额叶癫痫的临床特点及脑电图分析

目的探讨额叶癫痫的临床特点及脑电图改变。方法抽取2011-06—2013-06在我院就诊的60例额叶癫痫患者为研究对象,分析患者的临床特点及脑电图改变情况。结果临床发作次数共148次,每例患者平均发作2.5次,其中100次为睡眠期间发作,48次为清醒期间发作;发作主要表现为全身强直阵挛、发声发作及偏转性强直等。额叶癫痫脑电图主要特点为放电部位以额区为主49例(81.67%),主要发作频率为偶发/阵法54例(90.00%),常见的节律为阵发性棘(尖)波或棘(尖)慢波38例(63.33%)。结论对于额叶癫痫,主要的临床特点为全身强直阵挛、发声发作及偏转性强直,且在夜间发作较为常见,脑电图的主要形式为额区偶发/阵发性棘(尖)波或棘(尖)慢波。     

35例颞叶癫痫临床特征与脑电图分析

目的探讨颞叶癫痫(temporal lobe epilepsy TLE),临床特征和脑电图(electroencephalogram,EEG)的特点。方法对已确诊的35例TLE患者均行视频脑电图(Video-VEEG)检查,并结合临床症状进行分析。结果 35例TLE患者脑电图中,1例正常,5例非特异性改变,29例有痫性放电,其中左侧颞叶放电12例,右侧颞叶放电8例,双侧颞叶放电9例。监测过程中4例出现临床发作。EEG癫痫波多分布于一侧颞区。临床症状中以继发性全身强直-阵挛发作占最多。结论颞叶癫痫临床特征及颞区痫性放电对TLE诊断有重要作用;VEEG对提高TLE的诊断和定位有重要意义。     

颞叶癫痫手术后先兆发作对癫痫治疗效果的长期影响

难治性颞叶内侧癫痫患者施行前颞叶切除术后，70％-90％患者术后未再出现发作，例如复杂部分性发作（complex partial seizure，CPS）和继发性全身强直阵挛发作（secondary generalized tonic-clonic seizure，SGTCS）。但是部分患者术后仍遗留有癫痫先兆。先兆的存在是否会增加术后癫痫复发的机会？术后患者有先兆发作是否需要处理？目前还不清楚。     

经SEEG证实以过度运动为发作症状的颞叶癫痫分析

目的 探讨以过度运动为主要发作症状的颞叶癫痫患者的临床与电生理特点。方法 回顾性分析广东三九脑科医院经立体定向脑电图(SEEG)证实的,以过度运动为主要发作症状的10例颞叶癫痫患者的临床资料;分析其症状学及脑电图特点。结果 本组患者中,以颞叶内侧结构起始的患者7例,以颞叶新皮层起始的患者2例,以颞叶内外侧同步起始的患者1例。其中9例患者有发作前兆;所有患者均在过度运动发作的同时,伴有不同程度的自动运动(轻微的咂嘴、抿嘴、嘟嘴、手的摸索)和发作起始对侧肢体的肌张力障碍。SEEG均以周期性节律性棘-慢波→低波幅快活动为发作起始图形;脑电图起始至出现过度运动或自动运动的时间平均为65 s。结论 以过度运动为主要发作症状的颞叶癫痫,其致痫区可以是颞叶内侧结构或颞叶新皮层。以过度运动为主要发作症状学,伴先兆、自动运动和对侧肢体的肌张力障碍,提示为颞叶起源的癫痫;先兆和自动症是颞叶癫痫与额叶癫痫鉴别的要点,可与额叶癫痫相鉴别。颞叶癫痫出现过度运动可能是同时或先后激活了额叶的腹内侧网络和颞岛网络所致。     

影响颞叶癫痫预后相关因素分析

目的研究颞叶癫痫患者病史、脑电图、头颅影像学资料等与其预后的关系。方法回顾分析我院确诊的99例颞叶癫痫患者病史、头颅影像学资料、发作间期脑电图资料、药物疗效,依据药物疗效分为难治性癫痫组46例,非难治性癫痫组53例,比较两组间差异。结果比较两组间差异发现:头颅MRI异常(χ2=7.55,P<0.01)、发作间期脑电图(electroencephalogram,EEG)反复异常(χ2=8.21,P<0.01)、初发年龄小(Z=-3.81,P<0.01)、病程长(Z=-4.41,P<0.01)与难治性颞叶癫痫有关。结论头颅MRI异常、发作间期EEG反复异常、初发年龄小、病程长为颞叶癫痫预后的不良因素。     

额颞叶癫痫有定位价值的发作性症状

癫痫发作性症状不仅对癫痫的诊断也对确定癫痫在大脑的起源区有非常重要的意义。对手术后发作消失的病人分析其术前发作性症状与手术切除部位的关系可以确定其定侧价值。额、颞叶癫痫有定侧价值的发作性症状可分为三类:①高度定侧意义:一侧阵挛、扭转、不对称性强直姿势、一侧鬼脸、发作后轻瘫、发作终止不对称;②一般定侧意义:一侧肌张力障碍性姿势、一侧强直姿势、一侧手自动症;③定侧意义不肯定:早期头转动、一侧眨眼、发作后擦鼻子、发声。而口咽自动症、过度运动自动症、发笑、发作后咳嗽、自主神经症状等则无定侧意义。     

鼻咽癌放射治疗后继发性癫痫的研究

目的 探讨鼻咽癌放射治疗后放射性脑病患者继发癫痫发作的临床特点及影像学表现. 方法 收集中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院自2005年2月至2010年12月收治的112例鼻咽癌放疗后放射性脑病患者资料,按照有无出现癫痫发作分为癫痫组与非癫痫组.总结癫痫组患者临床特点及头颅MRI、EEG表现. 结果 112例放射性脑病患者中,出现癫痫发作的患者有17例(15.2％),其中继发全面性强直阵挛发作(SGTC)是最常见的发作形式(9例),其次为单纯部分性发作(5例).与非癫痫组的放射性脑病患者相比,颞叶囊性变更常见于有癫痫发作的放射性脑病患者中.2例癫痫患者常规脑电图记录到散在的尖波、尖慢波.9例癫痫患者在治疗原发病后癫痫发作得到控制,无需加用抗癫痫药物. 结论 鼻咽癌放射性脑病患者出现继发性癫痫者中,以SGTC和单纯部分性发作较常见,使用抗癫痫药物可以较好控制癫痫症状.     

短暂性癫痫性遗忘的临床和电生理研究(附6例报告)

目的探讨短暂性癫痫性遗忘(TEA)的临床和电生理特点。方法对本院脑电监测中心收治的6例TEA患者的临床和电生理特点进行研究。结果 6例患者,女性4例,男性2例,年龄34~74岁。除有癫痫性遗忘发作外,还伴有自动症、部分继发全面强直阵挛发作(s GTCS)、"愣神"等其他癫痫发作形式,5例患者的脑电图均为颞导(单侧或双侧)痫样放电,1例正常。其中5例均给予抗癫痫药物治疗,随访1 y,3例无临床发作,2例偶有发作。结论 TEA常常被误诊或漏诊,尽管大多数颞叶癫痫为难治性癫痫,我们的研究提示伴有TEA的颞叶癫痫对抗癫痫药物反应良好。     

术前头皮长程视频脑电图表现与颞叶癫痫手术预后的关系

目的探讨术前头皮长程视频脑电图(VEEG)发作间期放电、发作期起始侧别与颞叶癫痫(TLE)患者手术预后的关系。方法回顾性分析75例颞叶癫痫手术治疗患者的临床资料。患者术后经过1~9年的随访,根据手术后有、无癫痫发作将患者分为发作组和无发作组。另外按两组患者中术前头皮脑电图发作间期放电及发作期起始侧别分组,比较各组患者中发作组与无发作组患者的比率。结果75例患者中术后有发作者34例(发作组),无发作者41例(无发作组)。术前头皮VEEG发作期起始单侧且发作间期同侧放电者24例,其中发作组4例、无发作组20例,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。手术侧别与影像证据同侧的72例患者中,发作组34例,无发作组38例;脑电图(发作期与发作间期)与影像证据一致患者中,发作组4例,未发作组20例,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。症状学与影像学表现一致的49例患者中,发作组22例,无发作组27例;与发作期及发作间期脑电均一致患者中,发作组3例,无发作组17例,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论术前VEEG发作期起始为单侧且与发作间期放电同侧、手术侧别与影像学异常同侧且VEEG(发作期与发作间期)与影像学异常一致,以及术前影像学、症状学和VEEG表现三者一致的颞叶癫痫患者手术治疗的预后较好。     

常染色体显性遗传颞叶外侧癫痫

常染色体显性遗传颞叶外侧癫痫(autosomal dominant lateral temporal epilepsy，ADLTE)又称合并听觉症状的常染色体显性遗传部分性癫痫(autosomal dominant partial epilepsy with auditory features，ADPEAF)，由Ottman等1995年首次报道。现已发现本病与染色体10q22-24相关。一般在儿童或成人早期发病，临床可见简单性、继发性全身性强直阵挛发作，多有典型听觉先兆和(或)颞叶外侧起源的其他先兆。     

The Relationship Between Sleep and Epilepsy in Frontal and Temporal Lobe Epilepsies: Practical and Physiopathologic Considerations

Summary: Purpose: The influence of sleep on the incidence of seizures and the reciprocal effects of epilepsy on sleep were analyzed in 30 patients with intractable partial seizures, all candidates for surgery.
Methods: The patients were classified into two groups of 15 patients according to the documented site of the epileptogenic zone: frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE) and medial temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Frequency and waking-sleep distribution of seizures were evaluated by continuous video-EEG monitoring for 5 days, under defined antiepileptic drug (AED), sleep, and sleep deprivation regimens. Sleep organization was analyzed by polysomnography prior to the presurgical protocol.
Results: Significant differences were found between the two groups in sleeping-waking distribution of seizures under varied conditions, and in the quality of sleep organization. In FLE patients, seizures most often occurred during sleep, although sleep organization was normal. In TLE patients, most seizures occurred while patients were awake, and sleep organization was characterized by a low efficiency index. The difference in seizure distribution between FLE and TLE persisted under all conditions investigated, i.e., after AED discontinuation and sleep deprivation.
Conclusions: Sleep recording may be useful for diagnosis of FLE, and monitoring after sleep deprivation for that of TLE. We speculate that sleep-related seizures in FLE may depend on interaction between frontal lobe areas with the thalamus cortical synchronization system and the acetylcholine regulatory system of waking.     

A study of the relationship between the seizure focus and 1H-MRS in temporal lobe epilepsy and frontal lobe epilepsy

Several studies of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients have investigated the relationship between the seizure focus and 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS). There have also been a few reports in other types of partial epilepsy. We examined the relationship between the seizure focus and the reduction in N-acetylaspartate: creatine (NAA : Cr) ratio using 1H-MRS in both TLE and frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE) patients. We studied 21 patients with unilateral TLE and seven patients with unilateral FLE. We used a 1.5 Tesla magnetic resonance unit (Signa Horizon; General Electric). Approximately 15 x 15 x 20 mm3 voxel of interest (VOI) was placed over the anterior portion of the bilateral hippocampus in the TLE patients, and the anterodorsal position of bilateral frontal lobe in the FLE patients. The seizure focus was identified by interictal scalp electro-encephalogram (EEG). In the TLE patients the NAA : Cr ratios were reduced in the seizure focus, while in the FLE patients they were not always reduced in the seizure focus. In the TLE patients the coincidence rate between the seizure focus and the reduction in the NAA:Cr ratio was 90% (19 of 21 patients), while in the FLE patients the coincidence rate was only 57% (four of seven patients).     

Changes in Regional Cerebral Blood Flow Beyond the Temporal Lobe in Unilateral Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Summary: Purpose: Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is widely used to evaluate functional abnormalities during the epileptic event. Changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) are well defined in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) undergoing surgical resection. Nonetheless, the interpretation of ictal abnormalities in CBF beyond the temporal lobes has not been carefully addressed.
Methods : We assessed 4 patients with pathologically proven unilateral TLE who had significant ipsilateral frontal hypoperfusion in ictal studies with no other abnormalities but chronic epilepsy accounting for such findings. Patients were assessed as candidates for surgery by interictal EEG, neuropsychological studies, brain magnetic resonance imaging, scalp electrode video-EEG monitoring, and ictal SPECT.
Results : Characteristic hyperperfusion was evident over the temporal lobe ipsilateral to the EEG focus, with significant hypoperfusion over the frontal region in 3 patients. In patient 4, frontal hypoperfusion was not statistically significant.
Conclusions : SPECT demonstrated relative rCBF changes beyond the epileptogenic zone in unilateral TLE. Our findings provide further insight into the pathophysiological changes underlying this condition.     

Widespread epileptic networks in focal epilepsies: EEG-fMRI study

Purpose: To assess the extent of brain involvement during focal epileptic activity, we studied patterns of cortical and subcortical metabolic changes coinciding with interictal epileptic discharges (IEDs) using group analysis of simultaneous electroencephalography and functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG‐fMRI) scans in patients with focal epilepsy. Methods: We selected patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE, n = 32), frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE, n = 14), and posterior quadrant epilepsy (PQE, n = 20) from our 3 Tesla EEG‐fMRI database. We applied group analysis upon the blood oxygen–level dependent (BOLD) response associated with focal IEDs. Key Findings: Patients with TLE and FLE showed activations and deactivations, whereas in PQE only deactivations occurred. In TLE and FLE, the largest activation was in the mid–cingulate gyri bilaterally. In FLE, activations were also found in the ipsilateral frontal operculum, thalamus, and internal capsule, and in the contralateral cerebellum, whereas in TLE, we found additional activations in the ipsilateral mesial and neocortical temporal regions, insula, and cerebellar cortex. All three groups showed deactivations in default mode network regions, the most widespread being in the TLE group, and less in PQE and FLE. Significance: These results indicate that different epileptic syndromes result in unique and widespread networks related to focal IEDs. Default mode regions are deactivated in response to focal discharges in all three groups with syndrome specific pattern. We conclude that focal IEDs are associated with specific networks of widespread metabolic changes that may cause more substantial disturbance to brain function than might be appreciated from the focal nature of the scalp EEG discharges.     

颞叶癫 的EEG和MR术前定位研究

目的：探讨 ＥＥＧ、ＭＲ对颞叶癫癎（ＴＬＥ）术前定位。方法：用 ＭＲ、ＥＥＧ对 ２０例 ＴＬＥ病例进行术前定位,与术中 ＥＥＧ和术后随访结果比较。结果：２０例病例中１７例依据ＭＲ及ＥＥＧ获得定位,主要在海马区域病变１２例,前颞叶５例．另３例ＭＲ检查正常,依据多次ＥＥＧ检查获得定位,随访疗效满意。结论：ＥＥＧ是诊断ＴＬＥ的重要手段,ＭＲ可对继发性ＴＬＥ作出正确诊断,ＭＲ对海马硬化检查可协助ＥＥＧ对ＴＬＥ定位诊断。     

Identification of Frontal Lobe Epileptic Foci in Children Using Positron Emission Tomography

Summary: Purpose: Presurgical evaluation for intractable frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE) is difficult and invasive, partly because anatomic neuroimaging studies with computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) typically do not show a discrete lesion. In adult patients with FLE, functional neuroimaging of glucose metabolism with positron emission tomography (PET) is less sensitive in detecting focal metabolic abnormalities than in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Comparable data on children with FLE are not available. Methods: We used high-resolution PET scanning of glucose metabolism to evaluate 13 children (age 17 months to 17 years; mean age 9.5 years) with intractable FLE being considered for surgical treatment. Only children with normal CT and MRI scans were included. Results: Hypometabolism including the frontal lobe was evident in 12 of the 13 children, was unilateral in 11 of 13, and was restricted to the frontal lobe in 8 of 13. One child showed bilateral frontal cortex hypometabolism and another had anictal PET scan demonstrating unilateral frontal cortex hyper-metabolism surrounded by hypometabolism. Additional hypo–metabolic areas outside the frontal cortex were observed in 5 children in parietal and/or temporal cortex. Localization of seizure onset on scalp EEG was available in 10 children and corresponded to the location of frontal lobe PET abnormality in 8. However, in 4 of the 10 children, the extent of hypometabolism exceeded the epileptogenic region indicated by ictal EEG. In 2 of the 13 children, the abnormality evident on EEG was more extensive than that evident on PET. In the remaining 3 children for whom only interictal EEG data were available, the PET foci did not correspond in location to the interictal EEG abnormalities. In 11 of the 13 children, the presumed region of seizure onset in the frontal lobe, as based on analysis of seizure semiology, corresponded to the locations of frontal lobe glucose metabolism abnormalities. Conclusions: Although high-resolution PET appears to be very sensitive in localizing frontal lobe glucose metabolic abnormalities in children with intractable FLE and normal CT/ MRI scans, the significance of extrafrontal metabolic disturbances requires further study; these may represent additional epileptogenic areas, effects of diaschisis, seizure propagation sites, or secondary epileptogenic foci.     

Clinical factors associated with post-ictal headache in patients with epilepsy

OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence of post-ictal headaches (PIH) and clinical risk factors associated with the occurrence of PIH in patients with localization-related epilepsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The subjects were 77 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), 34 patients with occipital lobe epilepsy (OLE), and 50 patients with frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE). The subjects were directly asked whether headaches occurred just after seizures. Medical charts were reviewed to ascertain the clinical characteristics of epilepsy in these patients. RESULTS: The incidence of PIH was 23% for TLE, 62% for OLE, and 42%, for FLE. The risk of PIH was significantly higher for OLE than for TLE or FLE, and for patients with generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Younger age at onset of epilepsy was also a risk factor for PIH. CONCLUSION: The occurrence of PIH may be related to the region of epileptic focus and the region of spread of epileptic discharges.     

Clinical Usefulness of the Dipole Tracing Method for Localizing Interictal Spikes in Partial Epilepsy

Summary: Purpose: To clarify the clinical usefulness of the dipole tracing method in evaluation of interictal EEG spikes in patients with partial epilepsy.
Methods : Eight patients with partial epilepsy were studied. We compared the generator source of interictal spikes detected by the dipole tracing method with the results of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), interictayictal measurement of cerebral blood flow (CBF) by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), interictal measurement of glucose metabolism by positron emission tomography (PET) and invasive electrocorticogram (ECoG).
Results : In 5 patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), including 3 patients who underwent standard temporal lobectomy, the dipole tracing method showed results consistent with those of other examinations and better correlation with ECoG than with other noninvasive examinations. In a patient with mesial TLE who had defects in the skull due to previous surgery, the dipoles were located more laterally than expected. In a patient with frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE) who was finally proved to have an epileptogenic area in the lateral frontal area, the spike dipoles were identified in the medial side of the frontal lobe.
Conclusions : The dipole tracing method used in the present study is useful for localizing epileptogenic areas in patients with mesial TLE. However, in patients with partial skull defects and in those with FLE, the reliability of this method is still in accuracy of the lobe level.     

Continuous Source Imaging of Scalp Ictal Rhythms in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Summary: Purpose: We wished to determine whether continuous EEG source imaging can predict the location of seizure onset with sublobar accuracy in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE).
Methods : We retrospectively analyzed the earliest scalp ictal rhythms, recorded with 23- to 27-channel EEG, in 40 patients with intractable TLE. A continuous source analysis technique with multiple fixed dipoles (Focus 1.1) decomposed the EEG into source components representing the activity of major cortical sublobar surfaces. For the temporal lobe, these were basal, anterior tip, anterolateral, and posterolateral cortex. Ictal EEG onset was categorized according to its most prominent and leading source component. All patients underwent intracranial EEG studies before epilepsy surgery, and all had a successful surgical outcome (follow-up >1 year).
Results : Most patients with ictal rhythms having a predominant basal source component had hippocampal-onset seizures, whereas those with seizures with prominent lateral source activity had predominantly temporal neocortical seizure origins. Seizures with a prominent anterior temporal tip source component mostly had onset in entorhinal cortex. Seizures in some patients had several equally large and nearly synchronous source components. These seizures, which could be modeled equally well by a single oblique dipole, had onset predominantly in either entorhinal or lateral temporal cortex.
Conclusions : Multiple fixed dipole analysis of scalp EEG can provide information about the origin of temporal lobe seizures that is useful in presurgical planning. In particular, it can reliably distinguish seizures of mesial temporal origin from those of lateral temporal origin.     

Neuropsychological Outcome in Children after Frontal Lobe Epilepsy Surgery

We investigated the neuropsychological performance of children with frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE, n = 12) before and 1 year after surgery. Children with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE, n = 12) were included as control group. Preoperatively, children with FLE had a significantly higher IQ than children with TLE, but were significantly more often impaired in manual motor coordination. Postoperatively, both groups improved in attention, short-term and long-term memory, and manual coordination, although the latter was not significant. Neuropsychological outcome in FLE patients was not better in seizure-free patients than in patients with continuing seizures. To avoid deterioration in language functions of patients in whom surgery involved left area 44, correspondence of results in cortical stimulation and intracarotid amytal test may be essential. All in all, our data indicate a favorable cognitive outcome in children 1 year after frontal lobe surgery.