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1.
目的探讨无痴呆型血管性认知障碍(VCIND)患者执行功能损害的特征。方法采用语义与语音流畅试验、数字符号编码测验、连线测验、画钟测验和Stroop色词测验对43例VCIND患者和35名性别、年龄和文化程度相匹配的正常对照进行测试。结果与正常对照组相比,VCIND组患者计时类测验明显低于正常对照组(P<0.01),计分类测验中数字符号编码测验、语义与语音流畅试验低于正常对照组(P<0.01),其中Stroop色词测验计分(P<0.05)。与正常对照组比较,VCIND组画钟测验评分无统计学意义(P〉0.05)。结论VCIND患者执行功能损害主要表现为转换障碍、工作记忆损害、知觉运动与信息处理速度减慢。  相似文献   

2.
轻度认知功能障碍患者的神经心理学测试   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
目的探讨轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)患者是否有神经心理方面的损害及损害的特点,以期为早期筛查出MCI患者提供参考指标。方法采用数字颜色连线测验(CTT)、数字广度测试(DS)、词汇流畅性测试(VFT)、中文听觉词汇(CALT)、线段方向判断(JLOT)和Stroop测验对30名MCI患者和30名性别、年龄和教育程度相匹配的正常对照组进行评定。结果MCI患者的CTT、VFT、数字广度倒背和CALT与正常对照组相比差异均有显著性。JLOT、Stroop测验和数字广度顺背成绩虽有所下降,但差异均无显著性。结论MCI患者的神经心理方面有损害。对MCI危险人群进行神经心理学测试能早期筛选出MCI患者。  相似文献   

3.
目的探讨脑小血管病(cerebral small vessel disease,SVD)不同亚型伴发非痴呆血管性认知功能损害的情况,评价尼莫地平对SVD的疗效。方法选择SVD患者118例,包括52例腔隙灶脑梗死(LI)和66例白质疏松(WML)患者。分别将LI组和WML组患者随机分组为治疗组(基础治疗加尼莫地平治疗)和对照组(基础治疗),进行6个月治疗。治疗前后对所有患者采用蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)、简易智能状态检查表(MMSE)、语义分类流畅测验(动物)、Stroop测验(计算错误数)、画钟试验、积木测验、数字广度顺背测验、数字符号测验、逻辑记忆亚测验和再生亚测验进行认知功能评价,并比较各组患者治疗前后认知功能评分。结果治疗前,LI组患者语义分类流畅测验(动物)、数字符号测验、逻辑记忆亚测验、视觉再生亚测验、MoCA、MMSE评分显著高于WML组患者,Stroop测验得分显著低于WML组患者。经过6个月治疗后,LI组和WML组患者中的对照组治疗前后各项认知功能评分均没有统计学差异(P>0.05)。LI组患者中治疗组MoCA、画钟试验和数字广度顺背测验得分升高,Stroop测验得分下降(均P<0.05);WML组患者中治疗组MoCA、MMSE、画钟试验、数字广度顺背测验和视觉再生亚测验得分升高,Stroop测验得分下降(均P<0.05)。结论 SVD两个亚型伴发非痴呆血管性认知功能损害情况不同,LI患者损害程度比WML患者轻。尼莫地平治疗可较好的改善患者的执行功能、视空间结构能力和注意力。  相似文献   

4.
癫癇患者认知功能影响因素的研究   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
目的:研究癫痫患者认知功能的影响因素。方法:对166例癫痫患者进行认知评定。认知评定工具:听觉词语测验、逻辑记忆测验、数字符号转换测验、Stoop字色干扰测验、连线测验、言语流畅性测验、Rey—Osterrieth复杂图片测验及Boston命名测验。影响因素与认知功能评分之间采用一元线性相关及多元逐步回归分析。结果:患者年龄、性别、文化程度、起病年龄、病程、发作频率、发作持续时间、全身强直阵挛发作(GTCS)、复杂部分性发作(CPS)及抗癫癇药物数量与患者的认知功能有相关性。结论:癫癇患者的起病年龄与其认知损害成正比,病程越长对癫癇患者的认知损害越明显,原发或继发全身性强直阵挛发作与言语功能损害、复杂部分性发作与言语记忆损害之间的关系密切,用药种类与记忆、注意力以及精神运动能力的损害有关。  相似文献   

5.
目的探讨化疗对胃肠肿瘤患者认知功能的影响。方法采用词汇流畅、连线试验A、数字广度、符号编码、Stroop任务5项神经心理测试,对87例胃肠肿瘤患者(胃肠肿瘤组)化疗前、化疗结束后半年的认知功能进行评定,以60例正常健康人(正常组)为对照。结果 (1)化疗前胃肠肿瘤组各认知功能评测与正常组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);(2)化疗后胃肠肿瘤组的连线试验A、数字广度、符号编码、Stroop颜色、Stroop色词干扰成绩较化疗前明显下降(P0.01),化疗后胃肠肿瘤组的连线试验A、数字广度、符号编码、Stroop颜色、Stroop色词干扰成绩也较正常组差(P0.05)。结论化疗对胃肠肿瘤患者的认知功能有损害。  相似文献   

6.
目的 应用神经心理学方法和磁共振弥散张量成像(diffusion tensor imaging,DTI)技术研究左侧颞叶癫痫(temporal lobe epilepsy,TLE)患者执行功能损害的特点及与其双侧钩束(uncinate fasciculus,UF)DTI参数的关系.方法 对14例成人左侧TLE患者(患者组)和15名健康对照者(对照组)进行执行功能的神经心理检查(包括stroop、数字广度、数字符号、连线试验及词语流畅性)评分,并对两组受试者均进行DTI扫描.结果 患者组stroop错误数[(7.20±3.60)vs.(1.60±0.60)]高于对照组(P<0.05),数字广度[(12.30±6.20)vs.(17.60±2.10)]、数字符号[(50.33±16.10)vs.(66.04±10.12)]及词语流畅性[(12.05±5.36) vs.(19.33±2.55)]均低于对照组(P<0.05),stroop反应时[(23.86±10.91)vs.(16.36±6.13)]及连线试验的时间[(56.11±20.12)vs.(40.43±15.07)]均长于对照组(P<0.05).与对照组相比,患者组左侧钩束各向异性(Fractional Anisotrophy,FA)值降低[(0.332±0.043)vs.(0.379±0.014)],差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).相关分析示,患者组左侧钩束FA值与词语流畅性(r=0.56,P=0.025)及数字广度(r=0.58,P=0.028)呈正相关.结论 左侧TLE患者存在广泛的执行功能损害,部分执行功能的损害与左侧钩束的损害相关,左侧钩束的损害可能是部分执行功能损害的病理生理基础.  相似文献   

7.
目的研究稳定期双相障碍Ⅰ型患者认知功能损害与脑白质病变的关系。方法共选择68例诊断双相障碍Ⅰ型稳定期患者,作为观察组,同期选择60例健康志愿者作为对照组;采用数字符号测验、数字广度测验、视觉图形再生测验、连线测验、言语流畅性测验、威斯康星卡片分类测验和汉诺塔测验7种测量工具评估认知功能,采用扩散张量成像(DTI)技术分析脑白质病变。结果观察组认知功能评估均差于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组的胼胝体、颞叶和基底节区FA值明显低于对照组,相应ADC值则高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);额叶、枕叶和小脑区域FA值和ADC值比较无差异(P0.05)。结论稳定期双相障碍Ⅰ型患者存在一定程度的认知功能损害,可能与胼胝体、颞叶和基底节区的脑白质病变有关。  相似文献   

8.
目的探讨利培酮治疗对未服药首发精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响,以及认知功能与症状变化的关联。方法采用威斯康星卡片分类测验、数字广度测试、词语流畅性测试、Stroop测试、连线测试评估42例首发未服药精神分裂症患者的执行功能、工作记忆、信息处理速度等变化;阳性和阴性症状量表评定患者精神症状;多元回归分析探讨认知功能与精神症状的关联。结果治疗前,患者组威斯康星测验持续错误数较对照组多(P0.001),完成分类数较对照组少(P=0.009);数字广度测试及词语流畅性分数(Ps0.001)均降低;Stroop及连线测试完成时间均较对照组延长(Ps0.001)。治疗后,患者组Stroop_B(P=0.022)、Stroop_C(P=0.033)完成时间较治疗前减少。治疗前连线测试A/B成绩越差,则阴性症状及总症状(Ps0.05)越严重;连线测试A成绩越差,阳性症状的改善越少(P=0.019)。结论精神分裂症患者发病早期存在认知功能损害;急性期治疗可改善精神病性症状及信息处理速度,但不改善执行功能及工作记忆;提示患者早期信息处理受损可能更接近状态性生物学标记,而执行功能、工作记忆受损更接近素质性生物学标记。  相似文献   

9.
目的 探讨双相障碍Ⅰ型稳定期患者认知损害的性别差异.方法 采用数字符号、数字广度、视觉再生、连线测验A(TMT-A)、连线测验B(TMT-B)、威斯康星测验(WSCT)和汉诺塔测验(TOH),检测218例双相障碍Ⅰ型患者(患者组)和318名正常对照(对照组)的注意、记忆和执行功能,并比较2组间的性别差异.结果 分组主效应:患者组在数字符号、数字广度顺背、数字广度倒背、数字广度总分、TMT-A时间、TMT-B时间、视觉再生、WSCT分类数、言语流畅性动物总数、TOH总分、TOH任务数、TOH平均计划时间、TOH平均执行时间、WSCT总错误数、WSCT持续错误数、言语流畅性重复数的成绩均低于对照组(F=66.60、16.10、17.06、20.38、98.77、66.33、23.75、5.65、62.08、21.51、22.08、10.15、19.33,x2=21.53、33.17、12.78),差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05).性别主效应:患者组与对照组女性在数字符号测验中的成绩优于男性(F=7.13,P<0.05),其中男性对照组和患者组分别为(53.30±12.30)分和(46.14±11.72)分,女性分别为(55.38±14.30)分和(47.82±11.95)分;在汉诺塔平均计划时间均短于男性,差异有统计学意义(F=5.13,P<0.05),其中男性对照组和患者组分别为(5.28±2.65)分和(6.36±3.77)分,女性分别为(5.15±2.82)分和(5.52±3.07)分;2组在分组和性别的交互作用无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 稳定期双相障碍患者存在认知损害,其某些注意和执行功能可能存在性别差异.  相似文献   

10.
目的:探讨首次发病的强迫症(OCD)患者认知功能的特点及相关影响因素。方法:采用逻辑记忆、视觉再生记忆、连线测验、数字广度、Stroop测验及威斯康星卡片分类测验分别对35例首次发病的OCD患者(OCD组)及30名健康对照者(HC组)进行神经心理学测评;应用Yale-Brown强迫量表(Y-BOCS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)、状态-特质焦虑问卷(STAI)评定患者的病情及抑郁、焦虑程度。结果:OCD组的逻辑延迟记忆、视觉再生记忆、连线测验A、B时间、数字广度倒背、Stroop测验字色阅读时间、威斯康星卡片分类测验成绩较明显差于健康对照组(P均<0.05)。OCD患者的病程与其视觉延迟记忆、数字广度倒背分呈负相关(r=-0.39,P=0.024;r=-0.38,P=0.027),SDS分与Stroop测验字色阅读时间正相关(r=0.37,P<0.05),Y-BOCS分、SAI分及TAI分与各神经心理学指标的相关性无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。结论:首次发病的OCD患者存在记忆、注意和执行功能损害。  相似文献   

11.
Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Robert J. Gumnit 《Epilepsia》1987,28(S3):S9-S13
Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.  相似文献   

12.
Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.  相似文献   

13.
Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy   总被引:7,自引:5,他引:2  
Eileen P.G. Vining 《Epilepsia》1987,28(S2):S18-S22
Summary: Epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the reasons for this correlation are unclear. Possible influential factors include patient age; duration, frequency, etiology, and type of seizures; hereditary factors; psychosocial issues; and antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Whereas many of these factors are beyond the physician's control, AED therapy is one element that can be addressed in treatment decisions by recognizing the potential cognitive effects of particular AEDs. For example, phenobarbital impairs memory and concentration; phenytoin affects attention, problem solving ability, and performance of visuomotor tasks. In contrast, carbamazepine may affect concentration, while valproate would appear to have minimal effects on cognition. Moreover, cognitive effects of AEDs are amplified with coadministration of multiple anticonvulsants (polytherapy). A review of studies on the cognitive effects of monotherapy with AEDs, as opposed to those of polytherapy, provides evidence that drug-related cognitive dysfunction can be reversed if patients are switched to a simpler therapeutic regimen. Future research should be directed toward developing reliable measures for assessing and monitoring cognition, and understanding the particular cognitive side effects of each AED. Physicians also need to revise their opinions about which side effects are "tolerable" for epileptic patients.  相似文献   

14.
Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.  相似文献   

15.
Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.  相似文献   

16.
B. J. Wilder 《Epilepsia》1987,28(S2):S1-S7
Summary: The long-standing practice of polypharmacy in treating epilepsy is giving way to use of monotherapy. Monotherapy can improve seizure control as well as reduce the risk of serious idiosyncratic reactions, dose-related side effects, and complex drug interactions. Monotherapy also offers improved compliance and cost-effectiveness. The basis of monotherapy is accurate diagnosis and assessment of the patient's seizure type(s), followed by selection of a single appropriate anticonvulsant drug. Many patients currently treated with multiple anticonvulsants can be successfully converted to monotherapy with a carefully monitored program in which troublesome and redundant drugs are gradually withdrawn from the therapeutic regimen.  相似文献   

17.
Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs   总被引:5,自引:4,他引:1  
Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.  相似文献   

18.
Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.  相似文献   

19.
Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.  相似文献   

20.
Dextromethorphan: Cellular Effects Reducing Neuronal Hyperactivity   总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4  
G. Trube  R. Netzer 《Epilepsia》1994,35(S5):S62-S67
Summary: Dextromethorphan is a dextrorotary morphinan without affinity for opioid receptors, commonly used as an antitussive medication. During the past 5 years, interest in the compound and its demethylated derivative, dextrorphan, has been revived because additional neuroprotective and an-tiepileptic properties were found in in vitro studies, animal experiments, and a few clinical cases. Both morphinans are able to inhibit N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channels and voltage-operated calcium and sodium channels with different potencies. The inhibition of the NMDA receptor is believed to be the predominant mechanism of action responsible for the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties of the compounds.  相似文献   

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