage in intracerebral hemorrhage patients. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: This histopathology, controlled study was performed at the Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan People's Hospital, China, from January 2003 to January 2005. PARTICIPANTS: Brain tissues I cm from the hematoma in 30 intracerebral hemorrhage patients sewed as the experimental group. Brain tissues located away from the hematoma in 7 patients served as the control group. METHODS: TUNEL was used to detect neural cell apoptosis, lmmunohistochemistry (labeled dextran polymer) and RT-PCR were used to measure tumor necrosis factor-α , interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, Bax and Bcl-x protein and mRNA expression. Pathological changes in brain tissues surrounding the hematoma were observed following HE staining. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Neural cell apoptosis, inflammatory cytokines, Bax and Bcl-x protein and mRNA expression, pathological changes in brain tissues surrounding the hematoma. RESULTS: Brain tissues surrounding the hematoma were mildly damaged within 6 hours, severely damaged at 24-72 hours, and significantly improved 1 week following intracerebral hemorrhage. Expression of tumor necrosis factor-α protein and mRNA, interleukin-1 β and interleukin-6 mRNA was not significant in tissues surrounding the hematoma, which was identical to the control group within 6 hours after intracerebral hemorrhage. This expression was significantly higher compared with the control group from 12-72 hours, and gradually decreased after 72 hours. The number of apoptotic neural ceils reached a peak between 12-72 hours. Tumor necrosis factor-α protein and mRNA, interleukin-1β and interleuldn-6 mRNA levels were positively correlated with apoptosis, Bax protein and mRNA levels (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 levels are highly correlated with apoptosis. With the decrease in tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 levels, the number of apoptotic cells gradually reduced.     

Real-time analysis of inflammatory cytokines and regulatory gene expression in tissues surrounding the hematoma after intracerebral hemorrhage**○

BACKGROUND： Secondary lesions can occur in tissues surrounding the hematoma following intracerebral hemorrhage, with the presence of inflammatory reactions, cytokine expression and apoptosis These have been confirmed in animal studies. Our study sought to determine whether these could be detected in human tissues surrounding the hematoma following intracerebral hemorrhage. OBJECTIVE： To investigate expression of inflammatory cytokines, Bax and Bcl-x, and identify neural cell apoptosis in tissues surrounding the hematoma, and to analyze the correlation between them and pathological damage in intracerebral hemorrhage patients. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： This histopathology, controlled study was performed at the Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan People＇s Hospital, China, from January 2003 to January 2005. PARTICIPANTS： Brain tissues 1 cm from the hematoma in 30 intracerebral hemorrhage patients served as the experimental group. Brain tissues located away from the hematoma in 7 patients served as the control group. METHODS： TUNEL was used to detect neural cell apoptosis. Immunohistochemistry （labeled dextran polymer） and RT-PCR were used to measure tumor necrosis factor- α, interleukin-1 β, interleukin-6, Bax and Bcl-x protein and mRNA expression. Pathological changes in brain tissues surrounding the hematoma were observed following HE staining. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Neural cell apoptosis, inflammatory cytokines, Bax and Bcl-x protein and mRNA expression, pathological changes in brain tissues surrounding the hematoma. RESULTS： Brain tissues surrounding the hematoma were mildly damaged within 6 hours, severely damaged at 24-72 hours, and significantly improved 1 week following intracerebral hemorrhage. Expression of tumor necrosis factor- α protein and mRNA, interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 mRNA was not significant in tissues surrounding the hematoma, which was identical to the control group within 6 hours after intracerebral hemorrhage. This expression was significantly higher compared with     

自发性脑出血患者血清YKL-40动态变化与预后关系研究

目的观察自发性脑出血(ICH)患者血清YKL-40水平与脑出血量、神经功能损伤的关系,分析影响ICH患者预后的危险因素。方法选择自发性基底节区脑出血患者100例作为实验组,根据神经损伤程度进一步分为轻度损伤30例,中度损伤46例,重度损伤24例,以及根据脑出血量分为小量出血(10 ml)35例,中量出血46例(10~30 ml),大量出血19例(30 ml),另选择同期门诊健康体检者50例作为对照组,分别检测患者第1、3、7和14天血清YKL-40水平。3月后通过mRS评分评价患者预后情况,采用多因素Logistic回归方法分析影响患者预后的独立危险因素。结果实验组患者YKL-40水平明显高于对照组(P0.001)。小量出血、中量出血、大量出血患者的血清YKL-40水平均在7天内逐渐升高,且在第7天达到最大值,随后逐渐下降(P0.05)。重度神经损伤患者的血清YKL-40水平明显高于中度、轻度损伤患者(P0.05)。3月时预后良好组为54例,预后不良组为32例。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,年龄、入院时NIHSS评分、出血破入脑室、YKL-40是影响自发性脑出血患者预后的独立危险因素。结论自发性脑出血患者的血清YKL-40水平与患者的脑出血量及神经功能损伤程度存在相关性,可为自发性脑出血患者临床诊疗及预后判断提供依据。     

人脑出血后血肿周围缺血半暗带中凝血酶与脑水肿的关系

目的研究人脑出血后,血肿周围缺血半暗带脑组织中凝血酶与脑水肿的关系及二者的变化规律。方法以脑出血患者术中需要切除的缺血半暗带脑组织为实验组,远离血肿需要内减压切除的脑组织为对照组。用ELISA法检测脑组织凝血酶含量;干-湿重法测脑组织含水量;在电镜下,观察脑组织显微结构。比较两组脑组织含水量和凝血酶含量的差异,并分析不同时间窗入院患者这两个指标的变化规律。结果实验组脑组织中凝血酶的含量明显高于对照组。实验组脑组织含水量明显高于对照组。电镜下,实验组脑水肿明显比对照组严重。结论脑出血后,血肿周围缺血半暗带中凝血酶含量明显增高,凝血酶与脑水肿密切相关。     

Reduced brain injury in CD18-deficient mice after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage

Many studies have indicated leukocytes are a major contributor to brain injuries caused by intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Leukocyte-expressed CD18 is important for neutrophil-endothelial interactions in the vasculature, and CD18 deficiency protects against ischemia-reperfusion injury. We investigated whether CD18 deficiency provides protection against ICH-induced brain injury. Male wild-type (WT) CD18(+/+) mice and CD18(-/-) -knockout mice were used in this study. ICH was induced by a collagenase injection. Mortality, neurological function, brain edema, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity as well as tissue expression of nitrotyrosine and MPO were evaluated 24 hr after ICH. We discovered significantly reduced brain edema and diminished mortality with a concomitant decrease in MPO and nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity in brains of CD18-knockout mice.     

快速颅内压监测联合血肿穿刺在严重高血压脑出血患者术前应用的临床研究

目的探讨快速颅内压（ICP）监测联合颅内血肿穿刺在严重高血压脑出血（HICH）患者术前应用的临床意义。 方法选取重庆市急救医疗中心神经外科自2016年1月至2019年6月收治的90例严重HICH患者,按随机数字表法分为YL-1型针快速颅内血肿穿刺+开颅血肿清除及去骨瓣减压组（对照组1）,单纯开颅血肿清除及去骨瓣减压组（对照组2）,ICP探头快速置入ICP监测+YL-1型针快速颅内血肿穿刺+开颅血肿清除及去骨瓣减压组（试验组）,每组病例30例。比较3组患者开颅准备时间,各时间点ICP、GCS评分,神经外科重症监护室（NICU）总住院时间以及6个月后的预后情况。 结果3组患者的开颅准备时间比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;NICU住院时间比较,试验组病例最短,对照组1次之,对照组2最长,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。3组患者术后当天及术后1 d的ICP值比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;术后3、5 d,试验组<对照组1<对照组2,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;3组患者术后1 d的GCS评分比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,术后1周、1个月,试验组>对照组1>对照组2。术后6个月随访,试验组的GOS评分优于对照组1和对照组2,差异有统计学意义（F=10.361,P=0.001）。 结论快速ICP监测联合颅内血肿穿刺在严重HICH患者术前应用能有效降低患者术后ICP,缩短NICU住院时间,改善患者预后,且不延长开颅准备时间,值得在临床治疗中推广应用。     

脑出血大鼠血肿周围脑组织白细胞和凋亡细胞变化及其与脑组织含水量的关系

目的 探讨脑出血大鼠血肿周围脑组织白细胞和凋亡细胞变化及其与脑组织含水量的关系.方法 48只大鼠采用自体不凝血注入法制备脑出血模型,随机分为8组:假手术组、脑出血6h组、脑出血12h组、脑出血24h组、脑出血48 h组、脑出血72 h组、脑出血1周组和脑出血2周组.分别在相应时间点断头取脑,进行脑组织含水量测定和HE染...