交感神经皮肤反应诊断慢性乙醇中毒自主神经病变

目的 :早期发现慢性乙醇 (酒精 )中毒者自主神经病变。方法 :对 48例慢性乙醇中毒患者进行交感神经皮肤反应 (SSR)的检测 ,并与 50例正常人进行对比分析。结果 :慢性乙醇中毒组SSR潜伏期显著延长 (P <0 0 1 ) ,下肢波幅明显减低 (P <0 0 5) ,患者的饮酒年限、饮酒量与SSR呈正相关。结论 :交感神经皮肤反应可作为评价乙醇中毒自主神经功能障碍的客观电生理指标     

100例2型糖尿病患者交感神经皮肤反应研究

目的探讨交感神经皮肤反应(SSR)检测在评价2型糖尿病(T2DM)自主神经损害中的价值.方法对100例T2DM患者进行SSR检测,30例健康志愿者作为对照.结果2组SSR的起始潜伏期、N波潜伏期、波幅、面积比较差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05),P波潜伏期差异无显著性意义(P＞0.05).T2DM组72例(72%)患者至少有一肢SSR异常.血糖控制满意组和血糖控制不良组比较,起始和N波潜伏期差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),波幅和面积无显著性意义(P＞0.05).T2DM组病程＜5年与病程≥5年比较,潜伏期、波幅、面积差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论SSR可作为评价T2DM自主神经损害的客观电生理指标;T2DM患者SSR与血糖控制水平相关,与病程无关.     

卒中后抑郁患者的交感神经皮肤反应与事件相关电位对照研究

目的探讨交感神经皮肤反应(SSR)与事件相关电位(ERP)对卒中后抑郁患者的诊断价值。方法对55例卒中后抑郁患者和52例正常健康者分别进行了SSR和ERP测定,并将结果加以比较。结果卒中后抑郁组中SSR和ERP测定中的P300成分异常率分别为87.3%(48/55)和83.6%(46/55),两者异常吻合率为76.4%(42/55)。卒中后抑郁组SSR测定结果中,SSR潜伏期和波幅值较对照组延长和降低,其差异具有显著性(P<0.01),ERP测定中N2、P3波潜伏期和P3波幅较对照组分别延长和降低,存在显著性差异(P<0.01)。其中N2、P3波潜伏期与SSR测定中潜伏期以及波幅与波幅之间呈正相关(r=0.29~0.36,P<0.01),而两者潜伏期与波幅之间呈负相关(r=-0.32~-0.33,P<0.01)。结论交感神经皮肤反应和事件相关电位测定可作为卒中后抑郁患者的诊断指标应用于临床。     

2型糖尿病患者交感神经皮肤反应及F波的研究

目的:探讨交感神经皮肤反应(SSR)及F波在2型糖尿病周围神经病中的诊断价值。对64例2型糖尿病患者进行交感神经皮肤反应(SSR)及F波检测,并与40例正常人进行对比分析。结果:患者组上下肢SSR的潜伏期及波幅,F波的平均潜伏期,F波时限及F波出现率均较对照组有显著性差异,SSR异常率为42.2％,F波的异常率为37.5％,SSR及F波导常与患者的病程相关,而与血糖水平无关。结论:SSR及F波可作为评价2型糖尿患者自主神经及周围运动纤维近端损害的客观指标。     

酒依赖患者自主神经及感觉功能的电生理研究

目的探讨酒依赖(AD)患者自主神经及感觉功能的电生理特征。方法对56例AD患者和30例健康对照者进行交感神经皮肤反应(SSR)体感诱发电位(SEP)及感觉神经传导速度(SCV)测定,分析SSR反应波及SEP上肢N20、下肢P40电位波幅、潜伏期和正中神经、胫神经感觉传导速度。于酒精戒断2个月时随访AD组患者的SSR。结果与正常对照组比较,AD组SSR异常率及反应波缺失率均显著升高(χ~2=7.860,P=0.005;χ~2=64.655,P=0.000)。与正常对照组比较,AD组入组时及酒精戒断后SSR波幅均显著降低,潜伏期显著延长(均P0.01)。与入组时比较,AD组酒精戒断后波幅、潜伏期差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。AD组与正常对照组SEP上肢N20电位和下肢P40电位波幅、潜伏期及上肢正中神经、下肢胫神经SCV差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。AD患者酒依赖持续时间和日饮酒量分别与SSR潜伏期呈正相关(r=0.335,P=0.017;r=0.369,P=0.008),与SSR波幅呈负相关(r=-0.294,P=0.038;r=-0.310,P=0.028)。结论 AD患者存在周围神经损害,以C类交感神经节后纤维和传导痛温觉Aδ纤维功能障碍等小纤维损害为主,深感觉传导路尚无明显影响,SSR可为AD提供周围神经早期损害的客观指标。     

交感皮肤反应对帕金森病自主神经损害的诊断价值

目的探讨交感皮肤反应(SSR)对帕金森病(PD)患者自主神经损害的诊断价值。方法选择62例PD患者(PD组)和26例年龄、性别、身高相匹配的健康志愿者(健康对照组)进行上下肢SSR检测。将PD组根据有无自主神经症状分为有症状组和无症状组;根据Hoehn-Yahr分级将PD组分为早期PD组(1～2期)和中晚期PD组(3～5期)。结果①与健康对照组比较,PD无论有症状组还是无症状组SSR潜伏期延长和波幅下降(均P0.05);有症状组较无症状组潜伏期延长和波幅下降(均P0.05);②与健康对照组比较,不论中晚期PD组还是早期PD组SSR潜伏期延长和波幅下降(均P0.05),中晚期PD组较早期PD组潜伏期显著延长和波幅下降(均P0.05);③SSR上下肢潜伏期与Hoehn-YaHr分级呈显著性正相关(P0.01),SSR上下肢波幅与Hoehn-YaHr分级呈显著性负相关(P0.01)。结论①SSR是检测PD患者自主神经功能障碍的客观敏感手段,可发现亚临床自主神经损害,有助于早期诊断;②PD患者运动系统障碍越重,出现自主神经病变的程度越重。     

以躯体症状为主的抑郁症患者的交感神经皮肤反应研究

目的　探讨以躯体症状为主的抑郁症患者的自主神经功能,以寻求此类患者的临床诊断依据。方法　对40例以躯体症状为主的抑郁症患者及3 7例不伴躯体症状的抑郁症患者和3 8名健康人分别进行了交感神经皮肤反应(SSR)测定。结果　以躯体症状为主的抑郁症组SSR测定异常率为75% ,不伴躯体症状的抑郁症患者SSR测定异常率为49% ,两病例组SSR波潜伏期延长明显,波幅降低,与对照组相比存在显著性差异(P <0 . 0 1 )。而以躯体症状为主的抑郁症组与不伴躯体症状的抑郁症组SSR波潜伏期和波幅比较也存在显著性差异(P <0 . 0 1 )。结论　以躯体症状为主的抑郁症患者自主神经功能存在较严重的损害,SSR可判断以躯体症状为主的抑郁症患者的自主神经功能状况,为识别抑郁症提供了较为有效的手段。     

接触性热痛诱发电位对糖尿病小纤维神经病变的评价作用

目的 借助接触性热痛诱发电位(CHEP)为糖尿病神经病变的小纤维神经损害寻求一种新的无创客观定量方法.方法 选取糖尿病患者46例和健康人40名,应用CHEP刺激器,控制温度52℃,分别刺激所有受试者右侧前臂、手背、小腿皮肤,采用Keypoint.net肌电图仪于cz点分别记录N波潜伏期及N-P波波幅;同时行右侧上下肢感觉传导测定.结果 健康对照组各个刺激部位CHEP的引出率为100%,而糖尿病组46例中前臂7例、手背9例、小腿16例未引出肯定CHEP波形.糖尿病组较对照组N波潜伏期延长,N-P波波幅减低.糖尿病组中25例上肢感觉传导正常,其前臂刺激Cz记录的N-P波波幅较对照组减低[分别为(34.0±12.6)、(48.4 ±17.5)μV,Z=-3.151,P<0.01],N波潜伏期差异无统计学意义;手背刺激CHEP潜伏期较对照组延长[分别为(420.4±27.8)、(407.2±24.6)ms,t=2.015,P=0.048],波幅减低[分别为(28.2±10.1)、(43.0±16.6)μV,Z=-3.712,P<0.01].18例下肢感觉传导正常,其小腿刺激CHEP潜伏期延长[分别为(473.5±46.6)、(448.6±35.0)ms,t=2.219,P=0.031],波幅减低[(23.8±7.4)、(41.5±18.5)μV,Z=-3.855,P<0.01].结论 糖尿病患者在早期即有小纤维神经选择性受累,CHEP能够为其提供新的客观定量方法,具有潜在的临床应用价值.     

躯体感觉诱发电位在糖尿病性脊髓病中的应用

目的探讨躯体感觉诱发电位(SEP)与糖尿病合并深感觉障碍的关系,揭示SEP对糖尿病合并深感觉障碍的定位价值,并将诱发电位结果与神经传导(NCV)测定结果进行比较,分析二者在糖尿病性神经系统病变中的关系。方法对52例糖尿病患者及40例正常人进行双侧胫神经躯体感觉诱发电位测定,对两组SEP各波潜伏期及波幅的均值进行t检验。同时对52例患者均进行双下肢周围神经传导速度测定,结果与SEP进行对比分析。结果 2组SEP的P40潜伏期及波幅比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),N9波幅及潜伏期比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),SEP与NCV不相关(P>0.05)。结论 SEP为糖尿病并发深感觉障碍中枢段病变提供了早期诊断的客观依据,SEP与NCV检测不相交。     

皮肤交感反应与2型糖尿病自主神经病变相关性研究

目的 探讨皮肤交感反应(sympathetic skin response,SSR)对2型糖尿病自主神经病变的诊断价值.方法 对111例2型糖尿病患者及30例健康体检者进行SSR及神经传导速度测定,检测糖化血红蛋白(hemoglobin A1c,HbAlc)等多项生化指标,同时分析与SSR异常有关的因素.结果 与对照组比较,病例组SSR潜伏期延长,波幅降低(P＜0.05).与病程＜5年组比较,5～10年组、病程≥10年组上肢SSR潜伏期延长(P＜0.05),而波幅变化无统计学差异(P＞0.05).各不同病程组间SSR异常率比较无统计学差异(P＞0.05).周围神经病变组SSR异常率高于无周围神经病变组(P＜0.05),自主神经症状的有无对SSR异常率无影响(P＞0.05).Logistic回归分析结果显示,HbAlc是2型糖尿病患者SSR异常的相关因素.结论 SSR可早期发现糖尿病患者自主神经功能损害,HbAlc是2型糖尿病患者SSR异常的相关因素.     

交感皮肤反应对糖尿病自主神经病变的诊断价值

目的探讨交感皮肤反应（sympathetic skin response,SSR）在糖尿病自主神经病变诊断中的价值。方法对186例糖尿病周围神经病（Diabetic peripheral neuropathy,DPN）患者和203例糖尿病非DPN患者进行SSR检测,同时对102例健康人进行SSR检测。结果SSR起始潜伏期异常率高于波幅异常率,下肢的异常率高于上肢异常率。DPN患者中,174例（93.5%）SSR异常,其中32例未引出SSR,142例起始潜伏期延长,109例波幅下降。203例DM非DPN患者中,46例（22.7%）SSR起始潜伏期延长和/或波幅下降,其中19例有出汗异常,4例在检查后数月出现出汗异常。结论SSR是早期诊断糖尿病自主神经病变的敏感手段,可发现亚临床神经病,并与病情进展相吻合。     

Abnormal vasoreaction to arousal stimuli--an early sign of diabetic sympathetic neuropathy demonstrated by laser Doppler flowmetry.

Early diagnosis of diabetic autonomic neuropathy contributes to the prevention of serious complications and improves the prognosis of patients with diabetes. Common tests of peripheral autonomic function are the quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test or the sympathetic skin response (SSR). Quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test is quantifiable but technically demanding. Sympathetic skin response cannot be quantified easily. To study whether measurement of skin vasomotion is suited to assess early sympathetic peripheral neuropathy, we monitored skin blood flow at the index finger pulp using laser Doppler flowmetry before and after electrical stimulation. We assured that the stimulus was sufficient to elicit an efferent sympathetic response by monitoring palmar SSR ipsilateral to the flow measurement. In 21 diabetic patients with at least stage one polyneuropathy and 21 age-matched controls, SSR was recorded from one palm and sole following electrical stimulation at the contralateral wrist. Sympathetic skin response was present at the palms in all patients and controls and absent at the sole of two patients only. Eight patients (38.9%) had abnormal SSR, with absent plantar responses in two patients, prolonged plantar latencies in six patients, and prolonged volar SSR latencies in two patients. Skin blood flow responses were more often abnormal (46.1%) than SSR (P < 0.05), responses were delayed in two patients and absent in another 8 patients. Skin blood flow retest reliability was high with a repeatability coefficient of 10.64% in controls and 12.34 % in patients. Skin blood flow monitoring after sympathetic stimulation provides a reproducible parameter of sympathetic vasomotor control and complements the diagnostic value of SSR testing.     

Amplitude loss of electrically and magnetically evoked sympathetic skin responses in early stages of type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus without signs of dysautonomia

The sympathetic skin responses following both electrical nerve (eSSRs) and magnetic (mSSRs) brain stimulations have been investigated in 19 insulin-dependent diabetic patients with no evidence of a peripheral neuropathy or dysautonomia and compared to those obtained in 10 age-matched healthy subjects. SSR was recorded from the right hand and foot, controlateral to the stimulated side.The main findings were amplitude loss and disappearance of the eSSR in 12/19 (63.2%) and 11/19 (57.9%) patients, occurring more frequently than the mSSR; 7/19 (36.8%) and 5/19 (26.3%) were recorded from the hand and foot, respectively. The SSR to electrical stimulation was significantly reduced in the upper and lower extremities (p<0.0001) compared to control results, whereas latencies were normal to both stimulation modalities. Only in two cases the responses were absent from the foot, one following electrical stimulation and the other after magnetic stimulation.No correlation was found between the SSR and metabolic indexes of diabetes mellitus or conduction velocity studies. On the basis of these data an early impairment of afferent pathways may be postulated.     

Evaluation of sympathetic skin response in Parkinson's disease

There is no clear definition on the role of sympathetic skin response (SSR) in the evaluation of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). We recorded the SSR of the palms of 64 controls and 46 patients with PD to electrical stimulation of the median nerve at the wrist. We analyzed onset latency and peak-to-peak amplitude. A study of parasympathetic function (R–R interval analysis) was also undertaken. We found that patients with PD had more absent SSRs than controls. The mean amplitude of the SSR was significantly reduced in both lower and upper limbs of PD patients in comparison with control subjects (p<0.001). The onset latency was longer in the lower limbs of these patients in respect to the control group (p<0.003). There was a significant inverse correlation between SSR amplitudes and age, severity and late onset of the disease. There was no association of these parameters with dysautonomic symptoms or R–R interval variation. In conclusion, there is a significant association between altered SSR and PD and an inverse correlation in this group of patients between SSR values and older age, greater severity and later onset of disease. Therefore, the study of SSR may provide valuable information on cholinergic sympathetic function in patients with PD.     

Sympathetic skin response in monomelic amyotrophy

OBJECTIVES: Monomelic amyotrophy (MMA) a variant of motor neuron disease, has the characteristic features of wasting and weakness usually confined to a single upper or lower limb occurring predominantly in young males and a benign outcome. Symptoms of increased sweating, coldness and cyanosis have been observed in a few patients. The objective was to evaluate the involvement of the sympathetic nervous system in MMA by measuring sympathetic skin response. METHODS: Electromyography, motor and sensory nerve conduction studies were done in all the four limbs of 9 patients with atrophy of one upper limb. Stimulation at Erb's point, and above and below elbow was done to look for evidence of conduction block. The sympathetic skin response (SSR) was recorded in all the limbs of these patients. Wasting and weakness of right upper limb in 7 patients and left upper limb in 2 patients was seen. The mean age was 28.3+/-10.1 years. Twenty-five age matched (24.8+/-4.8 years) healthy subjects served as controls. RESULTS: The mean SSR latency in the affected upper limbs of 9 patients was prolonged compared to the 25 control subjects (1.51+/-0.07 s vs 1.42+/-0.19 s, P=0.03). The mean value of SSR latency in 18 upper limbs of the 9 patients which included atrophied and unatrophied limbs was also prolonged compared to the controls (1.50+/-0.08 s vs 1.42+/-0.19 s, P=0.05). There was no significant difference of the mean latency of SSR between the atrophied upper limbs and the clinically normal upper limbs (1.51+/-0.07 s vs 1.49+/-0.09 s, P=0.51). The mean SSR latency in the lower limbs of the patients (2.09+/-0.09 s) did not significantly differ from the control subjects (1.97+/-0.28 s, P=0.09). Motor and sensory nerve conduction was normal and there was no evidence of conduction block. CONCLUSION: In MMA the sympathetic nervous system is involved in the atrophic upper limb and also in the clinically unaffected upper limb but not in the lower limbs.     

Comparison of SSR and QSART in early diabetic neuropathy--the value of length-dependent pattern in QSART

We evaluated postganglionic sympathetic function using the sympathetic skin response (SSR) and quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test (QSART) on the feet of 31 patients with early diabetic neuropathy and 20 age-matched normal controls. The amplitude of SSR and the sweat volume of QSART were significantly decreased in the diabetic patients. We evaluated the sensitivity of the tests in detecting autonomic failure. Out of 31 patients, 14 (45%) had abnormal SSR (14 absent; 17 present), while 16 of 31 patients (52%) had abnormal QSART (1 absent; 5 absolutely reduced and 10 showed a length-dependent pattern of reduction). More important than differences in sensitivity is the specificity of QSART, which specifically evaluates the postganglionic axon (instead of polysynaptic pathways in SSR) and provides quantitative data on the severity and pattern of autonomic deficit. In normal controls under 65 years of age, there was a significant correlation between the amplitude of SSR and the sweat volume of QSART. However, there was no significant relationship between these in diabetic patients. These results suggest that QSART can evaluate early diabetic neuropathy more precisely than SSR.     

Assessment of symptomatic diabetic patients with normal nerve conduction studies: utility of cutaneous silent periods and autonomic tests

Established electrophysiological methods have limited clinical utility in the diagnosis of small-fiber neuropathy (SFN). In this study, diabetic patients with clinically diagnosed SFN were evaluated with autonomic tests and cutaneous silent periods (CSPs). Thirty-one diabetic patients with clinically suspected SFN and normal nerve conduction studies were compared with 30 controls. In the upper extremities (UE), the CSP parameters did not differ statistically between the patient and control groups, whereas, in the lower extremities (LE), patients had prolonged CSP latencies (P = 0.018) and shortened CSP durations (P < 0.001). The sensitivity of the CSP duration was 32.6%, and the specificity was 96.7%. The expiration-to-inspiration ratios and amplitudes of the sympathetic skin responses in the lower extremities were also reduced. Our findings indicate that the diagnostic utility of CSPs was higher than that of the autonomic tests to support the clinically suspected diagnosis of SFN.     

The impact of paclitaxel or cisplatin-based chemotherapy on sympathetic skin response: a prospective study

The current study aimed to assess the viability of sympathetic sudomotor fibers in cancer patients treated with cisplatin or paclitaxel-based chemotherapy and to ascertain whether this method could contribute to the diagnostic sensitivity of conventional techniques. Sympathetic skin response (SSR) from the hand and sole of 23 cancer patients (nine females and 14 males, mean age 62.4 +/- 10.5 years) was recorded unilaterally before and after chemotherapy with six courses of cumulative cisplatin or paclitaxel containing regimens. Clinical and electrophysiological data were also collected and correlated with the SSR results. Twenty-three healthy subjects served as controls. SSR abnormalities were only present in patients with evidence of peripheral neuropathy assessed by conventional nerve conduction techniques. Three patients had absent SSR in the upper limb whilst six patients had absent SSR both in the upper and lower limbs. In the upper limb, the mean SSR latency was not significantly altered through time (P = 0.086). In the lower limb the mean delay from baseline to follow-up was significantly changed (P = 0.029). In patients, the mean SSR latency was significantly prolonged compared with controls in both upper limb (P = 0.001) and lower limb (P = 0.000). SSR abnormalities were strongly related to sensory conduction abnormalities as detected by conventional techniques (r = 0.39, P = 0.004). Our results showed that SSR does not seem to add to the diagnostic sensitivity of conventional techniques in chemotherapy-induced neuropathy. However, its role in the disclosure of small fibers neuropathy abnormalities is worth considering. Further studies are warranted to address this important issue.