广州市城乡65岁及其以上人群痴呆患病率调查

目的调查广州市城乡≥65岁人群痴呆的患病率。方法采用分层随机整群抽样方法对广州市城乡人群进行抽样，用筛查和确诊两阶段法进行调查，实查14个居委会、2个村委会中≥65岁人群共3780人。按美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版的标准诊断痴呆，阿尔茨海默病（AD）诊断采用美国神经病学、语言障碍和卒中研究所及阿尔茨海默病与相关障碍协会的标准。结果（1）查出痴呆患者182例，粗患病率为4．81％；其中AD128例（3．39％），血管性痴呆（VD）44例（1．16％）；经2000年广州市人口年龄构成进行标化，痴呆、AD和VD患病率分别为4．54％、3．17％和1．11％。（2）女性痴呆患者134例，粗患病率（5．98％）高于男性（48例，3．12％；P〈0．001），经年龄标化患病率分别为6．03％和2．74％。（3）痴呆患病率随年龄增长急剧上升。结论广州地区年龄≥65岁老人的痴呆患病率为4．81％，AD患病率高于VD。老年期痴呆患病率随年龄的增长而急剧升高。     

广州市城乡养老院60岁及其以上人群痴呆检出率的调查

目的调查广州市城乡养老院老年人痴呆患病情况。方法采用分层整群抽样方法，将广州地区养老院分为市级、区级、民营、厂矿及农村乡镇，每层各抽取1个养老院进行调查。应查者为抽中养老院的人住者，年龄≥60岁。实查1105人，失访12人（1．07％）。按美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版的标准诊断痴呆。结果（1）检出率：在1105名老人中，查出痴呆患者324例，检出率为29．32％。其中阿尔茨海默病（AD）为20、36％（225例）、血管性痴呆（VD）为7、69％（85例）、混合性痴呆为0145％（5例）、帕金森病痴呆为0．27％（3例）、其他类型痴呆为0、54％（6例）。（2）女性痴呆患者235例，检出率（31．8％）高于男性（89例，24．3％；P〈0．05）。（3）痴呆检出率随年龄增长而上升。（4）痴呆患者中轻度71例（占21、9％）、中度103例（占31．8％）、重度150例（占46．3％）。结论广州地区养老院老人的痴呆检出率为29．32％，其中AD检出率高于VD，女性高于男性，以重度者多见，且痴呆检出率随年龄的增长而升高。     

阿尔茨海默病、血管性痴呆血脂浓度分析

目的：研究阿尔茨海默病（AD）、血管性痴呆（VD）及轻微认知功能损害（MCI）患者血脂水平的特点。方法：所有研究对象均来自广州市城乡社区及养老院。痴呆诊断采用美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版的标准，MCI诊断参照Petersen的标准。采用酶法进行血脂测定。结果：AD、VD、MCI及正常老人血浆总胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TG）浓度差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。按痴呆程度分组，中度、重度AD患者血浆TG浓度、重度AD患者血浆TC浓度均显著低于正常老人及轻度AD患者（P〈0．05）；轻度AD患者与正常老人血浆TC、TG浓度的差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。不同程度VD患者及正常老人血浆TC和TG浓度的差异无显著性（P均〉0．05）。结论：VD、MCI及轻度AD患者的血浆TC、TG浓度与正常老人相似。AD患者痴呆程度越重，血浆TC、TG浓度越低。     

上海市卢湾区一个社区老年期痴呆患病率分析

目的 分析本地老年期痴呆患病情况。方法 采用简易智力状态检查量表（MMSE）作为调查筛选工具,对本社区55岁以上人群进行老年痴呆患病率的调查。结果 AD和VD的患病率分别为2．31％和4．87％,痴呆总 患病率为3．67％。痴呆总患病率与国内报道相近,但VD患病率高于AD。本组男女二性患病率无显著性差异。结论 高龄、文化程度低可能是AD和VD的共同易患因素和重要危险因素。     

北京市城乡痴呆及其主要亚型的患病率

目的：研究北京市城乡居民老年期痴呆及其主要型的患病率和流行特征。方法：通过分层多级整群抽样,以北京市12个城市居委会和17个村委会全部5913名55岁和以上的居民为样本,分期入户检查,实查5743名,受访率96．1％,第一期于1997年应用简易智能状态检查（MMSE）进行筛查。第二期对筛查阳性和部分阴性者进行成套的诊断性检查,按国际标准诊断痴呆、可能或很可能的阿尔茨默痴呆（AD）和血管性痴呆（VaD)。第三期始于1998年,随访进入第二期调查的全部对象,进一步评估诊断。结果：痴呆患者病率及年龄标化患病率55岁及以上者分别为4．6％和4．2％,AD两率分别为2．2％和2．0％,VaD则分别为1．6％和1．5％。AD比VaD发病年龄晚,病程长,病死率低,AD和VaD的年龄别患病率均随年龄而升高,AD每5岁增高约1倍,VaD则缓慢上升。AD年龄标化患病率55岁及上女性高于男性,分别为1．7％和2．1％;VaD则男性高于女性,分别为1．7％和1．3％。AD年龄标化患病率的城乡差异不明显（1．8％：2．2％）,VaD农村高于城市（2．2％;1．0％）。无论AD或VaD,与受教育程度的关系均未显示规律性变化。结论：本次调查的北京市城乡居民老年期痴呆及主要亚型的患病率高于既往调查的估计,AD的临床和流行特征不同于VaD,类似于西方白人,揭示AD的跨文化差异可能不大。     

老年期痴呆和帕金森病患病率调查

目的：了解社区老年期痴呆和帕金森病患病率及相关因素。方法：采用整群随机抽样法,对社区55岁及以上老年人进行调查。采用二阶段调查法,以简易智能状态检查量表（MMSE）、日常生活能力量表（ADL）、帕金森病筛查问卷为筛查工具：以Pfewffer功能活动调查表（POD）、Fud物体记忆测数（FOM）、快速词汇测验（RVR）、Hachinski缺血指数量表（HIS）为细查工具。按ICD－10老年期痴呆诊断标准确诊病例。结果：在1186人55岁及以上老年人中,痴呆患病率2．61％,其中阿尔茨海默病（AD）0．76％,血管性痴呆（VD）0．42％,混合型痴呆1．43％。帕金森病患病率为0．17％。结论 老年期痴呆和帕金森病是危害老年人健康和消耗卫生资源较高的慢性疾病。     

广州市城乡55岁及以上人群痴呆患病率调查

目的调查广州市城乡≥55岁人口痴呆的患病率。方法采用分层整群抽样方法,将广州市12个区市分为老城区、新城区、郊区,根据各层≥55岁的人口数占广州市相应年龄段人口总数的比例确定各层应查人数,实查5276人。调查采用筛查和确诊两阶段法,按美国精神障碍诊断和统计手册第4版的标准诊断痴呆。结果①查出痴呆患者183人,粗患病率为3.47%,其中阿尔茨海默病(AD)、血管性痴呆(VD)和其他痴呆的粗患病率分别为2.43%、0.85%和0.19%。年龄标化后的痴呆、AD和VD患病率分别为1.94%、1.28%和0.55%。②女性痴呆粗患病率高于男性(4.35%vs2.21%,P<0.001),二者的年龄标化患病率分别为1.12%、2.72%。痴呆患病率随年龄增长而上升。③农村人口的痴呆患病率(4.32%)高于城镇人口(3.27%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。④文盲者的痴呆患病率(6.17%)较小学(2.68%)和初中及其以上(1.41%)文化程度者高(P<0.001)。结论AD是广州地区老人中主要的痴呆类型,VD次之。老年期痴呆患病率随年龄的增长而升高。文化程度低者痴呆患病率较高。     

城乡社区≥55岁人群、可疑痴呆和痴呆患者死亡率及生存率的研究

目的　了解社区≥ 5 5周岁人群、可疑痴呆和痴呆患者的死亡率及生存率。方法　在1997年调查成都地区城乡社区≥ 5 5周岁人群 5 35 3人中痴呆患病率的基础上 ,于 2 0 0 0年用随机整群抽样方法抽取 384 1人调查其死亡及生存情况。在 384 1人中随访到 30 5 8人 ,死亡 391人 ,外出或迁出 392人。基线调查用美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第 3版修订本的标准诊断痴呆 ,用临床痴呆程度评定量表评定痴呆程度。结果　 (1)基线调查时被评为筛查阴性、复查正常、可疑痴呆和痴呆的患者 ,3 3年后随访时的死亡率分别为 2 9% (2 35人 )、6 2 % (85人 )、15 0 % (19例 )和 2 8 5 % (5 2例 )。其中阿尔茨海默病 (AD)、血管性痴呆 (VD)和其他类型痴呆 (OD)患者死亡率分别为 2 8 8% (40例 )、33 9% (8例 )和 19 9% (4例 )。 (2 )筛查阴性、复查正常、可疑痴呆和痴呆患者的生存率分别为90 5 %、81 8%、6 0 0 %和 37 6 % (χ2 =36 1 31,P <0 0 0 1)。从发病时起 ,AD、VD、OD的 5 0 %生存率时间分别为 7 0年、4 2年、10 3年。结论　痴呆患者死亡率高 ,可疑痴呆者次之 ,正常人最低 ;而生存率则相反。VD患者的死亡率高于AD和OD患者且存活期短。     

试析老年痴呆患者的被窃妄想

目的了解老年痴呆患者被窃妄想的临床特征。方法将83例老年痴呆患者按有无嫉妒妄想分为两组，并就痴呆严重度、类型、伴随症状等进行对照分析。结果被窃妄想在老年痴呆患者中的发生率较高（56．％）；痴呆严重程度轻于无被窃妄想者；被窃妄想在阿尔茨海默病（AD）中的发生率高于血管性痴呆（VD）；有被窃妄想者伴有较多嫉妒妄想（P均〈0．05）。结论被窃妄想可能是老年痴呆较敏感的临床症状之一，尤其对轻度AD的诊断有一定意义。     

阿尔茨海默病和血管性痴呆听觉事件相关电位P300比较研究

目的 探讨阿尔茨海默病（AD）和血管性痴呆（VD）在听觉事件相关电位P300检测中的不同特点。方法 收集符合ICD-10诊断标准的30例AD和36例VD患者，并以35例健康老人作对照组（NC）。使用丹麦仪器以及“听觉靶-非靶刺激序列”为诱发事件，完成P300检测。结果 （1）3组在靶潜伏期Cz脑区N2以及在靶波幅Cz脑区P2、P3和非靶波幅Cz脑区P2上均有显著差异（P〈0．01）。（2）AD主成分N2表现为延迟，与NC组和VD组有极显著性差异（P〈0．01）。（3）AD组和VD组靶波幅P3和非靶波幅P2均见降低，与NC组比较也有显著性差异（P〈0．05-〈0．01）。结论 提示作为反映AD和VD认知功能障碍的客观生理指标，P300有可能作为AD和VD辅助诊断的一个脑电生理学标志。P300检查可作为老年神经精神科的必查项目。     

The prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in Shanghai, China: impact of age, gender, and education

We report the prevalence rates for dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) obtained from a probability sample survey of 5,055 noninstitutionalized older persons in Shanghai, China. A two-stage procedure was used for case finding and case identification. A Chinese version of the Mini-Mental State Examination was used to determine cases of possible dementia. Three different cutoff points on this mental status test were used depending on the respondent's level of education. Clinical evaluations, based on functional assessments and psychiatric interview, medical and neurological examinations, three standardized mental status tests, and a selected group of psychometric tests, were made in the second stage of the study to ascertain the clinical diagnosis of dementia and AD utilizing the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, edition 3 and National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria, respectively. The prevalence rate of dementia in persons 65 years and older was 4.6%. Clinically diagnosed AD accounted for 65% of the subjects with dementia. These findings indicate that the prevalence of dementia in Shanghai is very much higher than figures published earlier for China and Japan, and at the lower part of the range of values reported for community residents in the United States and other Western countries, but less than half of that reported in the recently published survey of the elderly in East Boston. Increasing age, gender (female), and low education are each highly significant and independent risk factors for dementia. One hypothesis to explain the increased prevalence in elderly women who had received no formal education invokes the possibility of an effect of early deprivation, perhaps lowering brain "reserve," allowing the symptoms of dementia to appear at an earlier date during disease progression.     

Prevalence and predominance of Alzheimer type dementia in rural Japan

Background: The aim of the present study was to estimate prevalence rates of dementia and its subtypes in the population aged 65 years or more in a rural area of Japan. Methods: A survey was conducted in Itoigawa, a city with 33 120 inhabitants in Niigata Prefecture, Japan. There were 7847 persons aged 65 years or older, and they comprised 23.4% of the total population. The first phase survey included questions on medical history, activities of daily living, psychiatric and behavioral symptoms and MMSE. When the responses were examined 6394 valid replies were received (81.5%) and 914 subjects were identified who were suspected of having dementia. In addition, 200 samples were selected randomly as controls from the 5480 people who were not suspected of dementia. The second phase survey was applied to a total of 1114 subjects. Pairs of psychiatrists and nurses made house‐to‐house visits and examined the subjects in detail. Clinical diagnoses of the subtypes of dementia were based on the criteria set out by the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease and DSM IV. Results: The prevalence rate of dementia was estimated at 6.2% (men 4.5%, women 7.4%), which is higher than that found by previous reports in Japan. Alzheimer type dementia was the most frequent diagnosis, accounting for 4.0%, followed by vascular dementia (1.2%), other type of dementia (0.3%) and unknown dementia (0.8%). ‘Questionable dementia’, as defined by the Clinical Dementia Rating 0.5, was found in 4.4% of respondents (men 6.3%, women 3.0%). Conclusions: The prevalence of dementia in a rural area was higher than that of previous Japanese reports, and the prevalence rate of Alzheimer type dementia was much higher than that of vascular dementia.     

Increased prevalence of vascular dementia in Japan: a community-based epidemiological study

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: It has been suggested that there is a major difference in the ratio of AD to vascular dementia (VaD) between Japan and Western countries. To determine the type-specific prevalence of dementia in community-dwelling elderly from the Japanese community of Nakayama, all patients with dementing illness underwent a CT scan. METHODS: A door-to-door three-phase population survey was carried out on all persons aged 65 years and older residing at home on the prevalence day (January 1, 1997). The ascertainment of cases was made between January 1997 and March 1998. The study included a psychiatric interview; physical, neurologic, and neuropsychologic examinations; comprehensive laboratory tests; and cranial CT. A public health nurse also interviewed a person close to each subject. Dementia was defined according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, third edition-revised, criteria, AD according to the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association, and VaD according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, combined with information from the patient's neurologic history and CT scanning. RESULTS: Of 1438 inhabitants, 1162 (81.0%) completed the protocol. The prevalence of dementia was 4.8%. Of the 60 subjects with dementia, 35% had AD, 47% had VaD, and 17% had dementia resulting from other causes. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of dementia was similar to previous reports, but, contrary to results of virtually all studies conducted in developed countries and those recently conducted in Japan, almost half of the cases in the present study appeared to have VaD with neuroradiologic confirmation.     

Epidemiologic survey of dementia in a community-dwelling Brazilian population

The authors report the prevalence of dementia in a community-dwelling Brazilian elderly population and correlate prevalence data with educational and socioeconomic levels. The study was conducted in Catanduva, Brazil. A total of 1,656 randomly selected subjects aged 65 years or more were submitted to a health questionnaire, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and the Pfeffer Functional Activities Questionnaire (PFAQ). According to the PFAQ and MMSE scores, selected subjects were submitted to clinical, neurologic, and cognitive evaluations. The subjects diagnosed with dementia underwent laboratory tests and brain computed tomography (CT). Dementia was diagnosed in 118 subjects, corresponding to a prevalence of 7.1%. The main clinical diagnoses were Alzheimer disease (AD; 55.1%), vascular dementia (9.3%), and AD with cerebrovascular disease (14.4%). The prevalence increased with age and was higher in women. There was an inverse association with education (3.5% among persons with 8 or more years of schooling to 12.2% among those who were illiterate). Multivariate analysis disclosed significant association between these three variables and dementia. The prevalence of dementia in this Brazilian population was 7.1%, and AD was the most frequent diagnosis. Age, female gender, and low educational level were significantly associated with a higher prevalence of dementia.     

Epidemiological investigation of senile dementia at home--with special reference to incidence and prevalence rate in Miki-cho, Kagawa Prefecture

Epidemiological investigation of senile dementia was performed in 1987 and 1988 on all the aged at home (3,754 persons at the ages of 65 years or more) in Miki-cho (M-cho), Kagawa Prefecture. The composition of the population in M-cho is similar to that in Kagawa Prefecture. M-cho has the most population among the towns or villages in Kagawa Prefecture. Urban areas, rural areas, and middle areas are distributed evenly in respect to the size in M-cho. Thus, it was possible to carry out the investigation reflecting the situation in Kagawa Prefecture. The results of the present investigation were as follows. 1) The prevalence rate was 4.1% in both the first year (1987) and the second year (1988). 2) The incidence rate was 1.01%. 3) The proportion of Alzheimer type dementia to cerebrovascular type dementia was 0.98 in the first year and 1.00 in the second year. 4) Although no statistically significant difference in the prevalence rate was noted between males and females, the prevalence rate of males was higher than that of females in the first half of senility, and the prevalence rate of females was higher than that of males in the second half of senility. 5) Although no statistically significant difference in the prevalence rate was noted between Alzheimer type dementia and cerebrovascular type dementia, the prevalence rate of cerebrovascular type was higher than that of Alzheimer type in the first half of senility, and the prevalence rate of Alzheimer type was higher than that of cerebrovascular type in the second half of senility. The epidemiological investigations of senile dementia have been often reported in all over the world. However, most of the investigations were made on nothing but the calculation of the prevalence rate of senile dementia, while the investigation of the incidence rate was hardly carried out. In respect to the incidence rate, it is desirable that the subjects should be more than 1,000 in number. When the number of subjects is less than 1,000, the occurrence of senile dementia will be noted yearly in approximately 10 cases. If the number of patients with senile dementia increases or decreases even by one, therefore, the incidence rate differs to a great extent. The past reports on the incidence rate were made in subjects of less than 1,000 in number. Accordingly, it may be possible to say that the present investigation was made by the exact methods accompanied by less errors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Aging and the occurrence of dementia: findings from a population-based cohort with a large sample of nonagenarians.

CONTEXT: In spite of numerous studies on the occurrence of dementia, many questions remain, such as the relation between age, aging, and dementing disorders. This question is relevant both for understanding the pathogenetic mechanism of the dementias and for the public health prospective because of the increasing number of 85-year-old or older persons in our population. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the occurrence of dementia in the very old, including nonagenarians, in relation to age, gender, and different dementia types. DESIGN: An epidemiological survey where all participants were clinically examined by physicians, assessed by psychologists, and interviewed by nurses. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Revised Third Edition (DSM-III-R) criteria for dementia were followed. A category of "questionable dementia" was added when all criteria were not fulfilled. A double diagnostic procedure was used for all subjects. SETTING: Community-based population, including all inhabitants of 2 areas in central Stockholm, Sweden (N = 1848). PARTICIPANTS: Of the 1848 subjects in the study population, 168 (9.1%) had died and 56 (3%) moved before examination. Of the remaining subjects, 1424 (87.7%) were examined, and the refusal rate was 12.3%. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Age- and gender-specific prevalence figures, and gender- and education-adjusted odds ratios were used. RESULTS: At the end of the diagnostic procedure, 358 clinically definite cases of dementia and 101 questionable cases of dementia were identified. Alzheimer disease (AD) contributed to 76.5%, and vascular dementia (VaD) to 17.9%. The prevalence of dementia increases from 13% in the 77- to 84-year-old subjects to 48% among persons 95 years and older (from 18% to 61% when questionable cases were included). The odds ratio for subjects 90 to 94 years and 95 years and older in comparison with 77- to 84-year-old subjects was 3.7 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.7-5.1) and 6.5 (95% CI, 3.9-10.8) for dementia, 4.8 (95% CI, 3.3-7.0) and 8.0 (95% CI, 4.6-14.0) for persons with AD, 2.3 (95% CI, 1.3-4.2) and 4.6 (95% CI, 1.9-11.2) for VaD, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Dementia prevalence continues to increase even in the most advanced ages. This increase is especially evident among women and is more clear for AD. We believe that our prevalence data reflect the differential distribution of dementia risk.     

Neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer disease and cognitively impaired, nondemented elderly from a community-based sample in Brazil: prevalence and relationship with dementia severity.

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to describe the prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia in Alzheimer disease (AD) and cognitively impaired nondemented (CIND) subjects from a community-based Brazilian sample and to correlate these symptoms with severity of cognitive deficits. METHOD: A total of 1,563 randomly selected subjects were evaluated with the following screening tests: Mini-Mental Status Examination, Fuld Object Memory Evaluation, Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly, and Activities of Daily Living-International Scale. Screen positives were submitted to a workup for dementia, physical and neurologic examination, cranial computed tomography or cerebral magnetic resonance imaging, the Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorders, Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR), and the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). Diagnosis was made according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, criteria. RESULTS: Sixty patients with AD, 25 CIND, and 78 healthy elderly subjects were evaluated. Informants reported that 78.33% of patients with AD had one or more neuropsychiatric symptoms. Apathy (53.33%), depression (38.33%), sleep alterations (38.33%), and anxiety (25%) were the most prevalent disturbances in AD subjects. These disturbances were more prevalent in patients with AD than in the comparison group and CIND individuals. In the CIND group, the most frequent neuropsychiatric symptoms were anxiety and sleep alterations (both with 24%) followed by depression (16%). Total NPI scores were significantly different between AD and CIND groups, AD and comparison groups, and CIND and the comparison group. Apathy was the only neuropsychiatric symptom that was significantly different between the groups divided according to the CDR being more frequent in subjects with moderate to severe dementia. CONCLUSIONS: Neuropsychiatric symptoms seem to be as common in patients living in a developing country as they are in demented patients from the developed world. Indeed, the fact that some of our results are similar to other population-based studies may suggest that cultural factors play a minor role in the emergence of these symptoms, at least in a Latin American country like Brazil.     

Pentagon copying is more impaired in dementia with Lewy bodies than in Alzheimer's disease

OBJECTIVES: In many cases the clinical differentiation of patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) from those with Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been difficult. Because many neuropsychological studies have reported greater visuospatial/constructional impairment in DLB than in AD, it was determined whether accuracy in copying the interlocking pentagons item on the mini mental state examination (MMSE) may be helpful in distinguishing patients with DLB from those with AD relatively early in the course of the dementia. METHODS: All cases of neuropathologically proved DLB and AD in the Center for Alzheimer Disease and Related Disorders brain bank were retrospectively reviewed, and the first available MMSE for each was retrieved. Only patients with MMSE scores > or = 13 were included, indicating mild to moderate dementia. The patients' copies of the interlocking pentagons were analyzed and graded as acceptable or unacceptable according to the original instructions for grading the MMSE. RESULTS: Seventeen patients with DLB and 27 patients with AD were identified for whom MMSE with copies of the interlocking pentagons were available. Two patients with DLB (MMSEs 22 and 27) drew the pentagons acceptably, by contrast with 16 of the patients with AD (MMSEs 13-28). An unacceptable copy was associated with DLB with a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 59% (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: For patients with MMSE scores > or = 13, an inability to accurately copy the pentagons suggests that the diagnosis is more likely DLB than AD. The results confirm the work of others on visuospatial/constructional impairment in DLB and indicate that this feature may be helpful in its diagnosis.