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1.
There is a teaching by J. Lacan on childhood psychosis which begins from its first seminary in 1953. J. Lacan comments at first on Dick's case, which is presented by M. Klein in 1930, then Robert's case, presented in its seminary by one of his learners, Rosine Lefort. Assuming the comment of Freud's text “Die Verneinung” by J. Hyppolite, and its consequences about difference between symbolisation in general and Bejahung in particular, J. Lacan show what will becoming the very structure of psychosis, that is to say the gap of a fundamental significant, which is, here, the “idéal du moi”.  相似文献   

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In this novel, The main ways, the relationship between these two men, describes a clinical symptomatology where the desire finds a way with the impulse in order to be satisfy. It is not question of the permanent dissatisfaction of the desire which founds the human condition, but an “archaïc” desire that the impulse stands up. The impulse finds always a satisfaction but not the desire, which finds another solution into the sublimation. Here the desire does not search the sublimation way, but only the satisfaction. This kind of desire satisfaction is found usually into passionate comportment, impulsive comportment with intolerance for the frustration. In this novel it is question of satisfaction murder desire and the way it finds.  相似文献   

4.
ObjectivesThe aim of this paper is to conceptualize the term “agent” which appears multiple times throughout Lacan's teaching. The challenge is to produce a coherent theorization of the term in order to properly situate it in the psychoanalytic praxis and to study the influence of North American culturalism on this praxis.MethodWe will examine the evolution of the notion of agent throughout Lacan's teaching. This trajectory begins officially in 1956, then disappears in 1959, only to re-emerge in 1969 in a radically different fashion. It is then a question of specifying what Lacan means by “agent” at each of these periods, and to show how each time he relies on this notion not to conceptualize it as such, but rather to build a dialogue with other psychoanalytic concepts.ResultantsBy following the evolution of the term, we arrive at a conceptualization of the agent as being equivalent to the status of the signifier as such. It is therefore important to distinguish the status of the agent from that of the subject and of the ego, which both seem to not manifest any real activity. The signifier, on the other hand, is that which allows the action to take place. This equivalence is thus implicit yet constant throughout the Lacanian teaching, first as a function in the Oedipal equation and then as an occupation in the theory of discourse.DiscussionOur hypothesis is that the notions of agent and agency are misused in today's psychoanalytic writings. This is due to an American culturalist influence on one hand, but mostly to a hasty interdisciplinarity, which attempts to link psychoanalysis with other disciplines without taking the necessary time to redefine the concepts at hand. Agency is the perfect example: it is defined by cognitive and social sciences and then reused as such by some analysts without redefining it, which leads to a theoretic confusion between the subject and the agent.ConclusionA thorough conceptualization of the agent within the field of psychoanalysis allows us to avoid theoretic confusions due to an interdisciplinarity that doesn’t take the time to redefine concepts. It is therefore important to establish a dialogue between psychoanalysis and other disciplines without it losing its particularities.  相似文献   

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ObjectivesThe traumatic experience is characterized by “unspeakability:” there are no words to truly express, to translate, to represent the horror. And yet, paradoxically, the main access to our knowledge of traumatic dissociation comes from what patients manage to tell us, if only partially, chaotically… The lexical, syntactic, and pragmatic imprints of the trauma on discourse, which we have baptized psycholinguistic traumatic syndrome (SPLIT), are expressed according to an automatico-voluntary dissociation taking gradual form: the more the trauma appears present, the more the psycholinguistic stigmata manifest themselves; the more the subject psychically moves away from the trauma and its consequences, the more the discourse returns to the nominal state. How can the subject become master of his own life, of his own speech, without being constrained by trauma? How do some subjects manage, alone or with the help of others, to extract themselves from their flashbacks by narrativizing the traumatic scene? These spaces of return to the “I” have never been studied in French in the discourse of patients suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder. In addition to the linguistic form “I,” what other forms (personal, exclusive, inclusive, generic) do speakers of traumatic narratives use in their discourse in order to refer to themselves?MethodsBased on the testimonies of survivors of the Bataclan attack collected immediately after the event and a few years later, as well as on the narratives produced by military patients suffering from chronic posttraumatic stress disorder, we analyze, through the precise linguistic study of pronominal markers, how the speakers refer to themselves.ResultsA detailed analysis of the pronominal forms and the different values they signify led us to four main findings: (i) over-representation of the first person in traumatic narratives, both by the use of the pronoun “I” and by others pronouns including the speaker; (ii) predominance of the use of generic pronominal values in traumatic narratives; (iii) preferential use of the exclusive value of the pronoun “on” in the “War in Afghanistan” corpus; and finally (iv), the temporal unfolding of these first three results mirrors the habitual chronology that characterizes the clinical evolution of posttraumatic stress disorder.DiscussionThe narratives of trauma survivors contain significantly more occurrences of the pronoun “I,” but also other forms of self-reference, compared to control subjects. The use of the first-person pronoun mainly reflects the singularity of the trauma: what is traumatic for one person at a particular moment in his or her history will not necessarily be traumatic for someone else who, objectively, went through the same ordeal (in terms of place, date of the event, intensity of the sounds, extent of physical injuries, etc.). To say “I” is also to fight against dissociative symptoms, first and foremost depersonalization bordering on reification and desubjectification. However, the trauma clings to subjects’ first attempts to extract themselves from it: the preeminence of the pronoun “I” appears in parallel as a mark of repetition in the discourse, a disjunction between the lexical and pragmatic dimensions of enunciation. Because of massive dissociation, the discursive “I” sometimes even refers to a form of asubjectivity in the traumatic scene, an “Out-of-Language Experience:” the subject sometimes says “I” but without talking about her/himself. Moreover, the use of generic pronouns is found with greater frequency in accounts of traumatic events, particularly in the “later Bataclan” corpus, whereas controls use them significantly less. By using the generic “vous” (the formal or plural form of second-person address) or the informal “tu” (“you”), it is as if the speaker were saying: if you had been in my place in that circumstance, this is what you would have felt, seen, heard, thought, because any human, in those circumstances, would feel what I felt. In a sense, I am a “normal” human being, but at the same time, I avoid my own subjectivity, which is a form of depersonalization. Through the use of a generic “you,” or even more so through a familiar “you,” a change in cognitive perspective is adopted to describe the experience; the psychically injured subject looks at the experience described from the outside. Thus, the process of traumatic dissociation remains untouched, or even extends itself, by including the interlocutor in the traumatic scene, suggesting an empathic quest, as if to make him or her a captive, an invited witness, or a forced participant in the verbal scene. Finally, while the control subjects use “I” and “on” (a commonly used French pronoun that expresses, alternately or simultaneously, “one” and “we”) in an equivalent way, with the psychologically injured subjects, the further one moves away temporally from the trauma while its clinical consequences persist, the more the use of the pronoun “I” increases and the more the use of the pronoun “on” decreases, while the latter takes on an exclusive or generic character. These intersecting evolutions, which suggest an attempt to resort to self-affirmation and to a dissolution into an external collective, signal the presence of traumatic dissociation in the discourse. These results are consistent with the chronological clinical evolution of posttraumatic stress disorder from the immediate phase marked by acute stress disorder, to the deferred phase, which is often followed by an intermediate latent period, and then to chronic symptoms evolving into a multiplicity of suffering.ConclusionThe linguistic approach can offer us both an understanding of the general marks of the psychic wound in the discourse and of the trauma, in the sense of the singularity of the experience. While traumatic psycholinguistic syndrome results from linguistic wound constitutive of the trauma, conversely, it is a singular word, which makes it possible to extract oneself from flashbacks. Undoubtedly, life-saving processes occur thanks to the intersubjective relationship between the patient and others, through the co-construction of a discourse. The analysis of the restoration of this language, particularly its pronominal forms, could unify a specific conception of the alleviation of traumatic consequences while defining objective linguistic markers that could help clinicians evaluate the effectiveness of recommended treatments.  相似文献   

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Aims

When the issue is the relationship between psychoanalysis and fiction, fiction is often envisaged from the point of view of art and literature. This perspective is essential, yet it is important not to underestimate another little explored aspect: the epistemology of fiction, which relates at once to fiction as a form of knowledge and to the theory of fiction. Thus, the aim of this article is to identify different types of fiction and to determine how they took shape in different philosophical traditions, from Freud to Lacan. In this context, this text sets out to link the possible meanings of the word “fiction” in psychoanalytic thought and classic theories of fiction. This approach thus has a critical dimension, exploring various types of fiction – “aesthetic fictions”, “heuristic fictions”, “constructions”, “speculations” and “symbolic fictions”.

Method

This text is the result of critical research on fictions and theories of fiction, entailing the epistemological and historical analysis of Freudian and Lacanian positions. The theory of fiction is considered in its relationship with its models and the history of Western philosophy.

Results

This article shows how fictions have different meanings and modes of existence: aesthetic fictions, theoretical fictions, meta-psychological speculations and linguistic fictions are successively explored. Lacan opened up new ways of thinking about the symbolic dimension of fictions, offering a reappraisal of the Freudian position and a subversion of the symbolic order.

Discussion

Freud's definition of fiction in the “aesthetic” sense is a clear starting point. However, fiction cannot be reduced to the field of art and literature. There are different types of fiction: a concept in physics such as the atom, or a “fundamental concept” such as drive, can in certain conditions be considered as fictions. The concept of fiction is then discussed from a “theoretical” viewpoint. The specificity of “heuristic” fiction is linked back to the main precursors of Freudian fiction: Kant and Vaihinger. The complexity of the concept of fiction also results from the existence of different “models”, which evolved from Freud to Lacan. So while the Freudian model is “heuristic”, Lacan's approach explores another dimension, essentially linguistic. This epistemological shift is examined and discussed.

Conclusion

The epistemological status of fiction is not a timeless “given” nor an arrested structure, it is linked to heterogeneous conceptual fields and to the ambiguity of the concept itself. From an epistemological perspective, fiction is not a homogeneous concept. The detour via the philosophical tradition is essential to distinguish different “models” and define the logic of each type of fiction.  相似文献   

7.
AimsThis article addresses the issue of wandering in Alzheimer's disease from a psychoanalytic point of view, taking into account the importance of the spatial dimension in psychic dynamics.MethodAfter having presented wandering from a behavioral point of view, it is discussed from a metapsychological perspective, making use of A. & G. Haddad's concept of the “viatoric drive” and as well as J. Lacan's reflections on “the wandering of the journey” and “the wandering of desire.” The clinical vignette of Mr. M. in a workshop of therapeutic mediation through art helps us illustrate the unconscious psychic movements at play in walking.ResultsThree subjective markers emerge: wandering reveals the subject's difficult in orienting himself in both physical and psychological space, demonstrating a form of excitation that is not supported by the viatoric drive; “the wandering of the journey” makes it possible to relocate the place of the Other in the Imaginary; “the wandering of desire” incites the subject to repetition through the play of the drives.DiscussionNeurodegenerative disease is an obstacle to wandering. Art-therapy workshops can help Alzheimer's patients with the reorganization of wandering, where unconscious knowledge would prevail over the excitation of ambulation, thus suggesting, for the subject, the possibility of a structuring “elsewhere.”ConclusionThinking of mediated workshops as places of creation for the subject opens up the possibility of inhabiting one's wandering, considered as expressions of a journey and of desire.  相似文献   

8.
ObjectivesFrom the clinical case of this young woman, victim of incest, we try to highlight how the process of parentification is articulated with the incest suffered. The concept of parentification seems very useful to us in order to understand some functions of the incestuous families and especially the place of this child in the family dynamics.PatientWe present the clinical case of a 22-years-old girl hospitalized under duress in our adult psychiatry department, as a consequence of traumatic events: denial of pregnancy and delivery in the place of residence in a context of incest. Léa, the eldest of her siblings, suffers the sexual abuse of her father at the age of twelve.MethodFor this clinical study, we use the clinical and psychotherapeutic interviews and a psychological examination, made during her long intra-hospital management in our psychiatric service.ResultsThe psychological examination (WAIS-IV, Rorschach, TAT) highlighted a limited intellectual level and a psychic functioning governed by fears and defenses of the psychotic register. For Léa it is impossible to question his parents or to express of her aggressiveness or her feelings of injustice or damage towards them. How far can this submission go? Submit herself to all the desires of the parents, including the fulfilling of their needs or sexual desires? In the case of Léa, parental influence seems absolute, overwhelming. No undifferentiation and individuation, Lea always uses the plural (she and her brothers and sisters or she and her parents) as if they were functioning as a whole, as if they were extensions of herself, we evoke the family clan, where the undifferentiation reigns and all of them seem to be interchangeable. Léa seems to be masochistically aware receptive, always responding to the physical and emotional needs of others: her parents, siblings and later patients in the hospital. During her hospitalization, Léa seems to spontaneously assume the role of caregiver, as she had assumed this role with her sick parents before, a position that is related to Léa's choice to undergo training in a medical social field. Lea took the role of caregiver and confidante for her mother, described as very fragile and depressed. Her mother, also the eldest of her siblings, has always been “very family” (just like Lea) and has never been able to leave her parents’ home. One could ask the question of a possible parentification in the mother, whose parents would have been followed in psychiatry, which could support the hypothesis of a possible transgenerational transmission of the process of parentification in this family. Lea seems to be like a “little wife” for her father. At the announcement of the test results confirming incest, Lea appears for the first time, during this hospitalization, totally disorganized and in the grip of terrible anxiety.ConclusionFrom an intergenerational perspective, Léa appears as the wife of her father, the mother of her brothers and sisters and a mother or a big sister for her own mother. She shares the intimacy of her parents and even the bed of the father, being no longer here in the register of fantasy, but in that of an incestuous passage to the act. The father, described as very violent, will attack his own daughter, substituting her for his wife. In this way, mother and daughter share the same fate, the differentiation of generations being canceled and the subjects being interchangeable. Incest seems to be linked to Léa's parentification, who takes care of her very fragile parents, by seeing their mental disorders. Later, the psychiatric expertise diagnosed a serious narcissistic personality disorder in his mother and a psychotic pathology in his father. Parents exercise extreme control over their children, in order to “protect” them from the outside world, perceived as hostile and dangerous. They set up a closed, self-sufficient family system. The psychic disorder (in a psychotic register) of his father seems to be the most destructive factor of parentification. The generational reversal and fantasy of saving one's parents as a consequence of the process of parentification engenders parental care and extreme dependence in parent-child relationships. Lea's empowerment process is stalled and leaving those parents is impossible, as their survival will be threatened without her help. The care in psychiatry and the effective removal of all his family could allow the empowerment, which will help her out of their alienating influence and become aware little by little of his position victim. Léa's early maturity (in connection with her fantasies of “little mother” for her siblings and the savior of her parents) seems to correspond to this “traumatic progression” of children (described by Ferenczi) who are confronted very early with situations of deficiency and abuse. Léa's story evokes the bonds of an extreme hold of parents on their children and the confinement of a family to itself, a universe where intimacy, the idea of intimate does not exist, where everything is shared, where the places are interchangeable, in the rooms, in the beds, functioning that supports the fantasy of a family where the borders between the generations do not exist. The lack of integration of social and moral laws in the family seems to generate violent behavior, the confinement becoming stifling and deadly, tipping children and parents in a total drama and Lea in an “endless nightmare”. The management of a psychiatric intra-hospital service was able to represent for Léa a first listening place, which enabled her to get out of her confinement, to have other identifying models and to discover other possible ways of function.  相似文献   

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Jean Garrabé has published about 40 historical articles in the Annales Médico-Psychologiques. He has written on the history of the classifications, on the evolution of clinical entities (bipolar disorders) and of theoretical matters (psychopathology, politics, mondialization, antipsychiatry), on the relationships of psychiatry with artistic, literary and musical creation. But he has above all written many biographical notices of practitioners of mental medicine in France from the beginning of the 17th century (Montalto) to the end of the 20th (Ey, Lacan). The personage of Pinel often appears in his papers like a central figure of the psychiatry, analyzed far from both hagiography and demolition. Garrabé can be considered like a “psychiatrist-historian”, erudite as well as critical.  相似文献   

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