脑源性神经营养因子诱导大鼠骨髓基质细胞成为神经干细胞及其分化作用的实验研究

目的探讨脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)诱导大鼠骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)成为神经干细胞及其分化作用。方法取成年大鼠BMSCs,分别以BDNF和BDNF+RA(维甲酸)作为诱导物诱导,于诱导3d、7d后行巢蛋白(Nestin)、神经元特异烯醇化酶(NSE)、胶质纤维酸性蛋白免疫细胞化学染色。结果诱导3天后BDNF和BDNF+RA诱导组均有大量Nestin染色阳性细胞,BDNF+RA组阳性率高于BDNF组(P<0.01)。NSE、GFAP免疫阳性细胞在诱导3d后也有少量表达。诱导7天后BDNF和BDNF+RA诱导组Nestin阳性细胞明显减少,与诱导3天后比较差异有显著性(P<0.01),而NSE、GFAP阳性细胞数增多,与诱导3天后相比差异有显著性(P<0.01),且BDNF+RA组阳性率高于BDNF组(P<0.01)。结论联合应用BDNF与RA可提高BMSCs神经转化,并促进其向神经元及星形胶质细胞细胞分化。     

胶质细胞源性神经营养因子诱导骨髓基质细胞向多巴胺能神经元分化的观察

目的 探讨胶质细胞源性神经营养因子（GDNF）在体外能否诱导骨髓基质细胞（BMSCs）向多巴胺（DA）能神经元分化及可能机制。方法无菌条件下，抽取成年SD大鼠胫骨内骨髓组织，分离制备成单细胞悬液进行培养。将增殖传代至第5代的BMSCs随机分为GDNF诱导组和对照组。继续培养7d后，应用BrdU／GFAP、BrdU/NeuN和TH免疫荧光单标和双标技术检测BMSCs增殖和分化情况。结果两组BMSCs继续培养7d后，增殖仍然活跃，有部分细胞向神经元和胶质样细胞分化，呈Brdu，GFAP、BrdU/NeuN和TH阳性表达，但GDNF组的增殖力更强，向神经元和TH神经元分化的数量明显多于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论GDNF能促进BMSCs的增殖和诱导BMSCs分化成神经元和胶质样细胞，其中少部分可分化为TH神经元（即DA能神经元）。     

成年大鼠骨髓基质干细胞诱导分化为神经元样细胞不同方法比较的研究

目的 研究成年大鼠骨髓基质干细胞(BMSCs)诱导分化为神经元样细胞不同的方法，寻找它向神经细胞分化的最佳条件。方法 取纯度较高的BMSCs，通过不同的神经营养因子诱导法和抗氧化剂诱导法，进行抗巢蛋白(nestin)、神经元特异烯醇化酶(NSE)、神经胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)、酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)免疫细胞化学染色，观察相应的阳性细胞数。结果 诱导第3天A组(EGF：表皮生长因子，bFGF：碱性成纤维细胞生长因子，RA：全反式维甲酸)，B组(GDNF：胶质细胞系源性神经营养因子，BDNF：脑源性神经营养因子)，C组(EGF，bFGF，GDNF，BDNF和RA)的Nestin阳性细胞数较多，其中以C组最多，而D组(抗氧化剂)Nestin阳性细胞数少于前三组。A，B，C组的NSE，GFAP染色阳性细胞数较D组少，但D组有部分细胞发生死亡。诱导第7天A，B，C组的NSE，GFAP阳性细胞数较第3天时明显增多，C组最多，B组其次，Nestin阳性细胞数比例较第3天时明显减少。而D组的NSE，GFAP阳性细胞数少于其第3天时；C组诱导成神经细胞比例较高，阴性对照组和空白对照组极少或无阳性细胞。此外，神经营养因子诱导法生成神经样细胞的比例都多于胶质样细胞。结论 抗氧化剂诱导法分化诱导快，而神经营养因子诱导法分化诱导效率高，诱导后细胞生长状态明显好于前者，各种神经营养因子联合作用影响BMSCs的增殖和分化。     

脑源性神经营养因子诱导大鼠骨髓基质细胞成为神经干细胞及其分化作用的实验研究

目的探讨脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）诱导大鼠骨髓基质细胞（BMSCs）成为神经干细胞及其分化作用。方法取大鼠BMSCs。分别以BDNF和BDNF＋RA（维甲酸）作为诱导物诱导，于诱导3d、7d后行巢蛋白（Nestin）、神经元特异烯醇化酶（NSE）、胶质纤维酸性蛋白免疫细胞化学染色。结果后BDNF和BDNF＋RA诱导组均有大量Nestin染色阳性细胞，BDNF＋RA组阳性率高于BDNF组（P〈0．01）。NSE、GFAP免疫阳性细胞在诱导3d后也有少量表达。诱导7d后BDNF和BDNF＋RA诱导组Nestin阳性细胞明显减少．与诱导3d后比较差异有显著性（P〈0．01），而NSE、GFAP阳性细胞敷增多，与诱导3b比较差异有显著性（P〈0．01），且BDNF＋RA组阳性率高于BDNF组（P〈0．01）。结论联合应用BDNF与RA可提高BMscs神经转化．并促进其向神经元及星形胶质细胞细胞分化。     

多细胞因子诱导成年鼠骨髓基质细胞向神经细胞分化的实验研究

目的观察大鼠骨髓基质细胞(rBMSCs)的生长特点及诱导条件下分化成神经细胞的能力,并对其机制进行初步探讨。方法以密度梯度离心分离骨髓基质细胞,在神经干细胞培养液中培养,采用四唑盐(MTT)法观察在培养液中添加碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)、表皮生长因子(EGF)对BMSCs增殖的影响;观察添加脑源性神经生长因子(BDNF)、神经生长因子(NGF)和维甲酸(RA)对rBMSCs的诱导分化情况;采用免疫组织化学法(ABC)检测诱导后的细胞表达神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、神经元核蛋白(NeuN)和胶质原性纤维酸性蛋白抗体(GFAP)等特异性标志物的情况;以流式细胞分选确定神经元的比例。结果bFGF和EGF能在体外促进rBMSCs增殖,BDNF、NGF和RA能诱导rBMSCs来源的神经干细胞(NSCs)表达NSE、GFAP等特异性标志物。结论EGF、bFGF、BDNF、NGF、RA及适宜的培养液可使rBMSCs定向转化为NSCs,获得足够的目的细胞,进而分化为神经元样和神经胶质样细胞。     

成人骨髓间充质干细胞向神经元样细胞诱

目的 寻求一种将成人骨髓间充质干细胞诱导分化为神经元样细胞的最佳诱导剂及诱导时间 方法：用不同诱导剂将成人骨髓间充质干细胞向神经元样细胞诱导分化,分为四组：组一：GDNF(20μg/L) +RA(0.3 mg/L)组二：BDNF(20μg/L)+RA(0.3 mg/L) 组三：GDNF(20μg/L)+BDNF(20μg/L)+RA(0.3 mg/L)组四：空白对照 各组均加入2.5％胎牛血清,分别于诱导后12小时,24小时,48小时,96小时后于倒置显微镜下观察各组细胞形状,并进行细胞计数,胎盼兰检测细胞活力,并 行免疫组化鉴定。     

成年骨髓间质干细胞体外诱导分化成神经细胞研究

目的：探索成年骨髓间质干细胞（ABMMSC）诱导分化为神经细胞（神经元和神经胶质细胞）的可行性，为ABMMSC在神经科学领域内的应用提供 参考。方法：以成年犬ABMMSC为实验对象，利用碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（bFGF）、表皮生长因子（FGF）、维甲酸（RA）、脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）、胶质细胞系源性神经营养因子（GDNF）等作为增殖及分化诱导因子，采用两步法进行增殖培养，分化诱导；免疫细胞化学法进行细胞性质鉴定。结果：加入bFGF、EGF后增殖培养48h，换液、去除非粘附细胞，再增殖培养72h ,可见细胞分裂相（成纤维细胞样细胞）和簇样克隆形成（中小型细胞）。加入RA、BDNF、GDNF诱导3d，部分细胞有神经元特异性烯醇酶（NSE）、胶质纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）成分表达；第10d可见有神经元、神经胶质形态样细胞形成。经细胞成分（NSE、GFAP）鉴定证实为神经元、神经胶质细胞。结论：ABMSC在体外培养条件下，经过bFGF、EGF、RA、BDNF、GDNF等因子的“程序性”作用，可以向神经元、神经胶质前体细胞及其终末细胞方向分化。     

抗坏血酸联合胶质细胞源性神经营养因子诱导神经干细胞向多巴胺能神经元分化的研究

目的 研究抗坏血酸(AA)和胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(GDNF)对神经干细胞向多巴胺能神经元分化的影响.方法 从新生24h内的sD大鼠脑组织分离和培养神经干细胞,进行神经干细胞鉴定.第二代神经干细胞诱导培养基中分别给予AA或(和)GDNF,10d后终止诱导,进行DA能神经元特异性标记物酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)和多巴胺转运蛋白的免疫细胞化学检测和TH基因的RT-PCR检测.结果 各诱导组均检测到TH mRNA的表达;与对照组比较,AA及GDNF均能增加NSC向TH阳性细胞分化的比率(P<0.05);与单独运用100μmol/LAA或10ng/mlGDNF组比较,联合诱导组可明显提高NSCs向TH阳性细胞分化的比率(P<0.05).结论 AA和GDNF均能促进NSCs向DA能神经元分化,两者联合诱导后分化作用得到进一步加强.     

大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞体外诱导向神经元样细胞分化的实验研究

目的研究大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞（BMSCs）离体分离和培养方法,探讨碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（bFGF）、表皮生长因子（EGF）、全反式维甲酸（RA）、神经营养因子（BDNF）在体外诱导BM—SCs向神经元样细胞分化的作用。方法采用出生3周SD大鼠的全骨髓细胞进行培养,传至第3代时,分为三组：A组,bFGF＋EGF＋RA进行诱导分化;B组,BDNF＋RA进行诱导分化;C组,RA诱导分化。在倒置显微镜下每日观察、记录BMSCs的诱导分化情况,并应用免疫细胞化学技术对细胞进行兔抗神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）单抗鉴定。结果A组诱导5d后有大部分细胞具备神经元样细胞形态,胞体呈锥形或圆形,有较长单极或多极的突起,有NSE阳性细胞表达。而B组可有部分NSE阳性细胞、C组细胞有少量NSE阳性细胞。结论bFGF＋EGF＋RA、BDNF＋RA和RA均可在诱导BMSCs向神经样元细胞分化,bFGF＋EGF＋RA组更优于和BDNF＋RA组及RA组。     

骨髓源性神经干细胞诱导分化为多巴胺能神经元的实验研究

目的探索骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)诱导分化为神经干细胞及多巴胺能神经元的分化条件和发生机制,比较不同血清浓度、不同白介素-1(IL-1α)及不同胶质细胞源神经营养因子(GDNF)浓度及不同组合浓度等诱导条件下BMSCs分化情况;为BMSCs在神经科学领域内的应用奠定基础。方法以成年SD大鼠BMSCs为实验对象,利用IL-1α、胶质细胞系来源GDNF等作为增殖及分化诱导因子,进行增殖培养、分化诱导;免疫细胞法进行细胞性质鉴定。结果加入GDNF、IL-1 α增殖培养诱导6 d,部分细胞有神经巢蛋白成分表达;三周测出 DA受体D2检测阳性,GDNF IL-1α组与 GDNF组及IL—1α组比较分化率更加显著(P<0．05)。结论 BMSCs在体外培养条件下,联合GDNF 和IL-1α诱导分化并配合使用高浓度血清(10％)可获得神经巢蛋白阳性的神经前体细胞及表达D2受体阳性的多巴胺能神经元;骨髓源性神经干细胞可以诱导分化为多巴胺能神经元。     

Immunocytochemical localization of three vesicular glutamate transporters in the cat retina

Vesicular transporters play an essential role in the packaging of glutamate for synaptic release and so are of particular importance in the retina, where glutamate serves as the neurotransmitter for photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells. In the present study, we have examined the distribution of the three known isoforms of vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT) in the cat retina. VGLUT1 was localized to all photoreceptor and bipolar cells, whereas VGLUT2 was found in ganglion cells. This basic pattern of complementary distribution for the two transporters among known populations of glutamatergic cells is similar to previous findings in the brain and spinal cord. However, the axon terminals of S-cone photoreceptors were found to express both VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 and some ganglion cells labeled for both VGLUT2 and VGLUT3. Such colocalizations suggest the existence of dual modes of regulation of vesicular glutamate transport in these neurons. Staining for VGLUT2 was also present in a small number of varicose processes, which were seen to ramify throughout the inner plexiform layer. These fibers may represent axon collaterals of ganglion cells. The most prominent site of VGLUT3 immunoreactivity was in a population of amacrine cells; the axon terminals of B-type horizontal cells were also labeled at their contacts with rod spherules. The presence of the VGLUT3 transporter at sites not otherwise implicated in glutamate release may indicate novel modes of glutamate signaling or additional roles for the transporter molecule.     

Distribution of monoamine-synthesizing neurons in the human medulla oblongata

We have employed immunohistochemical and morphometric procedures to study the distribution of monoamine-synthesizing neurons in the medulla oblongata of the adult human, utilizing antibodies to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), and phenylalanine hydroxylase (PH8). In the human brain, the antigen with which PH8 reacts occurs within neurons that presumably synthesize serotonin (Haan et al., '87). Neurons containing these antigens were mapped and counted in successive coronal sections with the aid of a computer-assisted procedure. The results indicate that monoamine-synthesizing neurons are distributed in the human brain in patterns broadly similar to those described for other species. TH-immunoreactive cells extended caudorostrally for approximately 32 mm commencing at the spinomedullary junction and ending 8 mm caudal to the pontomedullary junction. In coronal sections these TH-immunoreactive neurons were seen in the lateral medulla dorsal to the inferior olive extending in a continuous band to the dorsomedial medulla. Above the obex the majority of these cells apparently synthesize adrenaline since many PNMT-immunoreactive cells were also found in this region. There were few or no PNMT-immunoreactive cells caudal to the obex, indicating that the TH-immunoreactive cells in this region synthesize either noradrenaline or dopamine. Approximately 65% of these TH-immunoreactive neurons contained melanin pigment, whereas few or no PNMT-immunoreactive cells contained melanin pigment. PH8-immunoreactive cells extended throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the medulla oblongata (approximately 40 mm). In coronal sections the majority were found in the medullary raphe nuclei. However, many cells throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the medulla were found laterally intermingled with catecholamine-synthesizing neurons. Occasional neurons in the lateral medulla appeared to contain both PH8- and TH-immunoreactivity.     

血管组织工程种子细胞在再生医学中的应用*☆◇

背景：小口径人工血管替代人体小动脉和静脉一直未获得满意的效果，因此研制出一种拥有较高远期通畅率的小口径人工血管成为了一个重要的研究课题。 目的：综述种子细胞在血管组织工程的研究进展。 方法：以 “Vascular tissue engineering, Seeding cells”为检索词，应用计算机检索Pubmed 数据库1960/2009有关文章。纳入有关血管组织工程种子细胞的文献。排除原始文献设计方法简单、结果可靠性差、非英文文献及结果重复的文献，保留35篇文献做进一步分析。 结果与结论：内皮细胞和平滑肌细胞是目前常用的种子细胞。内皮细胞和平滑肌细胞共同培养的体系，模拟体内环境，保持内皮细胞和平滑肌细胞具有正常的分泌功能和表型。骨髓间充质细胞可被有效的分离和扩增，在特定培养条件下可以诱导分化为多种血管细胞。在再生医学和生物组织工程方面有强大的潜力。     

Cellular and subcellular distribution of NMDA receptor subunit NR2B in the retina

Immunocytochemical studies showed the presence of staining for the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-R2B glutamate receptor subunit at multiple sites in the cat retina. Reaction product in photoreceptor cells was localized at the inner/outer segment junction and in the axon terminals. Staining within the inner retina was limited to ganglion cells and their dendrites ramifying throughout the inner plexiform layer. These cells were seen to receive synaptic input from cone bipolar cells in both sublaminae. As with other glutamate receptor subunits, this immunoreactivity was typically confined to a single postsynaptic element at a cone bipolar dyad complex. Immunocytochemical localization of the NMDA-R1 subunit, considered to be an essential component of functional receptors, showed a widespread distribution across the retina including all the sites where NMDA-R2B staining was seen. Immunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis were used to confirm the presence of the NR2B receptor protein and its association with the NR1 subunit in both proximal and distal retinal layers. The findings suggest that NMDA-R2B subunits are positioned for multiple functions within the retina.     

GABA-like immunoreactivity in the macaque monkey retina: a light and electron microscopic study

The distribution of GABA-like immunoreactivity in the macaque monkey retina was studied by using postembedding techniques on semithin and ultrathin sections. At the light microscopic level, both inner and outer plexiform layers showed strong GABA-like immunoreactivity in the central retina. All the horizontal cells, some bipolar cells, 30-40% of amacrine cells, occasional interplexiform cells, and practically all displaced amacrine cells were labeled. In the peripheral retina (beyond 5 mm eccentricity), the outer plexiform layer and the horizontal cells were not labeled, but all other cell types showed the same labeling pattern as in the central retina. Synapses of the inner plexiform layer involving a pre- or postsynaptic GABA-labeled process were studied electron microscopically. Synapses involving a GABA-labeled presynaptic amacrine cell process made up 80% of the synapses observed. These GABA-labeled amacrine processes synapsed onto amacrine, bipolar, and ganglion cell processes as well as onto amacrine and ganglion cell bodies. Synapses involving a postsynaptic GABA-labeled process made up 20% of the synapses studied. The GABA-like immunoreactive processes were postsynaptic to bipolar cells at the dyads and to amacrine cells at conventional synapses.     

Stem cell and precursor cell therapy

Strategies for cell replacement therapy have been guided by the success in the hematopoietic stem cell field. In this review, we discuss the basis of this success and examine whether this stem cell transplant model can be replicated in other systems where stem cell therapy is being evaluated. We conclude that identifying the most primitive stem cell and using it for transplant therapy may not be appropriate in all systems. We suggest alternative strategies such as progenitor cell replacement, inductive factors, bioengineering organs, in utero transplants, or any approach that takes advantage of the unique properties of the tissue and the stem cell type which, are more likely to provide effective functional replacement.     

Distribution of neuropeptidelike immunoreactivities in the guinea pig olfactory bulb

The distribution of neuropeptidelike immunoreactivities in the adult guinea pig olfactory bulb was studied immunohistochemically with antisera raised against neurotensin (NT), substance P (SP), methionine-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 (ENK), somatostatin (SOM), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and cholecystokinin-8 (CCK). In the main olfactory bulb, NT-like immunoreactive (NT-IR) neurons were found among periglomerular cells. In addition, a few periglomerular cells showed ENK-like immunoreactivity. Granule cells displaying SP- or ENK-like immunoreactivities and short axon cells with SOM- or NPY-like immunoreactivities were observed in the deeper half of the granule cell layer. SOM-IR short axon cells were also seen in the external plexiform layer. Dense NT- or NPY-IR fibers were distributed in superficial lamina of the granule cell layer, and sparse SP- or CCK-IR fibers were found in the glomerular layer. In the accessory olfactory bulb, some mitral, periglomerular, and granule cells showed NT-like immunoreactivity. SP- or ENK-IR granule cells were also observed. These results are discussed in relation to laminar organization of the olfactory bulb. The most characteristic features of peptide distribution in guinea pigs, as compared with that of rats in previous studies, were the relative abundance of NT-IR structures and the lack of SP- and CCK-IR juxtaglomerular and tufted cells.     

人骨髓间充质干细胞向多巴胺神经元分化的体外研究

目的探讨人骨髓间充质干细胞(hMSC)向神经元和多巴胺神经元分化的潜能。方法分离和纯化hMSCs;在体外以WHI-P131预处理和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子预诱导后,全反式维甲酸和胶质细胞源性神经营养因子联合诱导hMSCs向神经元和多巴胺神经元分化。光镜下观察其分化过程中hMSCs的形态变化,免疫组化检测诱导前后细胞是否表达神经元和多巴胺能神经元标志蛋白。结果诱导后的hMSCs能分化成为具有典型神经元形态的细胞,并明显表达抗人神经巢蛋白(nestin)[(54.2±3.7)%]和神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)[(77.0±5.7)%],低表达胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)[(8.8±2.4)%];对照组细胞这些表达均为阴性;而且相当部分hMSCs表达酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)[(36.5±15.8)%]和多巴胺转运体(DAT)[(26.0±14.2)%]。结论在适当条件下,hMSCs可分化成为神经元样细胞和多巴胺神经元样细胞。