微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛35例临床体会

目的探讨用微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛神经血管压迫综合征的临床经验。方法回顾2009年6月至2011年6月我院采用微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛35例,经乙状窦后入路面神经根微血管减压术,手术时经绒球小结叶显露面神经脑干段,仔细找寻责任血管后,将其推移离开面神经,在血管和脑干之间放置Teflon棉固定。结果术中发现小脑前下动脉26例(74.3%),小脑后下动脉7例(20.0%),椎动脉2例(5.7%),总有效100%,本组无死亡。结论微血管减压术是治疗颅神经血管压迫综合征的有效方法,术中不遗漏责任血管,使责任血管远离面神经是影响手术效果的关键。     

微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛疗效分析

目的探讨微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛的疗效。方法对采用微血管减压术治疗的45例面肌痉挛的临床资料、术中责任血管、术后疗效、并发症进行回顾性分析。结果术中发现责任血管为椎动脉4例,小脑后下动脉13例,小脑前下动脉25例,未发现责任血管1例。术后34例(75.6%)症状即刻消失,11例(24.4%)仍有不同程度面肌痉挛症状。术后出现面瘫3例,听力下降2例,脑脊液耳漏1例。随访1~4年,症状消失41例(91.1%),仍有面肌痉挛症状3例(6.7%),症状消失后复发1例(2.2%)。结论微血管减压术是治疗面肌痉挛的有效方式,扎实的理论基础知识及熟练的手术技巧是提高疗效和减少并发症的关键。     

显微手术治疗面肌痉挛合并三叉神经痛（附7例分析）

目的探讨显微手术治疗面肌痉挛合并三叉神经痛的疗效。方法回顾性分析7例面肌痉挛合并三叉神经痛病人的手术经验。均在磁共振检查后行微血管减压治疗,观察术后疗效。结果MRI及术中均见面神经责任血管为小脑前下动脉6例,椎动脉1例;三叉神经责任血管为椎动脉4例,小脑上动脉3例。行微血管减压后,三叉神经痛症状均立即消失;面肌痉挛术后立即消失5例,术后3个月内完全消失2例。结论术前MRI检查可明确诊断并指导手术;微血管减压可有效治疗原发性面肌痉挛合并三叉神经痛。     

显微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛的疗效分析

目的探讨显微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛的疗效。方法回顾性分析采用显微血管减压术治疗的57例面肌痉挛病人的临床资料。术前常规行磁共振断层血管成像检查排除继发性病因并初步确定造成面肌痉挛的责任血管。术中确认责任血管,以Teflon棉分隔。同时术中实时行面肌诱发肌电图监测,观察MD-OC反应。结果本组术中均能见到血管压迫面神经出脑干区,且均为动脉压迫,其中小脑前下动脉(AICA)31例(54.4%),小脑后下动脉(PICA)14例(24.6%),椎动脉(VA)3例(5.3%),复合型压迫9例(15.8%)。至手术结束时有49例MD-OC反应消失,经随访42例临床痊愈,6例症状减轻,1例复发;另有8例手术结束时MD-OC反应仍未消失,经随访3例临床痊愈,5例无效或复发。结论显微血管减压术是严重面肌痉挛的首选治疗方式,完善的术前评估和熟练的手术技巧可以提高疗效和减少并发症的发生。同时,术中面肌诱发肌电图监测有助于判断手术预后并显著提高减压手术的长期疗效。     

显微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛的临床研究

目的分析显微血管减压术(MVD)治疗面肌痉挛的操作要点和评价其疗效,并探讨术中监测异常肌反应的应用价值。方法回顾性分析采用MVD治疗的186例面肌痉挛病例资料。责任血管为小脑前下动脉98例,小脑后下动脉58例,椎动脉9例,小脑前下动脉和小脑后下动脉共同压迫21例。结果出院时,面肌痉挛症状完全消失142例(76.3%),痉挛症状改善33例(17.7%),痉挛症状较术前无明显变化11例(6%)。围手术期脑脊液耳漏1例,术后耳鸣3例,均治愈,无死亡病例。随访6个月~2年,面肌痉挛症状完全消失169例(90.9%),症状较术前改善14例(7.5%),症状无改善3例(1.6%)。结论 MVD治疗面肌痉挛安全、有效,术中监测异常肌反应信号有助于判断减压效果,评判手术疗效应考虑延迟治愈的可能。     

侧方扩散反应监测在面肌痉挛微血管减压术中的作用

目的分析侧方扩散反应监测在面肌痉挛微血管减压术中的作用。方法结合遵义医学院附属医院2016年1月～2017年8月采用侧方扩散反应(Later spread response,LSR)监测下行显微血管减压术治疗的38例原发性面肌痉挛患者资料,术前均行面神经诱发电位、3D-TOF-MRA、3D-FIESTA序列检查明确诊断、同时排除颅内占位等继发性因素,LSR监测下由同一术者行显微血管减压术,结合术中LSR波形变化情况明确责任血管、有效评估减压效果。术后随访6个月,观察并评估术后恢复情况。结果 37例手术开始前记录到LSR波形,其中Teflon棉垫离面神经的压迫血管后消失26例; 4例垫入Teflon棉后LSR波形复现,重新探查、调整棉片位置后波形消失; 3例剪开硬脑膜、释放脑脊液后消失; 1例患者探及小脑前下动脉与面神经贴近伴行后即予适量Teflon棉垫离,LSR波幅下降小于50%,关闭硬脑膜前再次探查面神经全程发现遗漏责任血管并予有效隔离,LSR波消失。3例至手术结束时,LSR波幅下降均大于75%,但未完全消失。术后随访6个月,治愈32例(86. 49%),明显缓解4例(10. 81%),部分缓解1例(2. 70%)。1例患者术前曾外院使用肉毒素注射治疗,未引出LSR。结论面肌痉挛微血管减压术中结合LSR监测波形变化反馈责任血管对面神经的激惹情况,对于术中精准识别责任血管、避免责任血管遗漏及客观评估减压效果具有重要指导意义。     

显微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛(附82例分析)

目的探讨显微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛的责任血管、手术疗效、并发症以及手术策略。方法回顾性分析采用显微血管减压术的82例面肌痉挛病人的临床资料。术前常规行MRI检查排除继发性病因。术中确认责任血管,以Teflon棉分隔。结果本组术中均能见到血管压迫面神经出脑干处(REZ),均为动脉血管压迫,其中小脑前下动脉43例(52.4%),小脑后下动脉25例(30.5%),椎动脉6例(7.3%),多支血管复合型压迫8例(9.8%)。术后58例症状立即完全缓解,24例明显减轻;术后3个月,仅1例未完全缓解。主要合并症包括眩晕、耳鸣15例,听力下降或消失6例,面瘫4例,脑脊液瘘1例,感染4例。无手术死亡。结论显微血管减压术是严重面肌痉挛的首选治疗方式,术中对责任血管的判断和防止脑损伤是确保疗效的关键。     

微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛的预后因素分析

目的 探讨影响面肌痉挛微血管减压术的预后因素.方法 回顾性分析2009年6月至2010年10月间我科收治的852例面肌痉挛患者的临床资料、术中所见、电生理监测及疗效情况.通过Logistic回归模型分析影响面肌痉挛患者手术的预后因素.结果 分析结果表明,患者病程长短(P=0.034)、术中发现明确的责任血管(P=0.029)、面神经表面有血管压迹(P=0.000)以及术后异常肌反应(AMR)完全消失(P=0.013)是影响面肌痉挛术后完全缓解的独立预后因素.结论 面神经微血管减压术中应全程探查面神经,寻找是否有神经压迹,对责任血管的准确判断及电生理监测是提高手术疗效的关键.     

微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛

目的 探讨微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛的手术疗效、并发症发生率及手术策略.方法 回顾分析46例面肌痉挛患者微血管减压术疗效.结果 手术中可见动脉血管压迫面神经根部出脑干区,其中小脑前下动脉压迫24例(52.17%),小脑后下动脉压迫14例(30.43%),椎动脉和小动脉同时受压7例(15.22%),椎动脉压迫1例(2.18%).38例手术后面肌抽搐症状完全缓解,8例症状显著减轻.主要并发症包括眩晕、耳鸣(9例),听力下降或丧失(5例),脑脊液漏(1例),感染(2例).无一例手术中死亡.结论 微血管减压术是治疗特发性面肌痉挛的首选方法,娴熟的显微外科手术技术及手术中正确识别责任血管并充分减压,是保证微血管减压术成功的关键.     

神经内镜经小脑绒球下入路面神经显微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛的临床疗效

目的初步探讨神经内镜经小脑绒球下入路面神经显微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析山东大学齐鲁医院神经外科2019年6月至2021年3月收治的97例面肌痉挛患者的临床资料。97例患者术前均行影像学检查,以明确责任血管与面神经出脑干区的关系。所有患者均采用神经内镜经小脑绒球下入路面神经显微血管减压术,术中在神经电生理监测下充分解剖后组脑神经背侧的蛛网膜,从而显露面神经出脑干区,明确责任血管,并准确置入垫片。术后疗效评估分为即刻治愈、延迟治愈、复发和未治愈。结果97例患者术中发现责任血管为小脑前下动脉59例;小脑后下动脉3例;椎-基底动脉35例,其中单纯椎-基底动脉8例,椎-基底动脉联合小脑前下动脉24例,椎-基底动脉联合小脑后下动脉3例。术后即刻治愈68例(70.1%)。术后发热13例,听力减退4例,耳鸣2例,一过性面瘫5例。97例患者的术后中位随访时间为9个月(1~19个月),末次随访显示,93例(95.9%)患者的面部抽动完全消失,其中延迟治愈者25例;未治愈者4例;无复发病例。结论神经内镜经小脑绒球下入路面神经显微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛,不仅可以提高手术治愈率,而且可以减少术后并发症。     

Treatment Considerations in Anticonvulsant Monotherapy

Summary: The long-standing practice of polypharmacy in treating epilepsy is giving way to use of monotherapy. Monotherapy can improve seizure control as well as reduce the risk of serious idiosyncratic reactions, dose-related side effects, and complex drug interactions. Monotherapy also offers improved compliance and cost-effectiveness. The basis of monotherapy is accurate diagnosis and assessment of the patient's seizure type(s), followed by selection of a single appropriate anticonvulsant drug. Many patients currently treated with multiple anticonvulsants can be successfully converted to monotherapy with a carefully monitored program in which troublesome and redundant drugs are gradually withdrawn from the therapeutic regimen.     

Dextromethorphan: Cellular Effects Reducing Neuronal Hyperactivity

Summary: Dextromethorphan is a dextrorotary morphinan without affinity for opioid receptors, commonly used as an antitussive medication. During the past 5 years, interest in the compound and its demethylated derivative, dextrorphan, has been revived because additional neuroprotective and an-tiepileptic properties were found in in vitro studies, animal experiments, and a few clinical cases. Both morphinans are able to inhibit N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channels and voltage-operated calcium and sodium channels with different potencies. The inhibition of the NMDA receptor is believed to be the predominant mechanism of action responsible for the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties of the compounds.     

Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery

Summary: The use of implantable arrays of epidural electrodes has made it possible to carry out extraoperative electrocorticography (ECoG) and functional localization in the awake child. This has permitted cortical excisions that are determined by criteria similar to those obtained during surgical procedures performed under local anesthesia in adults. In addition, the method also permits simultaneous ECoG and video monitoring during the child's symptomatic seizures, providing additional important localizing information that is impractical to obtain in operations under local anesthesia. We report our experience with 75 children, ages 5 months to 15 years, whom we have managed with epidural electrode arrays. The method of extraoperative ECoG is described and illustrative cases are presented to demonstrate its feasibility and utility in children. In addition, we call attention to gliomas as a common cause of chronic focal seizures in children. Of 49 children undergoing resection and followed for from 1 to 14 years (mean of 5.8 years), 32 (65%) are either seizure free or have had a significant reduction in seizure frequency that has unambiguously improved their quality of life. The results are analyzed further by relating the surgical outcome to each of the pathologic entities that caused the seizures. This analysis reveals the variety of neurological conditions that commonly cause intractable focal seizure disorder in children and distinguishes those pathologic entities in which the seizure disorder is apt to respond to surgical intervention from those that will not.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour une psychiatrie revisitée ? Introduction à deux articles de E. Kandel

In two articles which appeared in the American Journal of Psychiatry and that were subsequently translated for Évolution Psychiatrique, E. Kandel examines the bases for a reinterpreted psychiatry that is prepared to confront the major challenge of the 3rd millenium: that of insight into the mind and brain. This requires a major reorganization of the discipline, which involves a reinvestment of the scientific approach and a critical  assessment of the data provided by psychoanalytical psychiatry and cognitive neurosciences. Seven concepts have therefore been proposed for interactive re-examination: consciousness, the unconscious, memory, emotion, development, desire, impulse. The dynamic relations existing between genetics and the environment allow one to see how evolutions are possible from actions at different levels, both psychotherapeutic and pharmacological. Imaging and other techniques provide additional objective information to the process of human interaction which remains the basis of psychiatry. A common framework for psychiatry and the neurosciences, a reconsideration and renewal of the psychoanalytical approach are both possible and necessary.     

Opioids and the developing organism: A comprehensive bibliography, 1984–1988

A comprehensive bibliography of the literature concerned with opioids and the developing organism for 1984-1988 is presented. Utilized with companion papers (Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 6:439-479; 1982; 8:387-403; 1984), these articles cover the clinical and laboratory references beginning in 1875. For the years 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, and 1988, a total of 877 citations were recorded. A series of indexes accompanies the citations in order to make the literature more accessible. These indexes are divided into clinical and laboratory topics, and subdivided into such topics as the type of opioid explored and the general area of biological interest (e.g., physiology).     

La biologie et le futur de la psychanalyse : un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour une psychiatrie revisitée

The American Journal of Psychiatry has received a number of letters in response to my earlier “Framework” article (1). Some of these are reprinted elsewhere in this issue, and I have answered them briefly there. However, one issue raised by some letters deserves a more detailed answer, and that relates to whether biology is at all relevant to psychoanalysis. To my mind, this issue is so central to the future of psychoanalysis that it cannot be addressed with a brief comment. I therefore have written this article in an attempt to outline the importance of biology for the future of psychoanalysis.     

Facteurs de risque environnementaux à la schizophrénie

Schizophrenia is currently a major concern, its prevalence being estimated at around 1% and its social consequences being severe. The elucidation of the pathophysiology of the disease is difficult due to the great variability of clinical expressions, the instability of the clinical symptoms during the evolution and the absence of reliable biological markers. The existence of a familial aggregation in schizophrenia is well known, the risk of presenting the disease for first-degree relatives of patients being 5 to 10 times higher than the risk observed in the general population. The genetic component was further confirmed by twin and adoption studies. Although the concordance for the disease is higher (40 to 70%) among monozygotic twins as compared with dizygotic twins (15%) it does not reach 100%, which implies that environmental factors modulate the effects of the genotype. However, the role of these factors and especially their interaction with genetic factors remain unclear but the implications of some specific environmental factors are well documented by recent research data. The current literature on sex differences in schizophrenia is consistent. Several studies have suggested that male and female patients may differ in age at the onset and expression of clinical symptoms. Complications during pregnancy or birth-giving may increase the risk of developing schizophrenia later in life. The major complications are oxygen deprivation during pregnancy, bleeding, maternal malnutrition or infection (exposure to influenza, for example). A low birth weight is associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia. Psychoses are more common among people living in an urban environment and among those born during winter months. Schizophrenia is probably more prevalent in people who are living promiscuously, are subject to toxic abuse, poor nutrition and stress but here more precise data are needed. Moreover, immigrants have a higher risk of developing psychotic disorders. In addition, head traumas are associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia. Though they are contentious, some studies suggest that substance abuse (cannabis use in European countries) is related to the development of schizophrenia, especially in people with genetic vulnerability. Moreover, substance misuse may worsen the symptoms. If the environment is sufficiently stressful, people with a high genetic vulnerability will develop some degree of mental illness, including schizophrenia. Conversely, a less stressful or a protective environment may decrease the risk of its onset in persons with a predisposition to schizophrenia.     

Introduction: Goals

Summary: Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent seizures. Many epilepsies with focal seizures as well as convulsive generalized seizures respond satisfactorily to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) that reduce repetitive firing (e.g., phenytoin, carbamazepine, and valproate) or that augment GABA_A-mediated inhibition (e.g., phenobarbital and benzodiazepines). A number of drugs presently under development, such as NMDA receptor antagonists, loreclezole, losigamone, meth-ysticine, and dextromethorphan, are promising in acute animal models of otherwise drug-resistant convulsant activity. As a result of recent studies in both experimental models and surgically resected human epileptic brain, the prospects for development of AEDs have significantly improved. Several new AEDs recently have reached the commercial market or are in experimental or clinical trials. A comparative presentation of the standing of the new AEDs with respect to their efficacy and side effects is necessary, but still very difficult. Because initial experience with new AEDs is restricted to populations with severe drug-resistant epilepsy, the crucial question whether potential new AEDs can alter prognosis is not yet definitively answered. There is a clear need to compare the effects of standard AEDs and new AEDs in naive patients and over longer follow-up periods. Moreover, because of the strong desire to develop antiepileptic therapy that directly treats the primary etiology of a given epileptic syndrome , or modifies the neurobiological processes that cause recurrent seizures, better experimental epilepsy models for chronic epilepsy and further clinical studies are necessary to increase the knowledge on the pathophysiology of distinct epileptic syndromes. In this respect, studies on the differences between responders and nonresponders to a given AED treatment are extremely valuable.