中文版勇气量表在中学生中的信效度

目的评价中文版勇气量表(CS)在中学生中应用的信效度,为测量积极人格特质提供有效工具。方法采用整群抽取方法在温州市四所中学中抽取12个班级的485名中学生进行中文版CS和焦虑自评量表(SAS)评定,其中54名学生完成了2周后的CS重测。结果中文版CS内部一致性Cronbach’sα系数为0.92,2周重测信度系数为0.75(P0.01)。CS与SAS的校标关联效度系数为-0.332(P0.01),探索性因子分析显示CS具有单纬度结构。结论中文版CS在中学生中具有满意的信度和效度。     

临床医生精神疾病态度量表中文版在社区精神卫生工作者中的信度、效度研究

目的:探讨临床医生精神疾病态度量表(MICA)中文版在社区精神卫生工作者中的信度、效度与可接受性。方法:应用MICA中文版对广州市8个区(市)80名社区精神卫生工作者进行间隔1周的两次调查、报告和意向行为量表(RIBS)调查,并附加关于生活中对精神疾病患者态度及对MICA理解度的调查。结果:MICA中文版内部一致性信度(Cronbach’α)为0.720,分半信度为0.685,重测信度为0.764(P0.05);表面效度良好;与RIBS总分及附加条目评分呈负相关(r=-0.516,r=-0.310;P均0.01)。主成份分析产生6个因子,共解释方差65.1%。该量表3 min内可完成。结论:MICA中文版是社区精神卫生工作者对精神疾病态度的有效评估工具。     

中文版偏头痛患者药物依赖性问卷信度和效度研究

目的评价中文版偏头痛患者药物依赖性问卷的信度和效度。方法选取115例合并药物依赖综合征的偏头痛患者,收集其临床资料并进行中文版偏头痛患者药物依赖性问卷的测试。采用重测信度、内部一致性信度评价分析问卷信度,采用内容效度和结构效度评价分析问卷效度。结果量表的重测信度除条目11和条目16为0.558和0.443以外,其余条目的重测信度均大于0.7。总量表的Cronbach’α系数为0.820,各个维度的Cronbach’α系数均0.7。量表的各条目得分和相应维度总分之间的相关系数在0.595~0.962之间。因子分析共提取7个特征根大于1的因子,可解释总变异的76.3%,在相应项目上均有较强的因子载荷。结论中文版偏头痛患者药物依赖性问卷具有较好的信度和效度,适合临床推广应用。     

自我护理能力实施量表中文版在精神分裂症患者中的信效度

目的:评价自我护理能力实施量表(ESCA)中文版在精神分裂症患者中的信度和效度。方法:抽取150例精神分裂症患者进行ESCA初测,进行初步的项目分析;正式施测阶段抽取300例精神分裂症患者,7 d后对其中30例进行重测,计算克朗巴赫α系数、重测信度评价量表内部一致性;采用探索性因子分析方法考评量表结构效度;相关分析来评价量表的效标效度。结果:条目一总分相关法及决断值法对条目的区分度进行分析后,组成35个条目的新量表,经最大方差旋转法旋转后提取4个因子,4个因子累计解释的方差为42.38%;ESCA与日常生活能力评定量表、护士用住院病人观察量表相关系数分别为0.59,0.63;Cranach'sα系数为0.88,重测信度为0.65。结论:ESCA中文版具有较好的信度和效度,用于精神分裂症患者自我护理能力的研究需要反复修订。     

分离体验量表中文版信度和效度的初步研究

目的:探讨对住院精神障碍患者分离体验量表第二版(DES-II)中文版评定的信度和效度。方法:404例住院精神障碍患者进行分离体验量表的评定。6周后在初筛病例中随机抽取样本数20%进行量表重测。将DES-II量表初筛评定结果按得分高低随机排序并分组抽样:0～10分第一组抽取样本数的10%;10～20分第二组抽取30%;20～40分第三组抽取50%;40分以上第四组抽取100%。抽取99例样本进行DDIS量表评定,其中完成量表并符合分析要求量表80例,验证DES-II中文版和DDIS分量表的相关效度。结果:DES量表各项目与总分间的相关系数在0.566～0.728之间;DES-II中文版评定量表的Cronbach’s的α系数为0.957;量表奇偶分半系数分别是0.843、0.883。6周后重测量表相关系数为0.617;DES得分分组的一致性Kappa值为0.549。DES量表因子分析结果表明,量表为单一因子的一维量表。对DDIS量表除外躯体性主诉和物质滥用之外所有的13个分量表和DES量表进行关联效度分析,DDIS分量表和DES得分相关系数在0.306～0.720之间,DDIS分量表得分相加的和DES因子分的相关系数为0.994。结论:分离体验量表DES-II中文版信度和效度较好,DES和DDIS各分量表的相关性较高。DES量表可以作为临床筛查的有效工具,具有临床和科研应用价值。     

中文版剑桥人格解体量表的信度和效度检验

目的 翻译英文版剑桥人格解体量表（CDS）并对中文版CDS进行信、效度检验.方法 对119例健康受试者分别间隔2、3、4周进行CDS测验以计算其重测信度;临床医生按DSM-IV-TR诊断标准对76例门诊患者做出诊断,之后进行CDS测验,计算测验的重测信度、内部一致性、折半信度和效标关联效度、结构效度.结果 中文版CDS重测信度中等（0.651）,内部一致性和分半信度良好（Cronbach＇s α系数为0.938,Guttman折半信度为0.957）,效标关联效度良好（Mann-WhitneyZ值为-6.059,P＜0.001）,项目-总分相关系数从0.321～0.777,均达到显著性,结构效度尚可.结论 中文版CDS具有良好的信、效度,可以很好地评定人格解体症状.     

Yale-Brown强迫量表中文版的信度和效度

目的评价中文版Yale-B rown强迫量表Y-BOCS的信度和效度。方法对110名强迫症患者进行Y-BOCS、HAMD、HAMA的评定。结果Y-BOCS评定者间一致性好,各条目及量表总分的ICC≥0.82;重测信度良好,各条目及量表总分的ICC≥0.75;全量表内部一致性系数(Cronbach's alpha)为0.75。Y-BOCS具有较好的内容效度和结构效度,强迫思维分量表(OS)分与HAMA和HAMD量表分存在相关,OS区分效度欠理想结论Y-BOCS中文版具有可接受的信度和效度,具有临床和科研使用的价值。     

精神分裂症认知功能成套测验中文版临床信度及效度的研究

目的 对中文版精神分裂症认知功能成套测验(MCCB)的信度及效度进行临床测试.方法 对122例符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版精神分裂症诊断标准的住院患者(患者组)进行MCCB测验,4周后重测,同期接受威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)、瑞文推理测验(RAVEN)、色词测验(Stroop)及阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)测查;并与122名性别、年龄和文化程度与患者组相匹配的社区正常人(对照组)进行比较.结果 (1)MCCB重测相关系数为0.88,P<0.001;(2)评定者间组内相关系数为0.97,P<0.001;(3)MCCB的A、B版本间的复本相关系数为0.64～0.74,P<0.001;A、B版本间的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);(4)患者组各个分测验得分均低于对照组(P<0.001);逻辑回归分析,用MCCB区分精神分裂症患者与正常人,符合率达到84.8%(P<0.001),敏感性83.6%,特异性86.1%;(5)关联效度:MCCB与WCST、RAVEN和Stroop呈显著性相关(r=0.54～0.55),P<0.001;(6)结构效度:验证性因素分析证明中文版MCCB与英文版7个维度结构模型拟合良好;(7)MCCB平均完成时间为(58±10)min,耐受性和操作性达到中等偏上水平.结论 中文版MCCB的重测信度、评定者间信度、同质性信度、复本信度、关联效度、结构效度和效标效度等指标满足心理测量学要求,MCCB作为精神分裂症患者认知功能疗效评估的新标准,值得进一步修订和完善.     

中文版心境障碍自知力量表信效度初步研究

目的:评价心境障碍自知力量表(mood disorders insight scale,MDIS)中文版的信度和效度。方法:131例符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版心境障碍诊断标准的患者完成MDIS中文版测试,由精神科医师采用临床总体印象量表(CGI)和自知力视觉尺度量表评估其疾病严重程度和自知力;同时,家属也完成自知力视觉尺度量表。随机抽取50例患者间隔7 d后重测MDIS。计算量表Cronbach’sα系数和两次评分的相关系数,评价量表的内部一致性和1周重测信度;采用因子分析方法考评结构效度;通过MDIS评分与精神科医师及家属的自知力视觉尺度量表评分相关分析来考察效标效度;通过比较重度和轻中度疾病严重程度患者MDIS得分差异来考评实证效度。结果:1信度:MDIS量表总Cronbach’sα系数为0.81,1周重测信度系数为0.82;2效度:探索性因子分析显示MDIS符合两因子结构,贡献率达65.75%;验证性因子分析的拟合优度指数为0.900,赋范拟合指数为0.931,标准化残差均方根为0.064;3患者MDIS分值与精神科医师及家属自知力视觉尺度评分之间相关系数分别为0.74和0.59(P均0.05),与CGI评分相关系数为-0.87(P0.05)。轻中度与重度躁狂发作患者MDIS量表分值差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:MDIS中文版具有较好的信度和效度,可用于快速有效地评估心境障碍患者的自知力。     

阿拉伯死亡焦虑量表中文版的心理测量学特性

背景：死亡焦虑被视为精神病理学症状的风险因素和持续存在的因素。虽然阿拉伯死亡焦虑量表（ASDA）是一种简单而常用的评估工具,但是在国内临床实践中缺少这样的工具。目标：本研究旨在采用多级回译法开发ASDA中文版,即ASDA(C),并研究该量表的心理测量学特性。方法：从国内三个地区的医院和大学共招募了1372名参试者。为了计算出ASDA(C)的效标相关效度与有关死亡和死亡清单的多维度取向表格中文版（MODDI-F/chin）相比较,随机指定49名大学生完成这两份调查问卷。在所有参试者中随机指定56名再做一次ASDA(C)问卷调查,来评估ASDA(C)的一周后重测信度。结果：量表总的Cronbach’sα值为0.91。一周后的重测信度为0.96。探索性因子分析（EFA）显示三个因素,“对死人和坟墓的恐惧,“对致命疾病的恐惧”和“对死亡事件的恐惧”,占总方差的57.09%。因而构建三因素模型。量表ASDA(C)总分与MODDI-F/chin的相关系数是0.54,表示信度都可以接受。结论：ASDA(C)有较好的心理测量学特性,说明这是一个可靠有效的量表。该量表能用于讲普通话的中国人群,来评估死亡焦虑。     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

Characteristics of the sympathetic innervation of the nictitating membrane and of the vasculature of the nose and tongue of the cat

Summary Vasomotor responses from the nasal mucosa and tongue, and contractions of the nictitating membrane, were recorded on stimulation of the cervical sympathetic or internal carotid nerves.Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres which elicited a membrane response possessed a lower threshold than those which evoked nasal vasoconstriction, while the latter displayed a lower threshold than fibres which evoked tongue vasoconstriction. The sympathetic vasodilator fibres to the tongue, whose activity was revealed after-receptor blockade, had a similar threshold to the vasoconstrictor fibres.Membrane contraction, nasal vasoconstriction and occasionally tongue vasoconstriction could be evoked by stimulating the internal carotid nerve. The postganglionic fibres innervating the nasal mucosa had a similar threshold to those of the nictitating membrane, which may indicate that there are small myelinated fibres innervating the mucosa.The preganglionic compound nerve action potential had four major components, S₁–S₄. S₁, S₂ and usually S₃ fibres were associated with membrane contraction; S₂, S₃ and sometimes S₁ fibres were associated with nasal vasoconstriction; and S₃, usually S₂ and occasionally S₁ fibres were associated with vasoconstriction in the tongue. It is concluded that each of these three groups of nerve fibres, but not S₄ fibres, may include fibres associated functionally with the three effectors.There was a considerable difference between the relative amplitude of the responses of the three effectors elicited by stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve at frequencies between 0.2 and 2 Hz. Vasoconstrictor responses were relatively larger than membrane contractions suggesting differences in the mechanisms of neurotransmission at the neuroeffector junctions.     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

Origins of the sympathetic innervation of the cervical end of the uterus in the rat

A retrograde neuronal tracer (Fast Blue) was injected in the cervical end of the uterine horn of virgin rats. The majority of the retrogradely labeled post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons were found in the sympathetic chain (74%). The superior mesenteric ganglia, inferior mesenteric ganglia and suprarenal ganglia accounted for 22, 3 and <1%, respectively. The distribution of neurons in the sympathetic chain labeled from the uterus resembles that described for other pelvic organs.     

Sexual pheromones and the evolution of the reward system of the brain: the chemosensory function of the amygdala

The amygdala of all tetrapod vertebrates receives direct projections from the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, and the strong similarities in the organization of these projections suggest that they have undergone a very conservative evolution. However, current ideas about the function of the amygdala do not pay sufficient attention to its chemosensory role, but only view it as the core of the emotional brain. In this study, we propose that both roles of the amygdala are intimately linked since the amygdala is actually involved in mediating emotional responses to chemical signals. The amygdala is the only structure in the brain receiving pheromonal information directly from the accessory olfactory bulbs and we have shown in mice that males emit sexual pheromones that are innately attractive for females. In fact, sexual pheromones can be used as unconditioned stimuli to induce a conditioned attraction to previously neutral odorants as well as a conditioned place preference. Therefore, sexual pheromones should be regarded as natural reinforcers. Behavioural and pharmacological studies (reviewed here) have shown that the females' innate preference for sexual pheromones is not affected by lesions of the dopaminergic cells of the ventral tegmental area, and that the systemic administration of dopamine antagonists do not alter neither the attraction nor the reinforcing effects of these pheromones. Anatomical studies have shown that the vomeronasal amygdala gives rise to important projections to the olfactory tubercle and the islands of Calleja, suggesting that these amygdalo-striatal pathways might be involved in the reinforcing value of sexual pheromones.     

药物治疗与合并认知行为治疗对强迫症疗效的比较

目的探讨认知行为心理治疗(CBT)在强迫症(OCD)患者各亚型治疗中的有效性和规律性。方法本研究为临床对照研究。符合入组标准的强迫症患者按患者自愿原则分为两组,治疗观察3、6、12个月。疗效评定分别运用Yale-Brown强迫量表,自拟的自评好转程度量表和临床疗效评定。结果认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗组31例,临床有效率70.9%,其中治愈率1.8%。单纯药物治疗组24例,临床有效率33.3%。Yale-Brown强迫量表和自评量表得分在6个月和12个月两组有显著差异(P<0.05)。其中强迫症亚型(怕脏型、反复检查型和反复担心型)的疗效比较,怕脏型在治疗3个月末两组间自评量表评分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复担心型在治疗6个月末两组间Yale-Brown强迫量表总分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复检查型两组间无统计学差异。结论认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗强迫症的疗效明显优于单纯药物治疗。强迫症的亚型在治疗中的有效性次序为:反复担心型>怕脏型>反复检查型。     

Topographical organization of the motoneuron pools that innervate the muscles of the pinna of the cat

The topographical organization of the 22 motoneuron pools that innervate the pinna muscles of the cat was examined by injecting the B-subunit of cholera toxin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase into individual muscles. All 22 pools are found in the facial nucleus, organized as rostro-caudally oriented columns, and arranged according to the action of the muscles they innervate. Pools innervating muscles that pull the pinna dorsally are located in the dorsal two thirds of the medio-dorsal subdivision, and those innervating muscles that pull the pinna ventrally are located in the ventral one half of the nucleus. Motoneurons innervating muscles that pull the pinna cranially are located laterally, those that pull the pinna caudally are located medio-ventrally, and those that change the shape of the pinna are located along the entire dorso-ventral extent in the center of the medio-dorsal subdivision. This topographical layout is consistent with the somatotopic organization of the entire facial nucleus as demonstrated in a variety of species. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.