文拉法辛缓释剂治疗抑郁症的开放性研究

目的观察文拉法辛缓释剂治疗抑郁症的疗效和不良反应。方法采用开放多中心研究方法,收集符合国际疾病诊断分类第十版(ICD-10)抑郁障碍诊断标准的住院或门诊患者,接受可变剂量文拉法辛缓释剂治疗8周。在治疗前和治疗后第2、4、8周末分别进行汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、汉密顿焦虑量表(HAMA)和临床总体印象量表(CGI)检查,评定药物疗效,描述性记录治疗中出现的任何不良反应。结果435例参加研究,406例完成8周试验。从治疗第2周末开始,HAMD总分和各因子分显著下降,并且此后继续下降。治疗8周末,63.3%患者达到临床治愈标准(HAMD17总分≤7分)。HAMD17总分减分率达74.5%。总有效(临床治愈加有效)率为89.6%。反复发作者药物剂量明显高于单次发作者,病程短于1年的患者疗效优于病程超过1年以上的患者。常见的不良反应为中枢神经系统和消化系统反应,如头晕,多汗和恶心等。治疗前后患者的血压无明显改变。结论文拉法辛缓释剂是一种安全有效的抗抑郁药物。     

不同剂量文拉法辛缓释剂治疗抑郁症对照研究

目的:研究不同剂量文拉法辛缓释剂的抗抑郁效果及不良反应.方法:对符合中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准第3版情感性精神障碍(抑郁发作)诊断标准的患者50例,分别使用文拉法辛缓释剂75mg/d或150mg/d治疗6周,在0、1、2、4、6周评定汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD,17项),并评定疗效,监测血压,记录不良反应.结果:两种剂量均对抑郁症治疗效果良好,两组患者的HAMD评分自第1周起均有显著改善,6周末两组有效率和治愈率相似,但第2周末的有效率150mg组显著高于75mg组.两组患者的不良反应相似.结论:150mg/d文拉法辛缓释剂起效快,不增加不良反应.     

文拉法辛联合小剂量多塞平治疗躯体形式障碍的疗效观察

目的探讨文拉法辛联合小剂量多塞平治疗躯体形式障碍的疗效及安全性。方法将64例躯体形式障碍患者随机分为研究组(文拉法辛联合多塞平组)与对照组(文拉法辛组)各32例,分别予文拉法辛联合小剂量多塞平与文拉法辛治疗,疗程均为8周。临床疗效评定分别采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD-17)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、临床疗效总评量表-病情严重度(CGI-SI)及治疗时出现的症状量表(TESS)于治疗前后进行评定。结果研究组在治疗第2,4,6,8周末HAMA总分显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组在治疗第2周末精神性焦虑分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组在治疗第2,4周末HAMA减分率均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组在治疗第2,8周末HAMD总分显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。研究组在治疗第2,8周末HAMD减分率均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.01)。研究组总有效率为93.75%与对照组总有效率为87.50%比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),研究组的显效率为75.00%与对照组的50.00%比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组的不良反应均少,在治疗第8周末两组的TESS评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论文拉法辛联合小剂量多塞平治疗躯体形式障碍疗效优于单用文拉法辛,且无明显不良反应。     

文拉法辛对选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂治疗无效的抑郁症患者的疗效

目的研究文拉法辛对选择性5羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(SSRI)治疗无效的抑郁症患者的治疗效果。方法对经SSRI治疗8周而无明显疗效的34例抑郁症患者以文拉法辛治疗6周(研究组),剂量为(100±20)mg/d。在文拉法辛治疗前及治疗后第1,2,4,6周末评定汉密尔顿抑郁量表(17项,HAMD),并进行临床疗效评定,监测血压,记录不良反应。选择同期门诊34例年龄、诊断与研究组相匹配的患者作为对照组,给予文拉法辛治疗6周,剂量为(99±25)mg/d。结果两组患者的HAMD评分均从第1周末起明显下降(P<005或P<001),且一直持续至治疗第6周末。研究组治疗第6周末的有效率达68%(23/34),临床治愈率达53%(18/34);对照组分别为77%(26/34)和59%(20/34)。两组间的差异无统计学意义(P>005)。研究组口干、恶心、呕吐的发生率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<005)。结论文拉法辛对SSRI治疗8周而无明显疗效的抑郁症患者有较好的疗效。     

文拉法辛缓释剂治疗抑郁症急性期患者临床疗效的开放性研究

目的 评价5-羟色胺及去甲肾上腺素双重再摄取抑制剂文拉法辛缓释剂治疗抑郁症急性期门诊患者的临床疗效。方法 对11所医院的217例抑郁症急性期门诊患者予以文拉法辛缓释剂治疗，75mg／d，疗程共8周，治疗前后采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)和汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)评分观察疗效，以及观察相关实验室检查及记录不良反应。结果 文拉法辛缓释剂治疗急性期门诊抑郁症的临床治愈率和总有效率分别为60.4％和89.4％，HAMD和HAMA治疗前后的减分率分别为76．7％和77.1％；不良反应出现率为27.2％，其中89.6％的患者的不良反应在疗程结束时消失。结论 文拉法辛缓释剂能有效缓解抑郁和焦虑症状，对大多数门诊抑郁症患者在急性期治疗后能达到临床治愈，并有较好的耐受性和依从性。     

文拉法辛缓释剂替换治疗门诊抑郁症患者观察

目的:了解文拉法辛缓释剂替换选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂类(SSRIs)疗效欠佳的门诊抑郁症患者的有效性和安全性. 方法:将符合抑郁症诊断标准并经氟西汀,舍曲林,氟伏沙明和西酞普兰4种SSRIs抗抑郁剂之一治疗量治疗6周而疗效不佳的抑郁症患者72例随机分为两组.文拉法辛组34例换用文拉法辛缓释剂,帕罗西汀组38例换用帕罗西汀,疗程6周.换药前均停原用SSRIs药物.以汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、临床疗效总评量表病情严重程度(CGI-SI)分别于入组时、治疗2周末、4周末、6周末评定疾病的严重程度及好转情况;以治疗中出现的症状量表(TESS)评定药物的不良反应. 结果:两组在治疗4周末及6周末时其HAMD、CGI-SI评分差异有显著性,HAMA评分则从治疗2周末起即表现出显著性差异.文拉法辛组疗效优于帕罗西汀组,两组显效率分别为70.6%和52.6%,不良反应发生率无明显差异. 结论:文拉法辛缓释剂替换经SSRIs抗抑郁剂治疗效差的门诊抑郁症患者可取得好的疗效,且安全性好.     

西酞普兰与文拉法辛治疗抑郁症的对照研究

目的:比较西酞普兰与文拉法辛治疗抑郁症的疗效及安全性.方法:将50例抑郁症患者随机分入两组分别用西酞普兰和文拉法辛治疗,疗程6周,用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评定临床疗效,副反应量表(TESS)评定不良反应.结果:西酞普兰组显效率64.0%,有效率88.0%,文拉法辛组为60.0%,80.0%,两组疗效相仿.在治疗2周末时,文拉法辛组减分多于西酞普兰组,差异有显著性.两组不良反应均轻微.结论:西酞普兰和文拉法辛抗抑郁疗效肯定,不良反应轻.     

文拉法辛合并氯丙嗪治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的临床研究

目的观察文拉法辛合并氯丙嗪治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的疗效和不良反应。方法采用入院顺序分层随机法,将80例慢性精神分裂症患者分为研究组(文拉法辛+氯丙嗪)和对照组(氯丙嗪+安慰剂)。在治疗前、治疗第4,8,12周末以阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)总分减分率、阴性因子分减分率和不良反应量表(TESS)评定疗效和不良反应。结果治疗12周末,研究组PANSS总分减分率为(30.2±7.3)%,阴性因子分减分率为(29.3±2.1)%;对照组分别为(14.7±2.1)%,(2.8±0.7)%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),研究组阴性因子各项症状评分低于对照组(P<0.01)。研究组不良反应的发生率(36%)低于对照组(63%),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论文拉法辛治疗精神分裂症安全有效,协同氯丙嗪治疗精神分裂症阴性症状可增加疗效。     

文拉法辛缓释剂治疗抑郁症临床观察

文拉法辛缓释剂(商品名:怡诺思)治疗抑郁症门诊患者的疗效和不良反应,报告如下. 1 对象和方法 为2005年1至6月我院门诊患者,符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版的重性抑郁发作的诊断标准;入组前抑郁症患者的汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD,17项)总分≥25分.     

文拉法辛缓释剂与氯米帕明治疗门诊抑郁症患者的比较

目的评价文拉法辛缓释剂(怡诺思)与氯米帕明(安拿芬尼)治疗门诊抑郁症的临床疗效和安全性。方法将80例抑郁症门诊患者依就诊顺序随机分为两组，分别给予文拉法辛缓释剂(n=42)和氯米帕明(n=38)治疗，在2周内逐步增高剂量至150mg／d，在治疗前后用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)和副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效和不良反应。结果文拉法辛缓释剂与氯米帕明对抑郁症的治疗疗效相近，但前者起效更快，不良反应少于后者。结论文拉法辛缓释剂是安全、有效、依从性好、不良反应较少的新一代抗抑郁药。     

Diphenylhydantoin, Phenobarbital, and Primidone in Saliva, Plasma, and Cerebrospinal Fluid

Diphenylhydantoin, primidone, and phenobarbital were determined in saliva and plasma of 164 patients by gas-liquid chromatography. The saliva ratio was about one-tenth in patients on diphenylhydantoin, 0.32-0.38 on phenobarbital alone and with other drugs, 0.97 and 0.96 on primidone alone and with other drugs. The S/P ratio of phenobarbital was similar in patients treated with primidone alone or with co-medication. For diphenylhydantoin and primidone, the S/P and CSF/plasma ratio were similar; for phenobarbital the S/P ratio was lower due to the difference in pH of saliva and CSF. Thus the concentration in saliva serves as a measure of the nonprotein-bound or free concentration in plasma with the advantage that saliva is easy to obtain. Co-medication does not change the S/P ratio for the three drugs studied. The high correlation between levels in plasma and in saliva allows the plasma levels to be predicted from the concentration in saliva.     

Survey of public awareness, attitudes, and understanding toward epilepsy in Nhan Chinh, Hanoi, Vietnam, in 2003

PURPOSE: Many studies have shown that cultural and social awareness of, attitudes toward, and knowledge about epilepsy can have an impact on the acceptance of treatment. The aim of this study is to characterize public awareness of attitudes toward and understanding of epilepsy in a Vietnamese community and to compare results with those obtained in other cultures. METHODS: A survey concerning the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of Vietnamese people with respect to epilepsy was carried out in the Nhan Chinh precinct of Hanoi. One thousand people were randomly selected for face-to-face interviews regarding epilepsy. RESULTS: Of the subjects surveyed, 54.6% had heard of epilepsy; 45.5% knew someone with epilepsy; 49.2% had witnessed an epileptic seizure; 56% would not allow their son or daughter to marry someone with epilepsy; 42.1% did not believe that epileptic patients could hold down a normal job; 77.8% believed that epilepsy is an organic disorder of the brain; 23.8% thought that epilepsy is a form of dementia; and 91% thought that epileptic patients require medical care. CONCLUSION: As compared with surveys conducted in other countries, our survey showed that the awareness of epilepsy in this Vietnamese community is limited, and gives rise to alternative attitudes and practices.     

Progression in idiopathic,diabetic, paraproteinemic,alcoholic, and B12 deficiency neuropathy

We determined prospectively the clinical and electrophysiological progression of idiopathic, diabetic, paraproteinemic, alcoholic, and B12 deficiency neuropathy in 606 subjects over 3 years. We hypothesized that idiopathic peripheral neuropathy would demonstrate slower progression when compared with other etiologies. Laboratory assessments were used to determine the etiology of peripheral neuropathy at baseline and after 3 years. When compared with peripheral neuropathy related to type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus, subjects with idiopathic peripheral neuropathy progressed much slower, but demonstrated similar rates of progression to that of the other groups. Overall, detectable progression was minimal over 3 years. After 3 years, only 3% of cases of idiopathic peripheral neuropathy had any potentially identifiable causes discovered. Clinical and electrophysiological detection of very slow progression for these five types of peripheral neuropathy is possible using currently established clinical scales and standard electrophysiological techniques.     

Prevalence, knowledge, attitude, and practice of epilepsy in Kerala, South India

PURPOSE: To ascertain the prevalence and pattern of epilepsy and to characterize and quantify knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) toward epilepsy among the people of the state of Kerala, which is distinguished from the rest of India by a high level of literacy and health awareness of its population. METHODS: We conducted a door-to-door survey covering the entire population of 238,102 people residing in 43,681 households in a semiurban area of central Kerala. The screening questionnaire administered by medical social workers had a sensitivity of 100% for identifying persons with epilepsy. Neurologists examined all the individuals suspected of having epilepsy. We evaluated KAP toward epilepsy among 1,118 subjects (439 males and 679 females; mean age, 33.3 years; age range, 15-85 years) from households without epilepsy in the study area. RESULTS: Through a three-phased survey, we ascertained 1,175 cases (616 males and 559 females) with active epilepsy, providing a crude point prevalence ratio of 4.9 cases per 1,000 people and an age-adjusted prevalence ratio of 4.7 cases per 1,000 population. The highest age-specific prevalence rate of 6.5 per 1,000 occurred in the 10- to 19-year-old age group. Sex-specific prevalence rates did not significantly differ. The proportion of generalized and localization-related epilepsies was 58.8% and 30.6%, respectively. Ninety-nine percent of the KAP respondents had read or heard about epilepsy. Thirty-one percent and 27% thought epilepsy was a hereditary disorder and a form of insanity, respectively. About 40% of the respondents felt that individuals with epilepsy could not be properly educated or employed. Eleven percent would object to their children having contact with epileptic children. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence and pattern of epilepsy in central Kerala, South India, do not differ from that of developed countries. Although the awareness of epilepsy among the people of Kerala was comparable to that of developed countries, the attitudes were much more negative. The need for educating the people of Kerala on epilepsy and for incorporating an adequate knowledge of epilepsy in the school curricula cannot be overemphasized.     

Arterial antithrombotic effects of aspirin, heparin, enoxaparin and clopidogrel alone, or in combination, in the rat

INTRODUCTION: Many antithrombotic drugs may have a deleterious effect on normal haemostasis leading to bleeding complications. The aim of this study was to determine if sub-therapeutic (low) doses of antithrombotic agents, when administered in combination, have enhanced efficacy without augmentation of bleeding time. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The antithrombotic effects of i.v. aspirin (4-30 mg/kg), heparin (100-500 U/kg), enoxaparin (4-30 mg/kg) and clopidogrel (10-20 mg/kg) were studied in a rat Folts-like preparation of carotid arterial thrombosis. The frequency of cyclic flow reductions (CFRs; indicating occlusive thrombus formation) and bleeding time were measured. Drug doses that were singly ineffective at preventing occlusive thrombus formation were tested in the following combinations: aspirin (10 mg/kg) with heparin (250 U/kg); aspirin (4 mg/kg) with enoxaparin (4 mg/kg); and aspirin (10 mg/kg) with clopidogrel (10 mg/kg). RESULTS: Control period (pretreatment) CFRs were not significantly different between groups; average 7.0+/-0.3 CFRs/30 min (n=64). Tail bleeding time before drug(s) was 3.1+/-0.1 min (n=86). When administered alone, aspirin (4-30 mg/kg), heparin (250 U/kg) or enoxaparin (4 mg/kg) had no effect on CFRs or bleeding time. Heparin (500 U/kg), enoxaparin (10 and 30 mg/kg) and clopidogrel (20 mg/kg) significantly decreased CFRs. Single administration of heparin (500 U/kg) or enoxaparin (30 mg/kg) increased bleeding time by 4- or 11-fold. When co-administered, aspirin 10 mg/kg and heparin 250 U/kg decreased CFRs, but also increased bleeding time by 11-fold. However, combination of aspirin and enoxaparin (4 mg/kg each), or aspirin and clopidogrel (10 mg/kg each), decreased CFRs with no effect on bleeding. CONCLUSIONS: In a preparation of arterial thrombosis in the rat, combinations of sub-efficacious (low) doses of aspirin with enoxaparin or clopidogrel inhibited thrombus formation without augmenting bleeding time. However, low-dose aspirin combined with heparin, whilst inhibiting thrombus formation, exacerbated bleeding time. If these findings translate into the clinic, the use of effective low-dose combinations may have therapeutic advantages.     

Changes in gamma-aminobutyrate, glutamate, aspartate, glycine, and taurine contents in the striatum after unilateral nigrostriatal lesions in rats

Contents of five amino acids (gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA), glutamate, aspartate, glycine, and taurine) were assayed in the rat striatum in which nigrostriatal pathways were unilaterally destroyed by 6-hydroxydopamine. GABA content in the operated side was significantly increased 1 month after the surgery compared with that in the nonoperated side. Contents of four other amino acids assayed did not change significantly. Among possible mechanisms for this elevation we postulated that sprouting of the GABAergic terminals in the striatum would be most probable.     

Cobalamin, folate, methylmalonic acid, homocysteine, and gastritis markers in dementia

The prevalence of dementia disorders, cobalamin and/or folate deficiency as well as gastritis increases with age. To investigate whether there is an association between these conditions, plasma homocysteine (Hcy), serum methylmalonic acid, serum cobalamin and blood folate concentrations were measured. Gastritis was indirectly diagnosed by measuring serum antibodies against H,K-ATPase, HELICOBACTER PYLORI and intrinsic factor, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The studied groups consisted of 47 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), 9 with AD pathology in combination with additive vascular lesions, 59 with vascular dementia, 8 who were cognitively impaired, and 101 control cases. Plasma Hcy concentrations were significantly elevated in the dementia groups, with the highest levels in patients with vascular pathology. We conclude that hyperhomocysteinemia is a common finding in patients with dementia disorders of different etiologies. The markers for gastritis did not contribute to an elucidation of a possible connection between this condition, dementia disorders, or cobalamin/folate deficiency.