大鼠脑出血急性期延髓内脏带内胶质原纤维酸性蛋白表达的变化

观察脑出血急性期大鼠延髓内脏带(MVZ)内星形胶质细胞的反应.以尾壳核局部注射胶原酶制作脑出血模型,用抗星形胶质细胞特异性标识物胶质原纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)的免疫细胞化学方法,研究脑出血后MVZ内星形胶质细胞的变化.发现脑出血后4 h GFAP阳性细胞数量增多、胞体增大、突起伸长,在MVZ形成明显弧形带状分布,尤以MVZ背内侧区、中间带及腹外侧区明显.提示MVZ内星形胶质细胞可能参与了脑出血后的病理生理过程.     

PS激发大鼠延髓内脏带星形胶质细胞GFAP和神经元FOS表达水平的变化

观察腹腔注射细菌内毒素 (LPS)后 ,大鼠延髓内脏带 (MVZ)星形胶质细胞胶质原纤维酸性蛋白 (GFAP)及神经元FOS表达水平随时间变化的规律及其相互关系。大鼠经LPS腹腔注射后 1,3,6,12h分别行固定取材制片。每个时间点的切片分为 3组 ,分别进行抗FOS、抗GFAP免疫组织化学染色及抗FOS/GFAP/酪氨酸羟化酶 (TH)三重免疫组织化学染色。结果表明 :①FOS反应在LPS注射后 3h达到高峰 ,阳性产物主要分布于MVZ内。②GFAP反应在注射后 1h即达到高峰 ,表现为胶质细胞肥大、数量增多。其分布与FOS基本相同。③三重染色观察到GFAP与FOS的多种聚集方式 (FOS/GFAP/TH ,FOS/GFAP ,GFAP/TH) ,FOS阳性神经元周围GFAP免疫反应产物更密集。提示星形胶质细胞对LPS起反应 ,其反应高峰的出现先于神经元     

大鼠延髓内脏带与下丘脑室旁核、视上核往返投射通路参与高渗调节反应的研究

目的探讨延髓内脏带(MVZ)与下丘脑室旁核(PVN)和视上核(SON)之间是否存在往返渗透压投射通路。方法通过给予大鼠饮用3%氯化钠的方法制作高渗刺激模型,并用WGA-HRP逆行追踪、抗Fos、抗酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)或加压素(VP)及胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)免疫组织化学相结合的四重标记方法,观察MVZ、PVN和SON中WGA-HRP、Fos、TH、VP和GFAP阳性分布及表达状况。结果高渗刺激后MVZ、PVN和SON内Fos阳性细胞明显增多;GFAP阳性结构也明显增多,其分布与Fos阳性细胞分布基本一致,表现为胞体肥大、突起粗长。星形胶质细胞(AST)紧密包绕在神经元周围形成神经元-AST复合体(N-ASC)。结论神经元和AST以N-ASC的形式共同参与渗透压调节反应,体内存在MVZ和SON或PVN之间往返的渗透压调节通路。     

LPS激发大鼠延髓内脏带星形胶质细胞GFAP和神经元FOS表达水平的变化

观察腹腔注射细菌内毒素（LPS）后,大鼠延髓内脏带（MVZ）星形胶质细胞胶质原纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）及神经元FOS表达水平随时间变化的规律及其相互关系。大鼠经LPS腹腔注射后1,3,6,12h分别行固定取材制片。每个时间点的切片分为3组,分别进行抗FOS、抗GFAP免疫组织化学染色及抗FOS／GFAP／酪氨酸羟化酶（TH）三重免疫组织化学染色。结果表明：（1）FOS反应在LPS注射后3h达到高峰,阳性产物主要分布于MVZ内。（2）GFAP反应在注射后1h即达到高峰,表现为胶质细胞肥大,数量增多。其分布于FOS基本相同。（3）三重染色观察到GFAP与FOS的多种聚集方式（FOS／GFAP／TH,FOS／GFAP,GFAP／TH）,FOS阳性神经元周围GFAP免疫反应产物更密集。提示星形胶质细胞对LPS起反应,其反应高峰的出现先于神经元。     

人脑出血后血肿周围组织HO-1、GFAP和cyclinD1的表达研究

目的探讨脑出血后血肿周围组织血红素氧合酶-1(HO-1)、胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)和细胞周期蛋白D1(cvclinD1)表达规律,及其与神经修复之间的关系。方法 HE染色观察脑出血后神经元和星形胶质细胞形态变化,免疫组织化学染色检测脑出血后不同时间点血肿周围组织H0-1、GFAP和cycIinD1表达水平。结果脑出血后2h星形胶质细胞胞质内即开始表达HO-1[(5.30±1.00)个/高倍视野]、GFAP[(22.60±1.40)个/高倍视野]和cvclinD1[(11.50±1.20)个/高倍视野],达峰值水平后逐渐下降,脑出血后不同时间点表达水平均高于健侧正常脑组织,且差异具有统计学意义(均P=0.000)。结论人脑出血后血肿周围组织HO-1、GFAP和cvclinD1表达变化呈"抛物线"样,HO-1和cvclinD1共同参与了脑出血后星形胶质细胞的增生与活化,以及脑出血后的继发性损伤和修复。     

人脑梗死后星形胶质细胞活性与凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2的相关性研究

目的 探讨人脑梗死后星形胶质细胞活性与凋亡的关系。方法 应用10例脑梗死后的尸检全脑标本，用HE和免疫组化方法检测胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)、凋亡相关蛋白(Bcl-2)，进行定性和定量分析。结果 人脑梗死后以梗死灶为中心，按照组织损伤程度由内到外分为4个区(0-3区)，其中2区为半暗带区，40％以上的神经元和星形胶质细胞形态基本正常，随缺血时间延长，星形胶质细胞增生明显，形态正常神经元的数量减少；3区神经元形态及数量正常，星形胶质细胞反应性增生。GFAP在0区和1区表达很少，2区随缺血时间延长阳性细胞数增多，3区早期即有星形胶质细胞的簇样增生。Bcl-2在0区无表达，1区表达较少，2区于缺血后8h开始出现，23h达高峰，之后开始下降。结论人脑梗死后在半暗带区23h前GFAP和Bcl-2表达呈正相关；23h后呈负相关。2区是临床需要积极抢救的区域，并可应用干预因素上调Bcl-2表达，缩小梗死面积。     

实验性大鼠脑出血血肿周围组织胶质细胞纤维酸性蛋白的动态表达

目的:动态观察胶质细胞纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)在脑出血动物模型脑组织中的表达及其意义。方法应用脑立体定向技术,建立大鼠脑出血模型,假手术作为对照组。分别测定脑组织含水量,观察血肿周围GFAP的表达规律。结果:大鼠脑出血后脑水肿于48h达到高峰,与对照组比较有统计学意义(P<0.05)。脑出血后脑内GFAP阳性细胞数6h表达最强,在72h时表达最少,7d的阳性细胞数量比72h增加(P<0.05),但数量少于6h(P<0.05)。相应时间点出血组阳性细胞数与对照组比较,有明显统计学意义,(P<0.05)。结论:脑出血后脑内GFAP的表达与脑水肿相关,提示星形胶质细胞在脑出血的病理变化过程中有重要作用。星形胶质细胞在损伤的修复作用具有二重性,即可以抑制也可以促进损伤修复。     

PPAR-γ对大鼠脊髓损伤后神经功能影响的研究

目的观察PPAR-γ对大鼠脊髓损伤后GFAP(胶质纤维酸性蛋白)及新生星形胶质细胞表达的影响。方法 SD大鼠108只,分成损伤组、PPAR-γ激动剂及拮抗剂治疗组。损伤后观察BBB评分、GFAP及新生星形胶质细胞的表达。结果激动剂治疗组BBB(BBB运动功能评分)及GFAP表达较损伤组GFAP的表达在1~2 w时间点内表达增加(P0.05),拮抗剂治疗组GFAP的表达较脊髓损伤组GFAP的表达在1~4 w时间点内表达减少(P0.05)。激动剂组新生星形胶质细胞在1~2 w明显增加(P0.05),而拮抗剂治疗组表达明显减少(P0.05),有统计学差异。结论 PPAR-γ激活后促进GFAP及星形胶质细胞的表达,起到神经保护作用。     

星形胶质细胞在脑出血后脑水肿中作用的研究

目的　观察星形细胞在脑出血急性期周围脑组织中的作用。方法　获取 30例脑出血患者出血灶周围脑组织标本 ,根据脑出血时间分为三组 ,超早期 (<8小时 ) ,8例 :早期 (8～ 4 8小时 ) ,16例 ;延期(>4 8小时 ) ,6例。应用胶质纤维酸性蛋白 (GFAP)进行免疫组织化学染色 ,观察其表达程度。结果　随着脑出血后时间的延长 ,GFAP染色灰度值越低 ,说明星形细胞增生越明显。结论　星形胶质细胞参与脑水肿的病理过程 ,并对组织修复可能具有重要作用。     

葡萄糖载体-1在高血压性脑出血患者脑组织星形胶质细胞中的表达

目的　探讨葡萄糖载体 1(Glut 1,相对分子质量为 45 0 0 0 )在高血压性脑出血 (HIH)患者脑组织星形胶质细胞中的表达。方法　应用免疫组化方法 (Glut 1、GFAP抗体 )对 7例HIH患者和 6例非神经系统疾病死亡患者 (对照组 )的脑组织标本进行标记 ,分析脑出血后 2 4h内、72h后的星形胶质细胞中 45 0 0 0Glut 1表达的变化 ,同时采用多媒体彩色病理图文系统 (MPIAS 5 0 0 )计算星形胶质细胞中的平均灰度 (AGD)和平均光密度。结果　对照组 45 0 0 0Glut 1在星形胶质细胞中因表达较少 ,未达检测水平。 2 4h组HIH病灶周围反应性星形细胞增多、胞体增殖、肿胀 ,GFAP标记阳性 ;Glut 1在反应性星形细胞上同样呈明显阳性反应。 72h组标本显示GFAP和Glut 1强阳性反应 ,较 2 4h组表达明显增强 ,其AGD和平均吸光度均值分别为 2 0 3± 16和 0 .0 9± 0 .0 4。结论　 45 0 0 0Glut 1在HIH反应性星形胶质细胞中的表达增加 ,是一种充分保障脑组织葡萄糖能量代谢的防御机制 ;病灶周围星形胶质细胞反应性增生为血 脑屏障的破坏提供了一种代偿机制。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

广西农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量状况调查

目的研究农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者的生活质量及影响因素。方法前瞻性的队列研究。采用随机分层抽样法分为农村壮族妇女精神分裂症组、农村汉族妇女精神分裂症组、农村正常妇女对照组,应用“世界卫生组织生存质量测定报告”(WHOQOL-100)及PANSS量表调查其生活质量和疾病的严重程度。结果农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量明显低于农村汉族妇女精神分裂症患者,影响其生活质量的相关因素是生活环境及精神支柱/个人信仰。结论经济贫困、环境条件、缺乏有效的医疗服务和社会保障是农村壮族妇女精神分裂症患者生活质量低的关键。因此,建立农村壮族社区精神卫生服务网络势在必行。     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

The origins of innervation of the esophagus of the dog

This study defined the origins of extrinsic efferent and afferent innervation of the normal canine esophagus. When all the layers of the wall of the 3 esophageal regions (cervical, thoracic and abdominal) were injected with horseradish peroxidase (HRP), labeled nerve cells were found in the nucleus ambiguus (NA) and parasympathetic nucleus of X (PX) of the brainstem. Most labeled cells in the NA were located in the compact column (retrofacial nucleus) while labeled cells in the PX were located in separate rostral and caudal areas. There was no somatotopic organization in either the NA or PX. Labeled sympathetic postganglionic neurons were found in the cranial cervical, middle cervical, cervicothoracic, thoracic sympathetic trunk and celiacomesenteric ganglia. The HRP injection of the esophageal wall labeled sensory cell bodies in the glossopharyngeal, proximal and distal vagal, and C2-T6 spinal ganglia. There was no discernible pattern of distribution of labeled cells in the autonomic or sensory ganglia. When the HRP injections were confined to the mucosa-submucosa layers of the thoracic esophagus, a small number of labeled cells were identified in the NA; however, no labeled cells were found in the NA when injections were confined to the mucosa-submucosa of either the cervical or abdominal esophageal regions. With these confined injections, the labeled nerve cells appeared in the rostral part of the PX. Thus, it appeared that the internal tunics of the esophagus (i.e., the mucosa and submucosa) were innervated by neurons in the rostral PX while the muscular tunic was innervated by neurons in the caudal PX and the rostral NA. After mucosa-submucosa injections, labeled sympathetic neurons appeared in the same ganglia that were identified after whole wall injections and these had a similar random distribution. These injections also labeled neurons in the glossopharyngeal, proximal vagal, and distal vagal ganglia, but unlike the whole wall injections there was no labeling in the spinal ganglia. This suggested that the labeled cells of the spinal ganglia seen after whole wall injections conveyed impulses from the tunica muscularis and serosa.     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Impact of our understanding of the genetic aetiology of epilepsy

A genetic contribution to aetiology is estimated to be present in up to 40% of patients with epilepsy. It is useful to categorise genetic epilepsies according to the mechanisms of inheritance into Mendelian disorders, non-mendelian or ‘complex’ disorders, and chromosomal disorders. Over 200 Mendelian diseases include epilepsy as part of the phenotype, and the genes for a number of these have been identified recently. These include autosomal recessive progressive myoclonic epilepsies such as Unverricht-Lundborg disease, Lafora disease and the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses, and three autosomal dominant idiopathic epilepsies. The last named have been shown to arise from mutations in ion channel genes. Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy is caused by mutations in CHRNA4, benign familial neonatal convulsions by mutations in KCNQ2 and KCNQ3, and generalised epilepsy with febrile seizures plus by mutations in SCN1B. ‘Complex’, familial epilepsies are more difficult to analyse, but evidence has been obtained for loci predisposing to juvenile myoclonic epilepsy on chromosome 6p and 15q. Lastly, the genes underlying several spike-wave epilepsies in mice have been cloned, and three of these encode sub-units of voltage-gated calcium channels. Received: 29 September 1999/Accepted: 7 December 1999     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。