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1.
Commonly reported gender effects for differential vulnerability for anxiety may relate to gender socialization processes. The present study examined the relationship between gender role and fear under experimental conditions designed to elicit accurate fear reporting. Undergraduate students (N = 119) completed several self-report measures and a behavioral avoidance task (BAT) with a tarantula while wearing a heart rate monitor. Gender roles were operationalized as instrumentality and expressiveness, as measured by the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (Spence, Helmreich, & Stapp, 1975). As expected, women reported greater subjective anxiety and were more avoidant of the tarantula than men. Regardless of gender, low levels of instrumentality were associated with greater avoidance of the tarantula. The hypothesis that men underreport fear compared to women and that gender role differences underlie this reporting bias was not supported. In spite of a ceiling effect on the BAT, results of this study confirm the relevance of gender role in understanding gender effects in fear and anxiety.  相似文献   

2.
Purpose: We systematically analyzed the video‐recorded and patient‐reported, as well as positive and negative ictal affective symptoms (IAS) in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Our aim was to assess (1) frequency, (2) gender effect, (3) lateralizing significance, (4) localizing value, and (5) prognostic significance in epilepsy surgery of IAS in patients with video‐registered seizures. Methods: We reviewed ictal video recordings of 184 patients (99 women, aged 16–63). All patients had surgery for intractable TLE with video‐recorded complex partial seizures (CPS) due to temporal lobe lesions visualized by high‐resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Affective auras (AAs) were categorized into two groups: positive or negative. Results: We registered AAs in 18% of patients: positive in 3%, negative in 15%. We saw ictal affective behavior (IAB) in 22% of patients; 10% had positive, whereas 14% had negative IAB. Two patients had both positive and negative IAB. AAs showed an association with IAB in case of fear expression versus fear auras (p = 0.018). IAB, especially negative IAB, occurred more often in women than in men. Patients with negative IAB were younger than others. We could not demonstrate an association between IAS and the localization, lateralization, or hemispheric dominance. Surgical outcome did not associate with IAS. Discussion: Patient‐reported and video‐recorded negative—but not positive—affective signs are related to each other. Video‐recorded negative AAs occur more often in women and young patients.  相似文献   

3.
Purpose: Ictal fear is an uncommon condition in which fear manifests as the main feature of epileptic seizures. The literature has suggested that ictal fear is generally associated with poor seizure outcomes. We wanted to clarify the variability in seizure outcome of children with ictal fear. Subjects and methods: We identified five pediatric patients with ictal fear who were followed up on at Okayama University Hospital between January 2003 and December 2012. We retrospectively reviewed their clinical records and EEG findings. Results: The onset age of epilepsy ranged from 8 months to 9 years and 10 months. The common ictal symptoms were sudden fright, clinging to someone nearby, and subsequent impairment of consciousness, which were often accompanied by complex visual hallucinations and psychosis-like complaints. Ictal fear, in four patients, was perceived as a nonepileptic disorder by their parents. Ictal electroencephalograms (EEG) of ictal fear were obtained in all patients. Three showed frontal onset, while the other two showed centrotemporal or occipital onsets. Two patients were seizure free at last follow-up, while seizures persisted in the other three. A patient with seizure onset during infancy had a favorable outcome, which was considered to be compatible with benign partial epilepsy with affective symptoms. Conclusion: Ictal fear is not always associated with a symptomatic cause or a poor seizure outcome. It is quite important to make a correct diagnosis of ictal fear as early as possible to optimize treatment.  相似文献   

4.
There is a predominance of female gender among patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES). Reasons for this preponderance are not entirely explained in the literature yet. The evidence shows that there exist sex-dependent intrinsic functional connectivity differences in brain areas responsible for emotional and cognitive processing. As a consequence, women and men may differ in vulnerability to physical or emotional trauma. An abnormal connectivity between brain areas involved in emotional processing, cognitive integration systems, motor and premotor regions and/or other related regions may explain the ictal events seen in patients with PNES. The intrinsic brain connectivity differences between men and women may be one reason for the predominance of female gender among patients with PNES. In addition, some early life experiences associated with PNES (e.g., childhood sexual abuse) are more prevalent among female gender. These lifetime experiences affect and alter brain connectivity in women differently compared with men and more often predispose female gender to psychopathology. These neurobiological, social and vulnerability differences may explain why PNES is predominantly seen in female gender.  相似文献   

5.
The present study investigated the gender differences in medial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) with regard to clinical history, seizure semiology, and EEG data. To avoid the influence of pathological and localisation differences, we included only MTLE patients with hippocampal sclerosis. Patients who had long term video EEG recordings with registered seizures and unilateral hippocampal sclerosis proved by high resolution MRI were included. There were 153 patients (86 women and 67 men) who met our inclusion criteria. The mean age of the patients was 33.5 years (range 16-59). The mean age at epilepsy onset was 10.8 years. Although there were more women than men, this difference was not significant (p = 0.15). We found that male patients experienced generalised seizures significantly more often, and isolated auras significantly less often than female patients. Analysing EEG data, we found that a seizure pattern lateralised to the side of the hippocampal sclerosis occurred more often in female patients. In the logistic regression analysis, we found that all three factors were associated independently with gender. Odds ratio (OR) for female gender in patients with generalised seizures was 0.44 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.21 to 0.92; p<0.05). In patients with isolated auras OR for female gender was 2.1 (95% CI 1.1 to 4.2; p<0.05). OR for female gender in patients with lateralised seizure pattern was 8.8 (95% CI 1.8 to 42.7; p<0.01). Men more often had secondarily generalised tonic-clonic seizures, while women had isolated auras and lateralised EEG seizure pattern more often. Our data suggest that the seizure spread is more extended or occurs more frequently in men than in women.  相似文献   

6.
Gender differences in tardive dyskinesia: a critical review of the literature.   总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13  
We analyzed data from 76 selected studies on prevalence of tardive dyskinesia (TD), published through 1989. The primary focus was on gender differences. The overall prevalence of TD in the 39,187 patients included in these reports was 24.2 percent, and prevalence was significantly higher in women (26.6%) than in men (21.6%). The gender difference in TD prevalence appeared to narrow intriguingly in more recent studies. Overall, the TD prevalence seemed to reach its peak in the 50-70-year-old age group in men and continued to rise after age 70 in women. Also, women tended to have more severe TD than men. Spontaneous dyskinesia too was found to be more common in women. The material was also analyzed for cultural differences by comparing studies in four continents: North America, Europe, Africa, and Asia. Although grouping together studies from different countries in a continent into a single group is somewhat problematic, we found that Asian patients had lower prevalence of TD than North American, European, and African patients. Limitations of our review (including differences among studies in diagnostic criteria, observer bias, etc.) as well as possible explanations for the reported differences in the risk for TD are discussed.  相似文献   

7.
PURPOSE: We examined the ictal discharges at the end of pediatric seizures and categorized the various patterns. One particular pattern, termed "abruptly attenuated termination" was studied in detail. METHODS: Ictal segments captured on video-EEG monitoring during a 26-month interval were analyzed for a variety of ictal termination patterns, including one that we rigorously defined as abruptly attenuated termination pattern (AAT). We studied the associations between AAT and the other ictal EEG and clinical features. RESULTS: AAT was noted in 16 of 200 (8%) pediatric seizures. All 16 were immediately preceded by repetitive spikes or spike-waves. The presence of AAT also correlated with ictal spread pattern, initial ictal pattern, laterality of onset, seizure duration, age, and epilepsy etiology. AAT is more often noted in children older than 6 months and in children with idiopathic or cryptogenic forms of epilepsy. CONCLUSIONS: The minority of pediatric seizures recorded in a tertiary epilepsy monitoring unit end with diffuse, synchronized abrupt attenuation. AAT probably is the result of an active process that is developmentally related. It appears to require some degree of mature and intact neurophysiology and may involve the thalamocortical circuit.  相似文献   

8.
PurposeThe aim of this study was to determine the relationship of fear to other auras and to gender and age using a large database.MethodsThe Epilepsy Phenome/Genome Project (EPGP) is a multicenter, multicontinental cross-sectional study in which ictal symptomatology and other data were ascertained in a standardized series of questionnaires then corroborated by epilepsy specialists. Auras were classified into subgroups of symptoms, with ictal fear, panic, or anxiety as a single category.ResultsOf 536 participants with focal epilepsy, 72 were coded as having ictal fear/panic/anxiety. Reviewing raw patient responses, 12 participants were deemed not to have fear, and 24 had inadequate data, leaving 36 (7%) of 512 with definite ictal fear. In univariate analyses, fear was significantly associated with auras historically considered temporal lobe in origin, including cephalic, olfactory, and visceral complaints; déjà vu; and derealization. On both univariate and multivariate stepwise analyses, fear was associated with jamais vu and auras with cardiac symptoms, dyspnea, and chest tightening. Expressive aphasia was associated with fear on univariate analysis only, but the general category of aphasias was associated with fear only in the multivariate model. There was no age or gender relationship with fear when compared to the overall population with focal epilepsy that was studied under the EPGP. Patients with ictal fear were more likely to have a right hemisphere seizure focus.ConclusionsIctal fear was strongly associated with other auras considered to originate from the limbic system. No relationship of fear with age or gender was observed.  相似文献   

9.
According to the literature, schizophrenia begins in men earlier than in women. It has been argued that the gender-bound age difference is due to the protective antidopaminergic effect of estrogens in women. However, the effect of gender on the age of onset may vary between different types of schizophrenias, and can also be modulated by marital status and by age at onset of illness. Comprehensive data were collected on 3306 DSM IIR schizophrenia patients, aged 15-64 years, who had been discharged from psychiatric hospitals in Finland in 1982, 1986 and 1990. The age of onset of illness (AOI) was defined by the age at the first admission (AFA). Male patients were admitted earlier than female patients, and a small second peak in women appeared at the age of 40-44. However, there were no gender differences in AFA within diagnostic subgroups, except in paranoid schizophrenia in which AFA was lower in men than in women even when marital status was taken into account. Within paranoid schizophrenia, this effect of gender was significant only in those of the patients whose AFA was higher than 30 years. It is suggested that there is no gender difference in AOI in early onset schizophrenia. In later onset, paranoid schizophrenia, the illness seems to manifest in women later than in men.  相似文献   

10.
IntroductionDifferent types of childhood trauma have been repeatedly shown to contribute to psychotic symptoms. Gender differences in schizophrenia are well known. Some studies argue that trauma history means a significantly higher risk of psychosis for women than men. However, there is evidence of early adverse life events to be associated with higher stress-sensitivity in men. Little is known about the connection of specific type of trauma and specific psychotic symptoms as well as the course of illness with explicit regard to gender differences.Methods102 men and women with schizophrenia spectrum disorder were tested using Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders, Scale for Assessing Positive Symptoms, Early Trauma Inventory-SR.ResultsAlthough, women had a later age at onset without regarding trauma history (d = 0.74), this difference became non-significant when introducing trauma variables. Patients reporting physical abuse had a significantly earlier age at onset, regardless of their sex (V = 0.13, F = 3.11, p = 0.03. Physical abuse predicted an earlier age at onset only in women (R2 = 0.23). History of general trauma predicted more frequent hospitalizations only in men (R2 = 0.55).ConclusionsAlthough women generally tend to have a more favorable course of illness including a later age at onset men, women with CPA seem to lose this “advantage”. It is necessary to investigate the contribution of gender interacting with adverse life events in contribution to the phenomenology and etiology of schizophrenia.  相似文献   

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