老年认知功能损害的脑诱发电位研究

目的：探讨阿尔茨海默病（AD）和老年轻度认知功能损害（MCI）的脑诱发电位（BEPs）变化。方法：用美国Nicolet Spirit脑电生理仪记录24例AD病人（AD组）和23例MCI患者（MCI组）的脑干听觉反应（ABR）、关联性负变（CNV）、P300和视觉诱发电位（VEP），并与29名认知功能正常的老年人（NC组）进行比较。结果：（1）3组间大部分的BEPs检测指标的差异有显著性，AD组与NC组之间差异有显著性的指标比AD组与MCI组之间要多；（2）MCI与NC组相比，MCI组的ABR波V绝对波幅和P300的P3靶波幅显著降低；（3）多元逐步判别分析，ABR波Ⅲ绝对潜伏期及绝对波幅、波V对波幅及绝对潜伏期、CNV的反应时间和P300的P3靶波幅具有显著性判别意义，3组的判别总正确率为84.2%。结论：多项BEPs检测有助于AD的诊断，ABR的波V绝对波幅和P300的P3靶波幅显著降低具有早期诊断价值。     

老年轻度认知功能损害的4种脑诱发电位实验研究

目的 探讨老年轻度认知功能损害（MCI）的脑诱发电位（BEPs)变化。方法 应用美国Nicolet Spirit脑电生理仪记录23例MCI老年人（MCI组）的脑干听觉效应（ABR）,关联性负变（CNV）,P300和视觉诱发电位,并与29名认知功能正常的老年人（NC组）进行比较。结果 （1）与NC组相比,MCI组的听觉脑干反应波V绝对波幅和P300的P3靶波幅显著降低（P＜0．01）。（2）多元逐步判别分析;ABR波V绝对波幅和P300的P3靶波幅具有极显著性判别意义（P＜0．01）,两组判别总正确率为75％。结论 多项BEPs检测有助于MCI的诊断。     

强迫症患者治疗前后脑诱发电位的比较研究

目的 探讨强迫症(OCD)诱发脑电指标变异的意义。方法 应用美国Nicolet Spirit脑诱发电位仪,记录35例OCD患者(OCD组)和28名健康人(NC组)的事件相关电位P300、脑干听觉反应(ABR)和视觉诱发电位(VEP)。对其中23例OCD患者于治疗5个月后再次检测P300、ABR和VEP。结果 (1)治疗前,OCD组P300-P3靶波幅[(3.51±1.60)μV]低于NC组[(5.90±2.10)μV,P<0.01];ABR-波V绝对潜伏期[(6.40±0.41)ms]长于NC组[(5.50±0.33)ms,P<0.01],波V波幅[(0.35±0.10)μV]高于NC组[(0.16±0.09)μV,P<0.01];VEP-P2潜伏期[(199±39)ms]长于NC组[(183±28)ms,P<0.05]。(2)治疗后,OCD组随强迫思维和行为改善,脑电诱发电位中仅P300-P3靶波幅升高[治疗前后分别为(4.50±1.30)μV和(6.01±1.50)μV;P<0.01],VEP-P2潜伏期缩短[分别为(199±30)ms和(183±28)ms;P<0.05],余各项差异均无显著性。结论 OCD患者P300和VEP变化与临床状态有关,ABR的变异则有待继续跟踪。     

阿尔茨海默病的显著性概率地形图和脑诱发电位研究

目的 探讨阿尔茨海默病 (AD)在自发和诱发脑电方面的特征.方法 共入选32例AD组及40名正常对照组.应用美国仪器完成了脑电图 (EEG)、脑电地形图 (BEAM)、视觉和听觉诱发电位 (VEP和AEP)、脑干听觉反应 (ABR)和P300 6种检测.结果 AD组EEG异常率87.5%.AD组BEAM特征为δ和θ功率在主要记录点均增高,α功率在额区、后颞、枕区降低.AD组VEP、AEP主成分、P300非靶潜伏期P2以及AEP、VEP和P300的P2、P3波幅均减低.另外,AD组的ABR绝对潜伏期 (波Ⅰ)和绝对波幅 (波Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ和Ⅵ)也延迟或降低.结论 采用自发和诱发及地形图相结合的方法,有可能作为AD辅助的电生理诊断方法.     

焦虑症患者的视觉事件相关电位P300的观察

目的探讨焦虑症患者(AD组)的视觉事件相关电位P300的特征。方法应用脑诱发电位仪对37例AD患者和35名健康成人(NC组)进行P300检测。结果与NC组相比,AD组Pz点的P3靶潜伏期后移、P2靶波幅降低、P3靶波幅降低、非靶P2波幅降低。结论视觉P300可作为P300检测的一种补充手段用于临床鉴别AD。     

阿尔茨海默病与脑血管性痴呆的诱发电位比较

目的 :探讨阿尔茨海默痴呆 (AD)和脑血管性痴呆 (VD)的诱发电位特点。方法 :收集 2 5例AD组、2 4例VD组及 2 2名正常老年人 (NC) ,完成听觉诱发电位 (AEP)和视觉诱发电位 (VEP)检查。结果 :AD组和VD组及NC组在潜伏期AEP/N1、P2 ,VEP/P1,波幅AEP/P2、P3,VEP/P2、P3上有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5～ 0 0 1)。与NC组相比 ,AD组潜伏期AEP/N1、P2 ,VEP/P1延迟 ,波幅AEP/P2、P3,VEP/P2、P3降低。与NC组相比 ,VD组在潜伏期VEP/P1延迟 ,波幅P2、P3降低。AD组与VD组相比 ,在潜伏期AEP/N1、N2上有显著差异 ,AD组延迟于VD组。AD组VEP的P1潜伏期 ,VD组AEP的P3波幅及VEP的N1潜伏期改变上与其MMSE评分有关联。结论 :AD组与VD组的诱发电位变化有类似的异常 ,但AD组病损范围广 ,经不同感觉系统诱发的脑诱发电位均有异常。两组痴呆中的三个指标与MMSE关联的特点 ,值得进一步随访     

脑干听觉反应在轻度认知功能障碍老年人和阿尔茨海默病中的应用

目的探讨轻度认知功能障碍老年人(MCI)和阿尔茨海默病(AD)在脑干听觉反应(ABR)检测中的特点,为早期痴呆的诊断提供帮助.方法应用美国Nicolet Bravo脑电生理仪及Click短声刺激,测查36例MCI和30例阿尔茨海默病(AD)和45名健康老人(NC)的ABR.结果 MCI组、AD组及NC组在绝对潜伏期波Ⅲ(Pz脑区),绝对波幅波Ⅲ(Pz脑区),波V(Pz脑区)上有差异极显著性(P＜0.01).与NC组和MCI组相比,绝对潜伏期波Ⅲ(Pz脑区)上,AD组延迟于NC组和MCI组(P＜0.01).波幅分析所见,绝对波幅波Ⅲ(Pz脑区)和绝对波幅波V(Pz脑区)AD组低于NC组和MCI组.MCI组与NC组比较,差异有显著性(P＜0.05).结论 ABR对临床辅助诊断AD和MCI有参考价值.     

精神分裂症患者治疗后多项诱发电位的变化

目的 了解精神分裂症患者P300、听觉诱发电位（AEP）和脑干听觉反应（ABR）的特征以及治疗前后诱发电位的变化。方法 应用美国Nicolet Spirit脑诱发电位仪．记录34例精神分裂症患者和31名正常成人的P300、AEP和ABR．于治疗6个月时进行P300、AEP和ABR随访。结果 1．与NC组比较，精神分裂症组三项诱发电位主成份（P300-P3靶潜伏期、AEP-P2潜伏期和ABR-波V波幅）延迟，波幅降低（P〈0．05～0．01）。2．随访提示：P300中的P3靶潜伏期和波幅，AEP中的P2潜伏期和波幅以及ABR中的波Ⅲ潜伏期和波V波幅改变可能是属于该疾病的状态标志。结论 本组精神分裂症患者的诱发电位变化为状态标志，多项诱发电位指标联合应用可作为精神分裂症治疗监测的有用指标。     

阿尔茨海默病与脑血管性痴呆的诱发电位比较

目的：探讨阿尔茨海默痴呆（AD）和脑血管性痴呆（VD）的诱发电位特点。方法：收集25例AD组、24例VD组及22名正常老年人（NC），完成听觉诱发电位（AEP）和视觉诱发电位（VEP）检查。结果：AD组和VD组及NC组在潜伏期AEP／N1、P2，VEP／P1，波幅AEP／P2、P3，VEP／P2、P3上有显著性差异（P＜0．05－0．01）。与NC组相比，AD组潜伏期AEP／N1、P2，VEP／P1延迟，波幅AEP／P2、P3，VEP／P2、P3降低。与NC组相比，VD组在潜伏期VEP／P1延迟，波幅P2、P3降低。AD组与VD组相比，在潜伏期AEP／N1、N2上有显著差异，AD组延迟于VD组。AD组VEP的P1潜伏期，VD组AEP的P3波幅及VEP的N1潜伏期改变上与其MMSE评分有关联。结论：AD组与VD组的诱发电位变化有类似的异常，但AD组病损范围广，经不同感觉系统诱发的脑诱发电位均有异常。两组痴呆中的三个指标与MMSE关联的特点，值得进一步随访。     

脑干听觉反应在焦虑症和抑郁症诊断中应用

目的 探讨焦虑症(AD)和抑郁症(CD)脑干听觉反应(ABR)检测的特点.方法 应用Nicolet Bravo脑电生理仪及Click短声刺激,测查37例AD、32例CD和36名正常人(NC)的ABR.结果 与NC组和CD组相比,AD组绝对潜伏期波Ⅴ(Oz脑区)延迟(P＜0.01),绝对波幅波Ⅲ和波Ⅴ(Oz脑区)较低.结论 ABR对临床辅助诊断AD和CD有参考价值.     

Sense of coherence as a predictor of subjective state of health: results of 4 years of follow-up of adults

A number of cross-sectional population studies have shown that a strong sense of coherence (SOC) is associated with various aspects of good perceived health. The association does not seem to be entirely attributable to underlying associations of SOC with other variables, such as age or level of education. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study reported here was to determine whether SOC predicted subjective state of health. METHODS: The study was carried out as a two-way panel mail survey of 1976 individuals with 4 years interval for two collections of data. The statistical method used was multivariate cumulative logistic modeling. Age, initial subjective state of health, initial occupational training level, and initial degree of social integration were included as potential explanatory variables. RESULTS: A strong SOC predicted good health in women and men. CONCLUSIONS: SOC can be interpreted as an autonomous internal resource contributing to a favorable development of subjective state of health. SOC data should, however, be regarded as complementary to and not a substitute for information already known to be associated with increased risk of future ill health.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.