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1.
成体骨髓间充质干细胞可向其他组织分化,称为可塑性,在组织工程和再生医学的各个领域都进行着广泛的研究。虽然骨髓间充质的生物学特性、诱导分化、调控机制等研究已取得了许多成就,但其很多功能仍不被人所知,如是否存在间充质干细胞、是否具有分化特性、骨髓间充质干细胞和其他来源干细胞的区别等。文章介绍了骨髓间充质干细胞的来源和基本特征,并研究了骨髓间充质干细胞的生长、增殖、自我更新和分化,探讨了骨髓间充质干细胞的生理功能,展望了骨髓间充质干细胞在组织工程和再生医学中的作用。  相似文献   

2.
学术背景:骨髓间充质干细胞主要存在于骨髓基质中,具有横向分化潜能,在适当的条件下可以向3个胚层的细胞进行分化。 目的:文章就骨髓间充质干细胞生物学特性、神经元诱导分化及其机制、细胞移植方面的最新进展进行综述。 检索策略:应用计算机检索PubMed1999/2007年相关文章,检索词为“bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells”,并限定文章语言种类为English。同时计算机检索中国期刊全文数据库1999/2007年相关文章,检索词为“骨髓间充质干细胞”,并限定文章语言种类为中文。对资料进行初审,并查看每篇文章后的引文。纳入标准:文章所述内容与骨髓间充质干细胞的发展现状及神经元诱导分化及机制和移植研究相关。排除标准:重复研究或较陈旧的文献。 文献评价:共收集到230篇相关文献,72篇文献符合纳入标准,排除的158篇文献为内容陈旧或重复文献。选取29篇文献进行分析,分别涉及骨髓间充质干细胞的分离培养和鉴定8篇、神经元细胞方向分化及其机制17篇、细胞移植治疗各种神经损伤的实验研究4篇。 资料综合:由于尚未找到骨髓间充质干细胞特异性标记物,其在体内的细胞生物学和分子生物学作用机制仍不清楚,如何限定体内外诱导条件使其向所需细胞或组织定向分化以及移植时机、是否具有致瘤性等问题尚需深入研究。但近来在骨髓间充质干细胞向神经细胞方向分化的诱导方法和机制,以及骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗神经损伤方面取得很多成果。 结论:骨髓间充质干细胞具有易获得、易培养、低免疫原性等特性,已成为具有细胞治疗和基因治疗临床疾病潜在实用价值的有效载体。  相似文献   

3.
髓间充质干细胞的分离获取及培养鉴定一直以来仍无统一标准和定论。 目的:体外获取兔骨髓间充质干细胞、纯化、扩增,同时研究其生物学特性及多向分化潜能。 方法:采用贴壁筛选法分离培养兔骨髓间充质干细胞,观察其增殖和生长特性,绘制生长曲线;倒置相差显微镜、苏木精-伊红染色及碱性磷酸酶染色观察细胞形态;并向成骨细胞、软骨细胞和血管内皮细胞多向诱导分化,分别采用钙结节茜素红染色、甲苯胺蓝染色和荆豆凝集素染色鉴定。 结果与结论:经贴壁筛选法得到的骨髓间充质干细胞性状稳定,为纺锤状,呈克隆样生长,碱性磷酸酶染色弱阳性;经成骨、成软骨、成血管内皮细胞诱导培养的骨髓间充质干细胞,表现出相应细胞的形态特征和生物学特征。提示,全骨髓培养法取材方便,骨髓间充质干细胞增殖能力强,在适宜条件下能够多向分化。  相似文献   

4.
背景:对于脐血来源间充质干细胞的研究是干细胞研究领域的重点和热点,但目前国内外研究对其报道尚较少,许多方面存在争议。 目的:观察人脐血间充质干细胞的生物学特性,并探讨其向成骨、成脂肪细胞诱导分化的能力。 方法:从不同胎龄脐血中分离培养间充质干细胞;通过倒置相差显微镜及透射电镜观察细胞的形态、生长增殖情况及其超微结构;并描绘细胞生长曲线;用流式细胞仪对细胞表面标志物进行检测。分别用成骨及成脂诱导液对脐血间充质干细胞进行诱导,通过茜素红染色检测脐血间充质干细胞向成骨细胞诱导分化的能力;通过油红O染色检测其向脂肪细胞诱导分化的能力。 结果与结论:倒置相差显微镜下观察脐血间充质干细胞贴壁生长,呈成纤维细胞样外观,细胞呈螺旋状排列;透射电镜观察脐血间充质干细胞细胞核大,胞核比例大,细胞器少,为低分化细胞;原代及传代培养的脐血间充质干细胞生长曲线均呈S型,第3,5代细胞增殖能力最强。流式细胞仪检测结果显示,脐血间充质干细胞均稳定表达与间充质干细胞相关的表面抗原标志物CD29,CD44和CD90等,不表达造血标志CD34和CD45。脐血间充质干细胞成骨诱导后3周时茜素红染色可检测到大量钙化基质的形成;成脂诱导3周时油红O染色可检测到胞质中脂滴的形成。提示脐血间充质干细胞的形态特征、生长增殖特点及细胞表面标志物等生物学特性与骨髓间充质干细胞相似,具有强大的生长增殖与自我更新能力。脐血间充质干细胞在体外诱导条件下可以向成骨细胞及脂肪细胞等间质组织细胞定向分化。  相似文献   

5.
背景:间充质干细胞由于具有自我更新能力且在适宜微环境下具有多向分化潜能,近年来已成为细胞领域的研究热点。 目的:对比观察脐带血与骨髓来源的间充质干细胞其体外分离、纯化及培养条件,并对其进行生物学特性比较。 设计:体外细胞学对比观察。 材料:新鲜脐带血在征得产妇同意后采集。骨髓由健康的成年志愿者捐赠。 方法:取脐带血和成人骨髓分离、培养并纯化间充质干细胞,对获得的间充质干细胞进行形态学观察。 主要观察指标:两种来源间充质干细胞的形态和生长特性;流式细胞仪检测脐带血间充质干细胞表面抗原的表达情况;对脐带血间充质干细胞多向分化的能力进行鉴定。 结果:两种来源的单个核细胞经体外培养贴壁后均出现间充质样细胞,原代骨髓间充质干细胞的贴壁时间和培养时间均短于脐带血间充质干细胞,两种细胞传代生长呈共同特性:传代培养潜伏期为24~36 h,传代培养对数增殖期为接种后3~7 d,接种后八九天,生长进入平台期;脐带血来源的间充质干细胞表达相关抗原CD29、CD44、CD105;但不表达造血细胞抗原CD34、CD45;脐带血间充质干细胞可诱导分化为脂肪细胞、成骨细胞。 结论:人脐带血和骨髓来源间充质干细胞均可在体外分离培养、扩增;脐带血的间充质干细胞原代贴壁时间、形成细胞克隆的时间、集落交错融合的时间均较骨髓间充质干细胞晚,传代培养的细胞形态,生长速度均无明显差异;两种来源的间充质干细胞具有相同的表面标志物;脐带血间充质干细胞有多项分化潜能,可诱导为脂肪细胞、成骨细胞。  相似文献   

6.
目的研究人参皂苷Rg1在体外能否诱导Wistar大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞分化为神经元样细胞。方法通过贴壁法分离大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,体外培养扩增,人参皂苷Rg1诱导分化,光镜下观察细胞形态,免疫细胞化学检测神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)和神经胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)的表达,RT-PCR检测细胞NGF mRNA的表达。结果大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞可通过贴壁法成功分离并可以在体外大量扩增。人参皂苷Rg1诱导72h后,部分骨髓间充质干细胞(35.57%±3.59%)转变为神经元样细胞,免疫细胞化学染色NSE呈阳性,分化的神经元样细胞可能表达NGF mRNA。结论人参皂苷Rg1可以在体外诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞分化为神经元样细胞,并且可能表达NGF mRNA。  相似文献   

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背景:已知端粒酶活性变化与组织工程应用的安全性密切相关,而目前端粒酶在骨髓间充质干细胞诱导分化过程中的变化及机制研究尚少。 目的: 观察体外人骨髓间充质干细胞向神经元样细胞诱导分化过程中端粒酶的变化。 设计、时间及地点:细胞学开放性实验,于2006-12/2007-11在吉林大学第三临床医院实验中心及基础医学院病理生物学教育部重点实验室完成。 材料:无菌条件下采集非血液系统疾病的志愿者髂骨骨髓,体外分离培养人骨髓间充质干细胞。 方法:取第3代培养的人骨髓间充质干细胞,应用二甲基亚砜/丁羟茴香醚(DMSO/BHA)联合诱导法诱导其向神经元样细胞分化。 主要观察指标:绘制体外培养的人骨髓间充质干细胞的生长曲线。免疫荧光及细胞化学染色法分别检测诱导后细胞的巢蛋白和尼氏体的表达,TRAP-ELISA方法检测人骨髓间充质干细胞诱导前后端粒酶活性的变化。 结果: 体外培养的人骨髓间充质干细胞在第3~8代生长较快,第10代以后细胞的生长能力明显减弱。经DMSO/BHA诱导分化后的细胞能够表达具有神经元特征的巢蛋白及尼氏体结构。此外,TRAP-ELISA结果显示诱导2 h细胞端粒酶活性变化不明显,当诱导6 h以后细胞端粒酶活性明显降低,诱导至24 h时,细胞端粒酶活性已近阴性(P < 0.05)。 结论:人骨髓间充质干细胞在体外成功诱导分化为神经元样细胞的过程中端粒酶活性逐渐降低直至消失。  相似文献   

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背景:骨髓间充质干细胞具有多向分化能力,是目前极具潜力的种子细胞及基因治疗的靶细胞。 目的:体外培养兔骨髓来源间充质干细胞,了解其生物学特性。 方法:采用密度梯度离心法培养兔骨髓间充质干细胞,对细胞的形态及生长特性进行观察,应用流式细胞仪检测细胞表面抗原CD29、CD34、CD44、CD45、CD166、HLA-DR表达,并进行相关生物学特性鉴定。 结果与结论:密度梯度离心法能分离培养出纯度较高的骨髓间充质干细胞,流式细胞仪检测骨髓间充质干细胞表达CD29、CD44、CD166,不表达CD34、CD45、HLA-DR。在适当的条件下能够诱导分化成为成骨细胞、软骨细胞等。  相似文献   

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背景:近年来研究发现,神经营养因子在骨髓间充质干细胞的分化中发挥重要作用。目前脑组织中具有再生能力的神经干细胞在体外是否具有直接诱导骨髓间充质干细胞分化为多巴胺能神经元的作用还未见报道。 目的:观察大鼠间充质干细胞在胶质细胞源性神经营养因子与神经干细胞共培养两种诱导条件下体外分化成多巴胺能神经元的能力。 方法:分离培养SD大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,取第3代细胞分2组培养,一组细胞应用胶质细胞源性神经营养因子单独诱导,另一组细胞与已培养成球的神经干细胞共培养进行诱导,共培养之前行Brdu标记。诱导3 d后以免疫组织化学法检测各组贴壁细胞神经元特异性标志物神经原纤维和多巴胺能神经元特异性标志物酪氨酸羟化酶的表达,观察间充质干细胞的分化情况。 结果与结论:胶质细胞源性神经营养因子单独诱导组间充质干细胞在诱导24 h后胞体回缩呈锥形,突起延长且数量增多,有神经元样形态,且细胞间相互连接成网络状,3 d后部分细胞表达神经原纤维,其中少部分同时表达酪氨酸羟化酶。与神经干细胞共培养组神经干细胞球很快解离,迅速贴壁,共培养的贴壁细胞大量增殖且多呈神经元样,胞体细长多突起,相互间连接成网,多数贴壁细胞分别单独表达神经原纤维和酪氨酸羟化酶,少数细胞可见Brdu/神经原纤维,Brdu/胶质纤维酸性蛋白,Brdu/酪氨酸羟化酶双标阳性。提示间充质干细胞在胶质细胞源性神经营养因子、神经干细胞存在的情况下可定向转化为神经元,并有向多巴胺能神经元分化的可能。在该实验条件下胶质细胞源性神经营养因子效果好于神经干细胞。  相似文献   

10.
背景:骨髓中的间充质干细胞含量极少,每1×104~1×105个单核细胞中约有1个骨髓间充质干细胞,需要在体外分离、纯化、扩增后才能满足体内移植要求。 目的:观察体外分离培养的骨髓间充质干细胞生物学特性及多向分化潜能。 设计、时间及地点:细胞学体外观察,于2007-10/2008-12在福建医科大学附属协和医院泌尿外科研究室完成。 材料:清洁级雄性近交系SD大鼠30只,由上海斯莱克实验动物有限公司提供。 方法:通过全骨髓贴壁法体外分离培养大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,待细胞融合至80%~90%胰蛋白酶消化传代。取传至第3代细胞,分别向成骨、成脂方向诱导分化。 主要观察指标:倒置相差显微镜下观察细胞形态,流式细胞仪检测其表面标记,茜素红染色检测其成骨能力,油红O染色检测其成脂能力。 结果:原代及传代的骨髓间充质干细胞均呈长梭形成纤维细胞样,连续传代10代以上,细胞始终保持旺盛的生长及扩增能力。第3代骨髓间充质干细胞CD90,CD44,CD106均呈阳性表达,而CD34,CD45,CD11b呈阴性。成骨诱导21 d后,可见大量橘红色矿化结节形成。成脂诱导2周后,可见细胞的胞浆内出现大量红染脂滴。 结论:全骨髓贴壁培养法可大量分离纯化、扩增骨髓间充质干细胞,所获细胞具有间充质干细胞的一般生物学特性,经诱导培养后具有多向分化潜能。  相似文献   

11.
Local regulation of protein synthesis in neurons has emerged as a leading research focus because of its importance in synaptic plasticity and neurological diseases. The complexity of neuronal subcellular domains and their distance from the soma demand local spatial and temporal control of protein synthesis. Synthesis of many synaptic proteins, such as GluR and PSD-95, is under local control. mRNA binding proteins (RBPs), such as FMRP, function as key regulators of local RNA translation, and the mTORC1 pathway acts as a primary signaling cascade for regulation of these proteins. Much of the regulation occurs through structures termed RNA granules, which are based on reversible aggregation of the RBPs, some of which have aggregation prone domains with sequence features similar to yeast prion proteins. Mutations in many of these RBPs are associated with neurological diseases, including FMRP in fragile X syndrome; TDP-43, FUS (fused in sarcoma), angiogenin, and ataxin-2 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; ataxin-2 in spinocerebellar ataxia; and SMN (survival of motor neuron protein) in spinal muscular atrophy.  相似文献   

12.
背景:黄芪可促进骨髓间充质干细胞向神经元方向分化,但对于诱导机制的报道较少,目前普遍认为诱导作用可能与其具有抗氧化功能有关。 目的:观察黄芪注射液诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞分化早期进程中细胞内钙调蛋白mRNA转录水平的变化。 设计、时间及地点:细胞学体外对照观察,于2007-10/12在河北北方学院实验中心完成。 材料:清洁级6周龄雄性大鼠1只,购自中国医科院实验动物中心。黄芪注射液为大理药业有限公司产品,批号060105。 方法:体外分离培养大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,传至第4代按4×105 L-1密度接种于12孔板,加入含200 g/L黄芪注射液、体积分数为15%胎牛血清的DMEM培养基进行诱导分化,制备的细胞爬片行免疫细胞化学染色。传至第5代细胞平均分配到4个离心管内,1管为对照组,另外3管加入上述诱导培养基分别作用30,60,120 min,消化获取的细胞采用RT-PCR技术检测钙调蛋白mRNA的转录水平。 主要观察指标:黄芪对骨髓间充质干细胞的诱导作用,诱导后钙调蛋白mRNA的转录水平。 结果:黄芪诱导5 h后,可见少量细胞形态发生改变,胞体变圆,自胞体伸出细长突起,免疫细胞化学染色后可见巢蛋白阳性细胞和神经元特异性烯醇化酶阳性细胞,少量细胞呈微管相关蛋白2阳性,而神经胶质纤维酸性蛋白呈弱阳性。RT-PCR实验显示,在黄芪诱导骨髓间充质干细胞分化的早期,钙调蛋白基因进行了转录,随着诱导时间的延长,钙调蛋白mRNA的相对含量逐渐增加,诱导30,60,120 min组与对照组钙调蛋白 mRNA的相对含量比较差异有显著性意义(F=153.315, P=0.000)。 结论:黄芪诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向神经元方向分化初期细胞内钙调蛋白转录水平上调,提示其诱导作用可能与钙调蛋白介导的信号转导途径有关。  相似文献   

13.
The pathophysiology and treatment of depression have been the focus of intense research and while there is much that remains unknown, modern neurobiological approaches are making progress. This work demonstrates that stress and depression are associated with atrophy of neurons and reduced synaptic connectivity in brain regions such as the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex that contribute to depressive behaviors, and conversely that antidepressant treatment can reverse these deficits. The role of neurotrophic factors, particularly brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), has been of particular interest as these factors play a key role in activity‐dependent regulation of synaptic plasticity. Here, we review the literature demonstrating that exposure to stress and depression decreases BDNF expression in the hippocampus and PFC and conversely that antidepressant treatment can up‐regulate BDNF in the adult brain and reverse the effects of stress. We then focus on rapid‐acting antidepressants, particularly the NMDA receptor antagonist ketamine, which produces rapid synaptic and antidepressant behavioral actions that are dependent on activity‐dependent release of BDNF. This rapid release of BDNF differs from typical monoaminergic agents that require chronic administration to produce a slow induction of BDNF expression, consistent with the time lag for the therapeutic action of these agents. We review evidence that other classes of rapid‐acting agents also require BDNF release, demonstrating that this is a common, convergent downstream mechanism. Finally, we discuss evidence that the actions of ketamine are also dependent on another growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its complex interplay with BDNF.  相似文献   

14.
Ionotropic glutamate receptors, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptors (AMPARs), are densely distributed in the mammalian brain and actively regulate a variety of cellular activities. Expression and function of these receptors are also under a tight regulation by many molecular mechanisms. Protein phosphorylation represents one of the important mechanisms for the posttranslational modulation of these receptors. Constitutive and regulatory phosphorylation occurs at distinct sites (serine, threonine, or tyrosine) on the intracellular C-terminal domain of almost all subunits capable of assembling a functional channel. Several key protein kinases, such as protein kinase A, protein kinase C, Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, and tyrosine kinases are involved in the site-specific catalyzation and regulation of NMDAR and AMPAR phosphorylation. Through the phosphorylation mechanism, these protein kinases as well as protein phosphatases control biochemical properties (biosynthesis, delivery, and subunit assembling), subcellular distribution, and interactions of these receptors with various synaptic proteins, which ultimately modify the efficacy and strength of excitatory synapses containing NMDARs and AMPARs and many forms of synaptic plasticity. Emerging evidence shows that psychostimulants (cocaine and amphetamine) are among effective agents that profoundly alter the phosphorylation status of both receptors in striatal neurons in vivo. Thus, psychostimulants may modulate NMDAR and AMPAR function through the phosphorylation mechanism to shape the excitatory synaptic plasticity related to additive properties of drugs of abuse.  相似文献   

15.
目的 探讨胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(GDNF)在体外能否诱导骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)向多巴胺(DA)能神经元分化及可能机制。方法无菌条件下,抽取成年SD大鼠胫骨内骨髓组织,分离制备成单细胞悬液进行培养。将增殖传代至第5代的BMSCs随机分为GDNF诱导组和对照组。继续培养7d后,应用BrdU/GFAP、BrdU/NeuN和TH免疫荧光单标和双标技术检测BMSCs增殖和分化情况。结果两组BMSCs继续培养7d后,增殖仍然活跃,有部分细胞向神经元和胶质样细胞分化,呈Brdu,GFAP、BrdU/NeuN和TH阳性表达,但GDNF组的增殖力更强,向神经元和TH神经元分化的数量明显多于对照组(P〈0.05)。结论GDNF能促进BMSCs的增殖和诱导BMSCs分化成神经元和胶质样细胞,其中少部分可分化为TH神经元(即DA能神经元)。  相似文献   

16.
17.
Proper expression of synaptic NMDA receptors (NMDARs) is necessary to regulate synaptic Ca2+ influx and the induction the long-term potentiation (LTP) in the mammalian hippocampus. Previously we reported that expressing the A-type K+ channel subunit Kv4.2 in CA1 neurons of organotypic slice cultures reduced synaptic NR2B-containing NMDAR expression and completely blocked LTP induced by a pairing protocol. As pretreatment with an NMDAR antagonist (APV) overnight blocked the reduction of NR2B-containing receptors in neurons expressing EGFP-labeled Kv4.2 (Kv4.2g), we hypothesized that LTP would be rescued in Kv4.2g neurons by overnight treatment with APV. We report here that the overnight APV pretreatment in Kv4.2g-expressing neurons only partially restored potentiation. This partial potentiation was completely blocked by inhibition of the CAMKII kinase. These results indicate that A-type K+ channels must regulate synaptic integration and plasticity through another mechanism in addition to their regulation of synaptic NR2 subunit composition. We suggest that dendritic excitability, which is regulated by Kv4.2 expression, also contributes to synaptic plasticity.  相似文献   

18.
Inhibitory synapses on Purkinje cells show synaptic plasticity such as rebound potentiation (RP), which seems to contribute to refined information processing in the cerebellar cortex. Recent progress in the study on regulation mechanism of RP is reported. RP is induced by depolarization of a Purkinje cell and expressed as the increased postsynaptic responsiveness to GABA. RP might work as a homeostatic mechanism to maintain activity of a Purkinje cell sensing the strength of heterosynaptic excitatory inputs. However, there is a homosynaptic mechanism to regulate RP. RP is suppressed by the GABAergic transmission occurring during depolarization. Elaborate molecular regulation mechanism of RP induction, including GABA(B) receptors, Ca(2+), cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP), kinases such as Ca(2+)- and calmodulin-dependent kinase II and protein kinase A, and protein phosphatases such as PP1 and PP2B, has been clarified. Application of systems biological analyses combined with electrophysiological experiments has revealed a critical role of phosphodiesterase 1 in determination of the Ca(2+) signal to induce RP.  相似文献   

19.
The striatum is considered to be critical for the control of goal‐directed action, with the lateral dorsal striatum (latDS) being implicated in modulation of habits and the nucleus accumbens thought to represent a limbic–motor interface. Although medium spiny neurons from different striatal subregions exhibit many similar properties, differential firing and synaptic plasticity could contribute to the varied behavioral roles across subregions. Here, we examined the contribution of small‐conductance calcium‐activated potassium channels (SKs) to action potential generation and synaptic plasticity in adult rat latDS and nucleus accumbens shell (NAS) projection neurons in vitro. The SK‐selective antagonist apamin exerted a prominent effect on latDS firing, significantly decreasing the interspike interval. Furthermore, prolonged latDS depolarization increased the interspike interval and reduced firing, and this enhancement was reversed by apamin. In contrast, NAS neurons exhibited greater basal firing rates and less regulation of firing by SK inhibition and prolonged depolarization. LatDS neurons also had greater SK currents than NAS neurons under voltage‐clamp. Importantly, SK inhibition with apamin facilitated long‐term depression (LTD) induction in the latDS but not the NAS, without alterations in glutamate release. In addition, SK activation in the latDS prevented LTD induction. Greater SK function in the latDS than in the NAS was not secondary to differences in sodium or inwardly rectifying potassium channel function, and apamin enhancement of firing did not reflect indirect action through cholinergic interneurons. Thus, these data demonstrate that SKs are potent modulators of action potential generation and LTD in the dorsal striatum, and could represent a fundamental cellular mechanism through which habits are regulated.  相似文献   

20.
Cerebellar Purkinje neurons are arguably some of the most conspicuous neurons in the vertebrate central nervous system. They have characteristic planar fan-shaped dendrites which branch extensively and fill spaces almost completely with little overlap. This dendritic morphology is well suited to receiving a single or a few excitatory synaptic inputs from each of more than 100,000 parallel fibers which run orthogonally to Purkinje cell dendritic trees. In contrast, another type of excitatory input to a Purkinje neuron is provided by a single climbing fiber, which forms some hundreds to thousands of synapses with a Purkinje neuron. This striking contrast between the two types of synaptic inputs to a Purkinje neuron has attracted many neuroscientists. It is also to be noted that Purkinje neurons are the sole neurons sending outputs from the cerebellar cortex. In other words, all computational results within the cortex are transmitted by Purkinje cell axons, which inhibit neurons in the cerebellar or vestibular nucleus. Notably, Purkinje neurons show several forms of synaptic plasticity. Among them, long-term depression (LTD) at parallel fiber synapses has been regarded as a putatively essential mechanism for cerebellum-dependent learning. In this special issue on Purkinje neurons, you will find informative reviews and original papers on the development, characteristics and functions of Purkinje neurons, or related themes contributed by outstanding researchers.  相似文献   

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